UNIT-I PART-A

UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

1. What is Computer?
COMPUTER:
 A Computer is an electronic device.
 It receives input from the user.
 Processes the input.
 Produces output and saves it.

2. Define Hardware and Software?

Hardware Software
It refers to the physical components of a It is a set of instructions (programs) used to operate
computer. computers and execute specific tasks.
It is manufactured. It is developed and engineered.
Eg: Mouse, Keyboard, Monitor, Hard disk, Eg: Operating System, Browsers,MS-Office,etc
Motherboard,etc

3. list the Characteristics of computer.

 Speed
 Accuracy
 Storage Capacity
 Diligence
 Versatility

4. Define Data.
DATA
 Data is defined as an unprocessed collection of raw facts.
 It is simple, random and useless until it organized.
 It is measured by bits and bytes.
 Ex: 134, 16 ‘RAJU’, ‘C’ are data. This will not give any meaningful message.

5. Define Information and Data Processing?

INFORMATION:
 Information is processed, organised and structured data.
 It enables decision making
 It makes the data useful.
 Ex: RAJU is 16 years old. This information is about RAJU and conveys some meaning.
DATA PROCESSING:
 Conversion of data into information is called data processing.

6. Define Program.
PROGRAM
 A computer program is a set of instructions to control computer’s hardware to perform
a task.
 It generated using a Computer Programming Language.

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7. Define: Processor Speed
PROCESSOR SPEED
 Processor speed(clock speed) is a measure of how quickly a computer can process data
or instructions.
 It is measured in hertz (Hz) or cycles per second, and commonly expressed as MegaHertz
(MHz) and Gigahertz (GHz).
 Processor speed is an important factor when considering the performance of a
computer system.

8. What is the function CPU?

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
 Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer.
 It performs all calculations and all decisions.
 it controls and coordinates all units of the computer.
 it stores data temporarily and monitors external requests.

9. What is the function of input unit?

INPUT UNIT
 Input unit is used to feed any form of data to the computer.
 Input unit creates a link between the user and computer.
 Eg: keyboard, mouse, etc.,

10. What is the function of ALU?

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT(ALU)
 The ALU performs arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
 It also performs logical operations like selecting, comparing, matching, and merging the data.
 The logical operations of ALU promote the decision-making ability of a computer..

11. What is the function of Output Unit?

OUTPUT UNIT
 An Output Unit is any hardware component.
 It conveys information to users in an understandable form.
 This unit is a link between the computer and the users.
 Ex: Monitor, Printer etc.

12. What is the function of Control Unit?

CONTROL UNIT
 It controls the flow of data between the Memory, ALU and I/O devices.
 it controls and co-ordinates computer components.
 It also controls the entire operation of a computer.

13. What is memory? List it Types.

MEMORY
 Memory is the part of computer which stores data and information.
TYPES OF MEMORY
i. Primary Memory(Main memory)
ii. Secondary Memory(auxiliary memory)
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UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

1. Write about Characteristics of Computer.

Characteristics of Computer
Speed:
 The speed of a computer refers to how fast
a computer can complete any task.
 They can carry around 3-4 million
instruction per second.
 Advanced computers can handle trillions of
instructions per second.

Accuracy:
 The Accuracy of computer is consistent and high.
 It can complete the given jobs at almost 100% accuracy.
 Errors that may occur by human.

Storage Capacity:
 Computer has an in-built memory.(HDD,SSD)
 it can store a large amount of data.

Diligence:
 Used for a longer period of time, computer does not get tired.
 you can use unlimited hours continuously to complete your task.

Versatility:
 It can perform different types of tasks with the same ease.
 It can perform activities from simple calculation to complex scientific operations

2. Give the differences between data and information.

S.NO. DATA INFORMATION

Information is processed organized and
1 Data is raw and unorganized facts structured data.

Data is an individual unit that contains

2 raw materials. Information is a group of data

3 Data do not carry any specific meaning Information carries a logical meaning.

4 Data doesn’t depend on information Information depends on data.

Raw data alone is insufficient for
5 decision making. Information is sufficient for decision making.

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3. Write about Evolution of computer (Generation of computers).
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
Growth in the computer industry is determined by the development in technology. Based on
various stages of development, computers can be categorized into different generations.
S.No Generation Period Main Component used Merits/Demerits

 Big size.
First 1940-  Used more power.
1 Vacuum tubes
Generation 1956  Generated overheat.
 Machine Language was used.
First Generation Computers - ENIAC , EDVAC , UNIVAC 1.
ENIAC weighed about 27 tons, 1800 sq.feet and consumed around 150 watts of power, 18000 vacuum tubes used.

 Smaller compared to First Generation.

 Generated Less Heat.
Second 1956- Transistors  Consumed less power.
2
Generation 1964  First operating system was developed.
 Machine language and Assembly language
was used.

Second Generation Computers IBM 1401, IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108

 Computers were smaller, faster and more
reliable.
Third 1964-
3  Consumed less power.
Generation 1971
Integrated Circuits (IC)  High Level Languages FORTRAN-II, PASCAL
were used.
Third Generation Computers IBM 360,370 series, Honeywell 6000 series

 Smaller and Faster.

Fourth 1971-  Portable Computers were introduced.
4 Very Large Scale Integrated
Generation 1980  Programming languages like C, C++ were also
Circuits-(VLSI)-Microprocessors
used.
Fourth Generation Computers APPLE-II, IBM-PC
 size was reduced.
 Can recognize Images.
 Introduction of Artificial Intelligence
Fifth 1980 - Ultra Large Scale Integration
5  Able to solve high complex problems
Generation Present (ULSI)- Microprocessors
including decision making and logical
reasoning.

Fifth Generation Computers All Desktop Computers, Laptops, Macbooks, Notebooks

 Parallel and Distributed computing.

Sixth  Computers have become smarter, faster and
6 In future Quantum , Nano-tech,
Generation smaller.
NeuralNetworks
 Development of robotics.

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4. With neat block diagram, briefly explain the various units of Basic Computer Organization.
BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION:
 Computer organization deals with hardware components of a system.
 Every task given to a computer follows an Input- Process- Output Cycle (IPO cycle).
a. Input Unit.
b. Central Processing Unit (CPU).
c. Output Unit.

a. Input Unit:
 Input unit is used to feed any form of data to the computer.
 it translate data into a form understandable by computer.
Example: Keyboard, mouse, etc…

b. Central Processing Unit(CPU):

 Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer.
 All types of data processing operations and all the important functions of a computer are
performed by the CPU.
 It accepts binary data as input and process the data according to the instructions and
provides the result as output.
c. Output Unit:
 An Output Unit is any hardware component that conveys information to users in an
understandable form.
 This unit is a link between the computer and the users.
 Ex: Monitor, Printer etc.

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5. Explain Processor speed.

PROCESSOR SPEED.

 CPU is realized by the microprocessor.

 Microprocessor is an integrated Circuit.
 It is a programmable multipurpose silicon chip and driven
by clock pulses.
 The processor accepts binary data as input and
processing it outputs as per the instructions stored in the memory
 The processor’s performance depends upon the clock speed.
 Every processor IC has an internal clock; it regulates the speed of the processor.
 The speed at which the processor executes instructions is called the clock speed or
processor speed.
 Modern processors can perform millions or even billions of instructions per second.
 Hence, Clock speeds are measured in Megahertz or Gigahertz.

6. Explain the three components of CPU in detail.

COMPONENTS OF CPU
CPU has three components which are

I. Control unit
II. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
III. Memory unit.

I. Control Unit:
 The control unit controls the flow of data between the Memory and I/O devices.
 It also controls the entire operation of a computer.

II. Arithmetic and Logic Unit(ALU):

 The ALU performs arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
 It also performs logical operations like selecting, comparing, matching, and merging the data.
 The logical operations of ALU promote the decision-making ability of a computer.

III. Memory Unit:

 Memory unit is the part of computer which stores data and information.
 TYPES OF MEMORY
1. Primary Memory(Main memory)
 It is used to temporarily store the programs being currently executed.
 It is inbuilt and directly access with CPU.
 It is volatile, that is, the content is lost when the power supply is switched off.
 Ex: Random Access Memory (RAM), Internal Memory (Read Only Memory-ROM).
2. Secondary Memory(auxiliary memory)
 It is used to store the data permanently until removed by an external factor.
 It is an external storage and connected to computer when needed.
 The Secondary memory is non-volatile, that is, the content is available even after the
power supply is switched off.
 Ex: Hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Pen drive and Memory Cards etc..

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UNIT-II
INPUT DEVICES AND OUTPUT DEVICES
1. List out some of Input and Output devices.
INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES
Keyboard Monitors
Mouse Printers
Scanner Projector
Microphone Speaker
Web camera Computer cables
Touch screen
2. What is the use of keyboard?
Use of Keyboard
 Keyboard is the main input device to enter information into computer.
 It is used as a enter text, numbers, and symbols etc.
 It is also have some control keys like Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Enter etc... to control some functions.
3. What is the function of Scanner?
Function of Scanner
 A scanner is an input device.
 Scanner can transfer photo, documents to the computer by Optical Character Recognition
(OCR).
 Scanned documents stored in computer in image or document format as we need.
 It will connect to the computer when need and control with suitable software in computer
4. List out some types of Scanners.
Types of Scanners
1.Flatbed Scanner, 3.Photo Scanner, 5.Fingerprint Scanner,
2.Handheld Scanner, 4.QR code Reader, 6.Retinal Scanner
5. What is the use of a Microphone?
Use of Microphone
 Microphone is a voice input device used with speech recognition software.
 it receives audio signals and converted into digital data.
 it is used to telecommunicate with others.
 it also used to add sound in presentations.
6. What is a Mouse?
Mouse
 Mouse is an input device.
 It is a hand-held pointing device.
 It allows to control computer without using keyboard.
 By moving the mouse on a flat surface, pointer on the screen moved.

7. What are the actions of a Mouse?

Actions of a Mouse
 The actions of mouse are
i. click
ii. double click
iii. drag and drop
iv. move
 The mouse has two buttons the left button and right button with a scroll wheel in between.
 By using left button we can click, select, drag and move, files in our computer.
 By using right button we can use extra options like cut, copy, paste etc…

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8. What are the types of a Mouse?
Types of a Mouse
i. Mechanical Mouse. iii. Wireless Mouse
ii. Optical Mouse. iv. Trackball Mouse
9. What is Touch Screen?
Touch Screen
 Touch Screen is a computer display, which is an input device.
 Users interact with computer by touching the screen by finger or stylus.
 When screen is touched, it registers the event and sends to controller for processing.
 It is an alternative to mouse and keyboard.
10. What is the function of a Web Camera?
Web Camera
 Web camera (webcam) is a camera can be connected to a computer.
 It captures pictures and videos with help of software.
 it transmits video on the internet in real time
 webcam captures digital pictures and sent to server.
 pictures can be transmitted from server to the hosting page.
11. What are wearable devices?
Wearable Devices
 Wearable devices are electronic devices that are physically worn by user.
 It track, analyze and transmit personal data on real time basis.
 It has microprocessors and motion sensors to track our biometric datas.
 It can be worn as accessories, embedded in clothing, implant in the user’s body.
12. List out any four wearable devices.
Four Wearable Devices.
i. Smart Watches iii. Head Mounted Display
ii. Fitness Tracker iv. Sports Watches
13. What is Printer?
Printer
 A Printer is an output device.
 It is used to take hard copy (printout) of the documents (files, images) created on the
computer.
 It comes in different shapes, sizes and printing technologies.
14. What are Impact printers? Give examples
Impact Printers
 Impact printers make noise while printing.
 To print, it uses a hammer or print head.
 The hammer or print head strikes an ink ribbon against the paper.
 It prints line by line.
 Eg: Dot matrix printer, line printer etc…

15. What are Non-Impact printers? Give examples.

Non-Impact Printers
 Non-Impact printers’ donot make noise.
 To print, it uses electrostatic or laser technology.
 It prints page by page.
 Eg: ink-jet printer, laser printer etc…
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16. What is 3-D printer? What is the use of it?
3-D printer
 3D printer uses to print three dimensional objects.
 By using a nozzle it print objects layer by layer.
 Basically plastic materials are used to print.
 It can create real physical objects.
 it used to make toys , phone cases and tools etc.,
17. Define Monitor.
Monitor
 Monitor is a screen used to display the output to the user.
 It works with Video Graphis Array (VGA).
 VGA is an interface between computer and monitor.
 Display on the monitor formed with picture elements called PIXELS.
 TYPES:
i. Cathode Ray Tube(CRT)
ii. Liquid Crystal Display(LCD)
iii. Light Emitting Diode(LED) etc…
18. What is the principle behind LCD monitor?
LCD monitor
 LCD stands for LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY.
 LCD screen is a flat panel display, which uses liquid crystal combined with Polarizers.
 It uses backlight or reflector generally CCFL-COLD CATHODE FLUORESCENT LAMP to
produce display
 It has several layers where two panels made of glass material called substrate which
contains liquid crystal.
19. What is LED display(screen)?
LED display
 LED stands for LIGHT EMITTING DIODE.
 LED creen is a flat display which uses diode as backlight.
 As the source of light it uses panel of LED behind and sides of the screen
 When electric current is applied the diode emits light to the display
 To create bright colour image additive colour mixing or used
20. What is a Projector?
Projector
 A projector is an optical output device.
 it takes images from computer and reproduces them onto a screen, wall or other surface.
 It works by projecting light through lens.
 The lens magnifies and focuses the image onto the desired surface.
 It will be connected with computer by VGA and HDMI cables.
21. What is the use of a Computer Speaker?
Computer Speaker
 A computer speaker is an output device.
 it is used to generate the sound from a computer.
 in computer sound waves produced in analog form.
 Speakers convert the analog signal and generate sound waves.
 The computer’s sound card is used to generate the sound from a computer to speaker.
 TYPES: Internal Speakers, External Speakers, Headphones.
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22. What is the use of Computer cables?
Computer cables
 Computer cables are physical connections that transfer information between devices.
 It used to connect monitors, printers, keyboard and hard drives.
 Power cables provide electricity.
 Data cables transfer information between devices.
23. List out the different types of computer cables.
i. VGA Cable iii. PS/2 Cable v. ETHERNET Cable
ii. HDMI Cable iv. USB Cable vi. 3.5mm Jack
24. What is the use of HDMI cable?
HDMI cable
 HDMI cable is known as High Definition Media Interface cable.
 it transmits high definition video and audio signals.
 It used to connect computer,TV ,DTH boxes and projectors etc
 It connect devices by a special HDMI port
25. What is the use of VGA cable?
VGA cable
 VGA cable is known as Video graphics array cable.
 it is used to connect the monitor and CPU of a computer
 This cable transfers video signals only
 It contains 15 pins inside the connector
 It connect CPU in special VGA port
26. What is the use of USB cable?
USB cables
 USB cable is known as Universal Serial Bus cable.
 USB cable is popular standard cable.
 it is used to connect keyboard, mouse, external drive ,scanner, printers etc..
 it connect devices by USB port.
27. What is the use of PS/2 cable?
PS/2 cable
 PS/2 cable is known as personal system/2 cable , developed by IBM.
 It contains round connector having 6 pins.
 This cable used to connect the mouse and keyboard to computer
 It connect devices by a special PS/2 port.
28. What is the use of ethernet cable?
ETHERNET cable
 Ethernet cables are connect devices together to a network transfer.
 This cables are used connecting network with laptop desktop from a router , modem or
internet hub also printer
 it connect devices by ETHERNET port.
29. What is the use of 3.5mm jack?
3.5mm jack
 A 3.5 mm jack is also known as a headphone jack .
 it connect audio devices like headphones and microphones.
 This connection carries audio signals from computer to headphones.

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UNIT-II
INPUT DEVICES AND OUTPUT DEVICES
1. Explain Keyboard.
KEYBOARD
 Keyboard is the main input device to enter information into computer.
 It is used as a enter text, numbers, and symbols etc.
 It is also have some control keys like Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Enter etc... to control some functions.
 Computer Keyboard has the following keys
a. Alphanumeric keys - these are A to Z, 0 to 9, {},[], :; etc.,
b. Modifier Keys - used for changing the function of other keys , Eg: Ctrl,
Shift, CapsLock,Alt.,etc.,
c. Navigation keys - used for moving the cursor,Eg: , , , 
d. Numeric keys - used for mathematical calculations (0 to9, +,-,*,/ etc..,)
e. Function keys - keys F1 to F12, used to perform special functions save,
search, compile, run etc.,
f. System command keys - use to special action, ESC, Printscrn, Pause, etc.,
g. Lock keys - Capslock, scrolllock.

2. Explain about scanner and its types.

SCANNER
 A scanner is an input device.
 Scanner can transfer photo, documents to the computer by Optical Character Recognition (OCR).
 Scanned documents stored in computer in image or document format as we need.
 It will connect to the computer when need and control with suitable software in computer.
 Some of the common types of scanner are discussed below.
Flatbed Scanner
 This Scanner has a flat surface made-up with glass.
 The document or photos to be scanned is placed over the flat surface.
 The scanner head, which contains sensor moved and capture the document one end to another
end of document.
 The quality of the scanned image is high.
Handheld Scanner
 It is small manual scanning device, held in hand to scan what we need.
 Barcode Scanner and thermal scanner are some of handheld scanner used.
 Barcode Scanner is used in shopping stores to scan price information of the things.
 Thermal Scanner is used in hospitals to know temperature of humans.
Photo Scanner
 It is also a flatbed scanner designed to scan only photographs.
 It has high resolution and colour depth to scan photos.
 Some scanners come with in-built software for cleaning and restoring old photograps.
QR Scanner
 QR (Quick Response) code is the 2-dimensional bar code.
 Scanner scans this QR Code and gets details and sends to computer.
Fingerprint Scanner
 It is fingerprint recognition device.
 It works by using biometric technology.
 Mostly it is used for security purpose and attendance purpose.

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Retinal Scanner
 It is used to scan our eyes blood vessels by using biometric technology.
 It typically used for authentication and identification purposes.
 It also used in medical department.

3. Explain optical mouse in detail.

OPTICAL MOUSE
 Optical mouse in an input device.
 Optical mouse consists of a LED (Light Emitting Diode) on its lower surface and a tracking sensor
inside.
 When the mouse is moved, the light from LED is reflected to the tracking sensor through a lens.
 The sensor send reflected image to a digital signal processor (DSP),
 DSP determines how far the mouse has moved.
 Then this movement sent to computer and moves pointer on the screen.
 It will be connected to computer through USB cable.

ADVANTAGES:
 Not affect by mechanical failure.
 No accumulated dirt.
 High resolution and longer life.
 More reliable and requires less maintenance.
DISADVANTAGES :
 Surfaces with irregularities will affect the movement of the mouse.
 A rough surface can also damage the light.

4. Explain Touch screen and touch screen technologies in detail.

TOUCH SCREEN
 Touch Screen is a computer display, which acts an input device.
 Users interact with computer by touching the screen by finger or stylus.
 When screen is touched, it registers the event and sends to controller for processing.
 It is an alternative to mouse and keyboard.
 Commonly usedin computers, laptops, smartphones, tablets etc…
TOUCH SCREEN TECHNOLOGIES
 There are three major technologies used.
a. Resistive
b. Surface Acoustic Wave
c. Capacitive

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RESISTIVE
 Resistive touch screen can be divided into 4, 5, 6, 7
or 8-wired models.
 This screen has thin metallic layer that is
conductive and resistive.
 When screen is touched, change is electrical
current sent to the controller.
Advantages
 More affordable.
 Not damaged by dust or water.
 Responds to finger or stylus
Disadvantages
 Only 75% clarity.
 Easily damaged by sharp objects.

SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE (SAW)

 Ultrasonic waves pass over this screen.
 When screen is touched, change in part of the
wave position is sent to the controller.
Advantages
 Responds to finger or stylus.
Disadvantages
 Maybe damaged by dust or water.

CAPACITIVE
 This screen is coated with an electrically charged
material.
 When screen is touched, it causes change in
capacitance, and the location to be determined and
sent to controller.
Advantages
 Not damaged by dust or water.
 Clarity is high level.
Disadvantages
 Must be touched with finger only, stylus cannot be used.

5. Explain web camera.

WEBCAMERA
 Web camera (webcam) is a camera can be connected to a
computer.
 It connected by USB port.
 It embedded into the display with laptop.
 It captures pictures and videos with help of software.
 Those pictures and videos are stored as a digital data in
computer.
 it transmits video on the internet in real time.
Characteristics
 cost is lower
 Resolution is low compared with digital cameras.

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Uses
 Used in video conferencing
 Used for security surveillance.
 Used in video broadcasting.
 Used for social video recording.
 Used in computer vision.

6. What are wearable devices? Explain its types.

WEARABLE DEVICES
 Wearable devices are electronic devices that are
physically worn by user.
 It track, analyze and transmit personal data on real
time basis.
 It has microprocessors and motion sensors to track
our biometric datas.
 It can be worn as accessories, embedded in clothing,
implant in the user’s body.
Types
SMART WATCHES:
 It provides users with notifications on their calls, messages, emails, social media updates.
FITNESS TRACKER:
 it keep tracks the number of steps the user walks.
 it continuously monitors the heart rate.
 it calculates and reports on calories burnt to the user.
HEAD MOUNTED DISPLAY:
 It takes you to the virtual reality world.
 it provides virtual information directly to eyes.
SPORTS WATCHES:
 it built for sports persons.
 it comes with GPS tracker.
 it record information on the user’s speed, heart rate etc.,

7. Explain laser printer and its operations

LASER PRINTER
 Laser printer is a high speed non impact printer
 It uses a laser beam to print documents
 The heart of the laser printer is small rotating
aluminium drum
 Coating of the drum got electrostatic charge
when it exposed to the light.
OPERATION
 It uses powder called toner to print documents
 The laser beam hits the drum and draws the
image by altering electric charges
 The drum picks the toner.
 It rolls the tonor on to the paper
 The tonor is melted and pressed on to the paper by heat from the Fuser

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 After that drum losses the electric charge
 Remaining toner is collected
 Finally document is printed
Features
 Printing quality is high
 Resolution range is around 1200dpi(dots per inch)
 Low printing cost
 High printing speed
 Printing in colour also available

8. Explain 3D printer and its working.

3D PRINTER
 3D printer uses to print three dimensional
objects
 It can create real physical objects
 By using a nozzle it print objects layer by layer
 Basically plastic materials are used to print
Working
 Feed a digital design that need to create
 Fill the material (usually plastic).
 Material was melted by using heat
 Printer follows the digital design, the melted
material lying down by a tiny nozzle.
 The nozzle spray the material layer by layer
 After complete the print it quickly cools and solidifies
Features
 People turn their creative ideas into real objects
 can make thing exactly as per wish(colour & shapes)
 Engineer under designer make prototypes of new inventions
Limitations
 It is not fast, it can take hours or days to make objects
 Different 3d printers use different materials
 All materials are not suitable for all purposes

9. Explain LCD monitor and LED monitor.

LCD SCREEN
 LCD stands for LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY.
 LCD screen is a flat panel display, which uses
liquid crystal combined with Polarizers.
 It uses backlight or reflector generally CCFL-
COLD CATHODE FLUORESCENT LAMP to
produce display
Features
 Picture quality is good
 Cost is less
 Resolution is good
 Consume more electrical energy
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LED SCREEN
 LED stands for LIGHT EMITTING DIODE.
 LED creen is a flat display which uses diode as
backlight.
 As the source of light it uses panel of LED
behind and sides of the screen
 When electric current is applied the diode
emits light to the display
 To create bright colour image additive colour
mixing or used
Features
 Picture quality is high
 Cost is high
 Resolution is high
 Consumes less electrical energy.

10. Give the differences between LCD and LED monitor.

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UNIT-2 PART-B
11. Explain Projector.
PROJECTOR
 A projector is an optical output device.
 it takes images from computer and reproduces
them onto a screen, wall or other surface.
 It works by projecting light through lens.
 The lens magnifies and focuses the image onto
the desired surface.
 It will be connected with computer by VGA and HDMI cables.
Working
 it receives the video signal from computer.
 it uses lamp or LED source to produce bright beam of light.
 the light passes through a series of mirrors and lens.
 the mirrors and lenses help to magnify and focus the images
 the focused light is projected onto a screen or wall.
Types
CRT Projector
 It known as Cathode Ray Tube Projector.
 It uses lenses to project.
 it provide low light output
 size is large.
LCD Projector
 it is known as Liquid Crystal Display Projector
 it uses liquid crystal to project
DLP Projector
 it is known as Digital Light Processing Projector
 it uses micro mirrors to project

12. Explain about computer speaker.

COMPUTER SPEAKER
 A computer speaker is an output device.
 it connected with computer to generate sound.
 it converts electromagnetic waves from computer into sound waves.
 in computer sound waves produced in analog form.
 analog speakers convert the analog signal and generate sound waves.
 sound waves create vibrations in the air, that is hear as sound.
TYPES:
Internal Speakers:
 some computers have buit-in speakers.
 these called internal speakers.
 these are not produce loud, high-quality sound.
External Speakers:
 speakers may connected to computer externally.
 these are separate devices.
 it give better and louder sound.
Headphones:
 Headphones can connect to computers by 3.5mm jack.
 the sound goes directly to ears, without disturbing others.
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UNIT-2 PART-B
13. Explain different types of computer cables.
COMPUTER CABLES
 Computer cables of physical connections that transfer information between devices.
 it is used to connect monitor, printer, keyboard etc…
 Power cables provide electricity.
 Data cables transfer information between devices
Types
VGA cable
 VGA cable is known as Video Graphics Array cable.
 it is used to connect the monitor and CPU of a computer
 This cable transfers video signals only
 It contains 15 pins inside the connector
 It connect CPU in special VGA port
HDMI cable
 HDMI cable is known as High Definition Media Interface cable.
 it transmits high definition video and audio signals.
 It used to connect computer,TV ,DTH boxes and
projectors etc
 It connect devices by a special HDMI port
PS/2 cable
 PS/2 cable is known as personal system/2 cable ,
developed by IBM.
 It contains round connector having 6 pins.
 This cable used to connect the mouse and
keyboard to computer
 It connect devices by a special PS/2 port.
USB cables
 USB cable is known as Universal Serial Bus cable.
 USB cable is popular standard cable.
 it is used to connect keyboard mouse flash drive
external drive scanner printers etc..
 it connect devices by USB port.
ETHERNET cable
 Ethernet cables are connect devices together to a network
transfer
 This cables are used connecting network with laptop desktop
from a router , modem or internet hub also printer
 it connect devices by ETHERNET port.

3.5mm jack
 A 3.5 mm jack is also known as a headphone jack .
 it connect audio devices like headphones and
microphones.
 This connection carries audio signals from computer to
headphones.

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UNIT-3 PART-A
UNIT-3
COMPUTER MEMORY AND STORAGE
1. What is a bit? What is a byte?
BIT
 A Bit is the smallest unit of digital data.
 It represents a binary digit value either 0 or 1.
BYTE
 A byte is a group of 8 bits.
 It is the basic unit of storage.
 It represent larger data types(words, images, files etc.,)

2. Give differences between bit and byte.

3. What are the two types of primary memory?

Types
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Read Only Memory (ROM)

4. What is RAM?
RAM
 It is known as RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY.
 This is part of computer local memory.
 It is fastest memory, used to store data temporarily.
 It is volatile memory, when the computer is switched off the memory will be erased.
 Ram is used to store the data that the computer is currently using.

5. What are the types of RAM?

Types of RAM
 STATIC RAM(SRAM)
 DYNAMIC RAM(DRAM)

6. What is ROM?
ROM
 It is known as READ ONLY MEMORY.
 ROM can only read by the CPU, new data can't be written.
 it is non-volatile memory.
 It is permanently in-built in the computer at the time of production.

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UNIT-3 PART-A
7. What are the three types of ROM?
TYPES OF ROM
 PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
 EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
 EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

8. Expand the following.

(i) PROM (ii) EPROM (iii) EEPROM.
 PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
 EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
 EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

9. What is the use of secondary memory?

SECONDARY MEMORY
 This memory stores data and program permanently.
 It is supportive storage of main memory and not directly accessible by cpu
 It is non-volatile memory
 Also known as auxillary memory

10. Mention any four secondary storage devices.

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
 The devices used to store data permanently are called secondary storage devices.
 It is also called external storage devices.
 Hard disk, SSD, Compact Devices, DVD and Flash Drives etc are some secondary storage devices

11. What is the use of hard disk?

HARD DISK
 Hard-disk is used to store large amount of data permanently.
 In computer, it is the main storage device.
 It is an electromechanical device and non-volatile memory.
 It stores operating system, large system files, data and programs.
 It available in variety of storage (MB, GB, TB).

12. What is the use of optical disk?

OPTICAL DISK
 An Optical disk is used to store data permanently.
 It is an electronic storage device.
 It used optical storage technology to read and write data.
 it has long lifespan.

13. List out the names of optical disks.

 Compact Disk (CD)
 Digital Versatile Disk(DVD)
 Blu-ray Disk.

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UNIT-3 PART-A
14. What is a DVD?
DVD
 DVD full form is Digital Versatile Disk.
 Storage capacity is 4.7GB.
 It comes with 120mm and 80mm sizes.
 Data read and write by laser beam.

15. What is a blu-ray disk?

Blu-Ray Disk:
 Blu-ray disk is a high-density optical disk.
 It used for Play station games.
 Data read and write by blue-violet laser.
 It played by blu-ray disk player.
 Size is 120mm with 1.2mm thickness.
 Storage Capacity is 25 GB – 50 GB.

16. What is a flash drive?

Flash Drive:
 It is a portable electronic storage device.
 It can be erased and re-writable.
 It can be EEPROM or EPROM
 It can store all types of Data (documents, Media files).
 Capacity is from GigaByte(GB) – TeraByte(TB).

17. What is SSD?

SSD
 SSD Stands for SOLID STATE DRIVE.
 It is Non-Volatile memory.
 Data stored permanently.
 Data can be read and write directly and quickly.
 It reduces BOOT time and speed up performance.
 it uses electric charges to represent binary information.

18. What is a cache memory?

CACHE MEMORY
 It used to store the part of a program frequently accessed by CPU.
 Only CPU can access the cache memory.
 It is small in size, basically in Megabytes(MB)
 Access speed is faster than other memories.
 Cache Memory acts as a buffer (temporary storage) between RAM and CPU.
 So it speeds up the system performance.

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 UNIT-3 Part-B

UNIT-3
COMPUTER MEMORY AND STORAGE
1. Explain Memory Hierarchy.
MEMORY HIERARCHY.
 Computer memory is the storage space in the computer
where data and instructions are stored.
 The computer memory hierarchy looks like a pyramid
structure.
 The memory devices are arranged by capacity, speed and
cost.
 In memory hierarchy the cost and capacity is inversely
proportional to process speed.

 Level 1- Cache Memory

 It used to store the part of a program frequently accessed by CPU.
 Cost is high
 Size is small, generally in megabytes (mb)
 Access speed is very high.
 Implemented using static ram

 Level 2 - Primary or Main Memory

 It directly communicates with cpu and also secondary memory
 It is volatile memory and it stores data temporary
 Cost is low
 Size is larger, generally in gigabytes(gb)
 Access speed is lower than cache memory
 Implemented using dynamic ram

 Level 3-Secondary Memory(Auxillary Memory)

 It is not directly accessible by cpu
 It is non volatile memory and stores data permanently
 Cost is very low
 Larger generally in gigabytes (gb) and (terabyte) tb
 Access speed is very low.

2. Explain RAM and its types.

 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
 This is part of computer local memory
 Integrated circuits or used for this memory
 Used to store data temporarily
 It is volatile memory, when the computer is switched off the memory will be erased
 Ram requires very little time for access to each data,
 It is fastest memory
 Ram is typically used to store the operating system, application programs and data that
the computer is currently using.
 In this memory data and instruction can be written as well as read

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 UNIT-3 Part-B

 Types of RAM
 STATIC RAM(SRAM)
 SRAM stores data until power is being supplied
 SRAM chips use transistor and no capacitors
 It need not be refreshed on a regular basis
 Long data lifetime and faster
 Power consumption is high
 DYNAMIC RAM(DRAM)
 DRAM chips use transistor and capacitors
 It need refresh periodically in order to maintain the data
 Short data lifetime and slower
 Power consumption is low
3. Explain ROM and its types
 READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
 ROM can only read by the cpu, new data can't be written.
 It is permanently in-built in the computer at the time of production.
 It contains the programmes that run when the system boots up
 Rom is further classified into 3 types
 PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
 EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
 EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
 PROM
 It can be programmed only once and read many.
 Prom is manufactured as blank memory.
 It is programmed by prom burner.
 EPROM
 It can be reprogrammed by erasing the old programs.
 The content can be erased using ultraviolet rays.
 It is to be removed from computer for modification.
 EEPROM
 The content in this rom can be erased using electrical charge.
 It need not to be removed from the computer for modification.
 Performance is slower than other roms.
4. Give the differences between ROM and RAM.

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 UNIT-3 Part-B

5. Explain construction of Hard Disk and its Organisation.

HARD DISK
 Hard-disk is used to store large amount of data permanently
 In computer, it is the main storage device
 It is an electromechanical device and non-volatile memory
 Basically it stores operating system, large system files , data and programs
 It available in variety of storage ( mb, gb, tb)
 It can be partitioned into different sizes and labelled.
Construction
 It consists of number of disks called platters.
 Platters coated with magnetic material on both sides.
 It fixed on a common shaft or spindle
 These disks are not removable.
Head actuator
 Hdd has a movable read/write head on the tracks of the disk
 These heads are mounted over a mechanical system called head actuator.
 Head actuator is used to move the heads across the disk to fit it accurately.
Spindle motor
 It is used to rotate the spindle, where the platters are placed.
 It rotates speed of 3600 rpm in same direction.
Organisation of hard disk
 Each disk has two recording surfaces
 The top portion of the top disk and bottom portion of last
disk are not used
 Each recording surface is divided into tracks
 Set of tracks in all sides of disks is called a cyclinder
 Each track is divided into sectors
 Each sector has 512 byte of data
 Storage capacity of a disk is denoted by following formula

Storage Capacity = number of cyclinders x tracks per cylinder x sectors per track x bytes per sector.

6. Explain Cache Memory

CACHE MEMORY
 It used to store the part of a program frequently accessed by CPU.
 Only CPU can access the cache memory.
 It is small in size, basically in Megabytes(MB)
 Access speed is faster than other memories.
 Cache Memory acts as a buffer (temporary storage) between RAM and CPU.
 So it speeds up the system performance.

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 UNIT-3 Part-B

 Types
 L1 cache memory.
 L2 cache memory.
 L3 cache memory.

 L1 cache memory:
 It is called level 1 cache or L1 cache.
 Memory storage of this memory is from 2 kilobytes to 64 kilobytes.
 A small amount of memory is present inside the CPU itself.
 L2 cache memory:
 It is called level 2 cache or L2 cache.
 Memory storage of this memory is from 256 kilobytes to 512 kilobytes.
 It may be located inside or outside of the CPU.
 It is slower than L1 cache.
 L3 cache memory:
 It is called level 3 cache or L3 cache.
 Memory storage of this memory is from 1mb to 2mb.
 It is located outside of the CPU.
 It’s not available in all Processors; some high-end processors may have this.
 It is slower than L1 and L2 cache..
 Working with CPU:
 when CPU needs data, it will access the L1 cache.
 If it does not available , it will access the L2 cache , after that L3 cache.
 If Data available in cache memory, it is known as Cache Hit.
 If Data not available in cache memory, it is known as Cache Miss.
 If Data not available in cache memory, CPU access the RAM.
 If Data not available in RAM, CPU access the Hard disk and get data.

7. Explain CD.
COMPACT DISK(CD)
 Compact Disks are optically readable media.
 it is made from 1.2mm thick , polycarbonate plastic material.
 The non-reflective areas are called ‘pits’,reflective areas are called ‘Lands’
 CDs can store many types of data ,like audio, video, games and documents, etc.,
 Storage capacity is 700 MB only.,
 Data read and write by laser beam.
TYPES OF CDs
i) CD-R
 CD-R stands for Compact Disk-Recordable.
 it can be written only once and cannot be erased.
ii) CD-ROM
 CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk –Read only memory.
 It written once and used as a ROM.
iii) CD-RW
 CD-RW stands for Compact Disk – Rewritable.
 it can be written multiple times and erase.
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 UNIT-3 Part-B

S.No Advantages Disadvantages

1 Portable Inferior Capacity
2 Reliable Older Technology
3 Random Access Inferior Quality
4 Rewritable available Durability issues

8. Explain DVD.
DVD
 DVD full form is Digital Versatile disk.
 Storage from 4.7GB to 17.08 GB
 It comes with 120mm and 80mm sizes.
 data read and write by laser beam
Types
 DVD-Recordable(DVD-R) - it can record all datas.
 DVD-ReWritable(DVD-RW) - it can read, write, erase and rewritten.
 DVD-Read Only Memory(DVD-ROM) - it can be reading and no writing.
STORAGE CAPACITY
 DVD can be divided into four types
S.No Type Capacity
1 Single Sided Single Layer 4.7 GB
2 Single Sided Double Layer 8.5 GB to 8.7 GB
3 Double Sided Single Layer 9.4 GB
4 Double Sided Double Layer 17.08 GB

Advantages:
 Large storage capacity.
 Excellent Sound and picture quality.
 cost is cheap.
 data stored in both sides.
Disadvantages:
 Storage capacity is low compared modern technology.
 it cannot provide high-definition images.

9. Explain Blue-Ray Disk.

Blu-Ray Disk:
 Blu-ray disk is a high-density optical disk.
 it used for Play station games.
 data read and write by blue-violet laser.
 it played by blu-ray disk player.
 size is 120mm with 1.2mm thickness.
 Storage Capacity is 25 GB – 50 GB.
S.No Advantages DisAdvantages
1 store large amount of data. cost is high
2 gives high-quality videos cannot play by CD/DVD players.

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 UNIT-3 Part-B

10. Explain Flash Drive.

Flash Drive:
 it is a portable electronic storage device.
 it can be erased and re-writable.
 it can be EEPROM or EPROM.
 it can store all types of Data (documents, Media files).
 it can be insert to computer’s USB port.
 capacity is from GigaByte(GB) – TeraByte(TB).
 it has Printed Circuit Board(PCB)
 PCB provided with power circuit, integrated circuits and USB connectors.
Features:
 Resistance to scratches.
 small in size.
 capacity is higher.
 used as audio player.
 uses less power.
 durable.

11. Explain SSD

SSD
 SSD Stands for SOLID STATE DRIVE.
 it is Non-Volatile memory.
 Data stored permanently.
 Stored use semi-conductor medium.
 data can be read and write directly and quickly.
 It reduces BOOT time and speed up performance
 it uses electric charges to represent binary information.
 it can be used in laptop, desktop, game stations and data centres.
Advantages:
 low power consumption
 faster data access
 durable
 small size
Disadvantages
 Expensive
 recovery not possible
 Sudden Power loss during writing data makes data loss on SSDs.

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 UNIT-3 Part-B

12. Give differences between SSD and HDD

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 UNIT-4 Part-A

UNIT-4
COMPUTER SOFTWARE

1. What is software? List its types.

Software:
 Software is a set of instructions to perform a specific task.
 it interacts with the hardware to generate output.
 Software is divided into two parts
 Application software
 System software

2. What is application software? Give examples.

Application software:
 It is computer software, made to help the user to perform specific task.
 Users interact with application software for doing different activities.
 Application software cannot run without system software.
 Eg : Microsoft office, Accounting software, Banking software.etc

3. What is system software? Give examples.

System software
 system software is a set of programs used to control and coordinate the entire computer.
 users do not interact with system software as it works in the background.
 system software includes Operating system, database managers, compilers, linkers etc..
 Eg: Microsoft windows, Linux, DOS..

4. Define compiler.
Compilers
 A compiler is system software, it translates source program into object program.
 Program written in high level language is called a source program.
 Program in machine language is called an object program.
 Each high level programming language requires a separate compiler for the conversion.

5. What is linker?
Linker
 Linker is system software.
 Linker combines all external programs (libraries and other components etc) with object
program.
 Then creates a final executable program (.exe) for object program.

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 UNIT-4 Part-A

6. What is Loader?
Loader
 Loader is system software.
 Loader loads the final executable program into main memory.

7. Define an Operating system. Give example.

Operating system
 An operating system (OS) is the most basic system software that controls computer
hardware and software.
 OS acts as a mediator between the user and the hardware of the computer.
 OS controls all other softwares in the computer.
 When a computer is switched on, OS loaded into memory automatically.
 Eg: Microsoft Windows, Linux, MAC, IOS..

8. Define Linux. List out some Linux distributions.

Linux
 Linux is an open-source operating system.
 It can be modified and distributed by anyone .
 Most of the servers run on Linux because it is easy to customize.
 DISTRIBUTIONS: Ubuntu, Mint, Fedora, RedHat, Debian, Google’s Android ,Chrome OS etc.,

9. What is a Word Processor? Give example.

Word Processor
 Word Processor is computer software to create, edit, manipulate and transmit and retrieve
text document.
 Word processing is defined as process of creating, editing and printing documents.
 To perform word processing the following components are needed.
 A computer.
 A special program called Word Processor.
 A Printer.
 Eg: Microsoft word, Open Office writer, WPS Office.

10. What is Presentation Software? Give example.

Presentation Software
 A Presentation Software is computer software used to create Presentation.
 Presentation software is collection of electronic slides having text, picture, graphics, tables,
sound and video.
 Also apply the animations to all the contents in the presentation.
 Eg: Microsoft PowerPoint, Open Office Impress, Canva, and Zohoshow.

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 UNIT-4 Part-A

11. What is Graphics software? Give examples.

Graphics Software
 It is type of computer Program use to create and edit media files like images and videos.
 USES:
 create digital images.
 create video animations.
 create 3D models.
 Eg: Adobe Photoshop, CorelDraw, Autodesk, Maya, etc.,

12. Mention some areas of Python use.

Areas of Python use
 Data Science.  Artificial intelligence.
 Desktop applications.  Education application.
 Mobile Application.  Gaming application.
 web application.

13. Mention some organizations using Python.

Organizations using Python
 Google  Mozilla
 YouTube  Cisco
 Yahoo  Drop box
 Microsoft

14. Define ERP

ERP
 it is known as Enterprise Resource Planning
 it is a software system.
 It integrates and manages core business processes within an organization.

15. Mention some Real-time applications of ERP.

Real-time applications of ERP
 Inventory Management
 Order Processing
 Human Resources
 Data analysis
 Quality control.

16. Mention some Real-time applications of Finance.

Real-time applications of Finance
 Stock market trading
 Electronic payment
 Credit card transactions
 Market data analysis
 Banking service

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 UNIT-4 Part-B
UNIT-4
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
1. Explain the following system softwares.
a.Compilers b. Linker c.Loader d.Operating Systems

COMPILERS
 A compiler is a system software, it translates source program into object program.
 Program written in high level language is called a source program.
 Program in machine language is called an object program.
 Each high level programming language requires a separate compiler for the conversion.

LINKERS
 Linker is system software.
 Linker combines all external programs (libraries and other components etc) with object program.
 Then creates a final executable program(.exe) for object program.

LOADER
 Loader is a system software.
 Loader loads the final executable program into memory.

OPERATING SYSTEMS(OS)
 An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that controls
computer hardware and software.
 OS is the most basic system software.
 OS controls input, output and other devices like disk drives,
printers and electronic gadgets.
 OS controls all other softwares in the computer.
 When a computer is switched on, OS loaded into memory
automatically.
 Modern operating systems use Graphical User
Interface(GUI).

2. Breifly explain the Basics of Windows.

BASICS OF WINDOWS.
 An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that controls and supervises computer hardware and
software.
 Microsoft windows is a popular Graphical User Interface(GUI) Operating System developed by
MICROSOFT CORPORATION.
 First version of the windows operating system was introduced in 1985.

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 UNIT-4 Part-B

 This OS is compatible with a wide range of hardware and software applications.

 It allows users to run multiple applications at the same time.
 It uses keyboard and mouse as main input device and monitor as main output device.

FEATURES OF WINDOWS OS:

WINDOWS DESKTOP:
 The opening screen of windows is called ‘Desktop’.
 Desktop contains Icons, Start button, Taskbar, Notification Area and Date and time.
 Icon is a graphical symbol, representing the windows elements file, folders, shortcut etc.,
 Standard icons are My Computer (This PC) and recycle bin.
 Shortcut icons created by the user.
 By double clicking the icon, the related application or file or folder will be open.

TASKBAR:
 A Horizontal bar located in bottom of the desktop is called Taskbar.
 It Contains Start menu, shortcuts and minimized programs and etc.,
 In right corner there is a system tray, which contains volume control, network, date and time ,
notification area.

START MENU:
 In the lower left-hand corner of desktop(in taskbar) Start Menu is Located.
 By click this menu, we can access all applications, access settings, search all items in computer.

WINDOWS EXPLORER (FILE EXPLORER):

 It is a file management tool(software).
 It allows to users browse, open and manage files(search, copy, move etc.,) and folders in the
computer.

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 UNIT-4 Part-B
3. Breifly explain the Basic Operations Of Windows:
BASIC OPERATIONS OF WINDOWS:
 To Search a File or Folder, type a File or Folder name in Search box.
 To Create a Folder, Right click  menuClick New  Folder Type the Name Enter
 To Rename a File or Folder, right click on the file or folder  Click Rename type the name
Enter.
 To Move a File or Folder, press Ctrl + X or right click  Cut, using Ctrl + V or right click  paste.
 To Copy a File or Folder, press Ctrl + C or right click  Copy, using Ctrl + V or right click  paste.
 To Delete a File or Folder, select the File or Folder and press Delete key or Right click  delete.
 To Restore a File or Folder, Open Recycle bin and Right click  Restore.
 To create Shortcut on the desktop, select file or folder and Right click  send to  Desktop.
 To Shutdown, click Start  Shutdown.
 To restart, click Start  Restart.

VERSIONS OF WINDOWS:
 Windows 1.0  Windows 98  Windows 7
 Windows 2.0  Windows 2000  Windows 8
 Windows 3.0  Windows XP  Windows 10
 Windows 95  Windows Vista  Windows 11

4. Explain the Basics of Ubuntu Linux.

 Linux is an open-source operating system.
 It can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world.
 Ubuntu,Mint, Fedora, RedHat, Debian, Google’sAndroi,Chrome OS are some of the popular
distributions of Linux.
 Ubuntu OS is the popular one using worldwide.

FEATURES OF LINUX OS:

UBUNTU DESKTOP:
 The opening screen is called ‘Desktop’.
 it has the following icons.
 Search – used to search files and folders
 Files – used to access all drives.
 Firefox web browser – used to browse the internet.

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 Libreoffice writer – used to create word documents.

 Liberoffice calc – used to create spreadsheets.
 Libreoffice impress – used to create presentations.
 Ubuntu software – application store for new applications.
 System Settings –control and change the system configurations.
 Trash – deleted files and folders are here.
MENU BAR:
 A horizontal bar is located at the top of the screen is Menu Bar.
 frequently used icons are found on right side.
 most common indicators are located in notification area.
THE LAUNCHER:
 A Vertical Bar on the left side of the desktop is the Launcher.
 it provides easy access to applications, mounted devices and Trash.
 All current applications on the system will place an icon in the Launcher.
BASIC OPERATIONS IN LINUX:
 To Search a File or Folder, type a File or Folder name in Search box.
 To Create a new Folder, Right click  menu Click New folder Type the Name Enter
 To Delete a File or Folder, select the File or Folder and press Delete key or Right click Move to
trash
 To Shutdown, choose Log out,Suspend or shutdown through the session indicator on top right of
screen.

5. Breifly explain Word Processor.

WORD PROCESSORS
 Word Processor is a computer software to create, edit, manipulate and transmit and retrive text
document.
 To Perform word processiong the following components are needed
 A computer
 A special program called Word Processor.
 A Printer.
 A Word Processor program helps us to do the following operations
 create a document
 store it on a disk
 do modifications, like insert image,tables, charts, etc..
 taking printout the documents.
 Some of the word processsors using worldwide
 Microsoft word
 Open office writer
 Corel
 Word Pro
 WPS office
.

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6. Briefly explain Presentation Software.

PRESENTATION SOTWARES
 A Presentation is a collection of data and information that is delivered to a specific audience.
 A Presentation Software is computer software used to create Presentation.
 Presentation software is collection of electronic slides having text, picture, graphics, tables, sound
and video.
 An editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted.
 Also inserting and manipulating graphic images and media clips.
 Also apply the animations to all the contents in the presentation.
 The complete presentation show to the auidence by Slide Show.
 USES:
 create presentations.
 create quizzes.
 create e-learning packages.
 create multimedia products.
 Some of the Presentation Softwares:
 Microsoft PowerPoint.
 OpenOffice Impress.
 Canva.
 Zohoshow.
 Gamma.

7. Briefly Explain Graphics Software.

GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
 It is type of computer Program use to create and edit media files like images and videos.
 USES:
 create digital images.
 create video animaitons.
 create 3D models.
Graphics Software types:
 Image Editors:
 used to create or edit images
 Eg: Photoshop, illustrator, inkscape etc..
 Vector graphics editors:
 used to create or edit vector graphics.
 Eg: Coreldraw , inkscape
 3D modelling software:
 used to create three-dimensional models.
 Eg: Maya, 3Dmax etc..
 Animation Software:
 used to create animations.
 Eg: Adobe after effects, Apple motion, Autodesk etc..
 Video Editting Software:
 used to edit videos.
 Eg: Adobe Premiere , Final Cut, etc..

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8. Explain Python Programming.

Python Programming
 Python is a high level programming language.
 it was created by Guido Van Rossum in 1991
 it was mainy developed for code readability
 its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code
 there are two major versions are used
 Python 2 was released on 16.10.2000
 Python 3 was released on 3.12.2008
Working With Python
Python Code Execution
 source code written by user is translated into byte code
 byte code is run by Python Virtual Machine (PVM)
 there are two modes for using python interpreter
 1.interactive mode
 2.script mode
 Interactive Mode:
 if the code is 2 to 4 lines we use this mode
 this directly executes input and gives output
 input
>>>print("hello world")
 output
hello world
 every input line starts with “>>>” symbol,
 output displays without “>>>” symbol

 Script Mode
 if the code is more than 2 to 4 lines we use script mode .
 user can store python source code and modify and use it in future.
 Users save source code in a .py file.

9. Write features of Python.

Features of Python:
 Python is Object Oriented.
 Python uses indentation.(spaces at the beginning of a code line)
 it is free and opensource.
 it is powerful.
 it is portable, program will run in exactly the same manner.
 it is easy to use and learn.
 it compiled line by line.
 it is Interactive programming language.
 Straight forward syntax.
 High demand Language.

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10. Explain about real-time applications of ERP.

 A Real-time applications (RTA) is a computer system
or a software programme.
 it collects and responds to the input data within a
guaranteed time.
 it sense analyze and act on streaming data.

ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP)

 ERP is a software system.
 it integrates and manages core business process.
 it helps businesses manage and streamline their day-to-day activities.
 it consist different modules.Each module handle specific business functions.
 common modules includes finance, human resources, inventory, procurement, sales and
manufacturing.
 key feature is integration,it connects different departments and functions.
 it uses Centralized database to store and manage data.
 it automates repetitive tasks and processes.
 with realtime ERP, changes made in one module are reflected in all system in real-time.
 Modern ERP systems use Cloud-based ERP.
 it allows access their ERP software over Internet.

11. Explain about real-time applications of finance.

REAL-TIME APPLICATIONS OF FINANCE
 A real-time application in finance allows financial transactions, data analysis and decision making.
 some real time applications in finance:
1) Stock market trading
2) Electronic Payments and Transactions.
3) Algorithmic Trading.
4) Market Data Analytics.
5) Fraud Detection and Prevention.
6) Customer Service in Banking.
7) Risk Management.
8) Foreign Exchange Trading.
9) Payment Processing Systems.
10) Financial News and Alerts.
11) Credit Card Transactions.
12) Cryptocurrency Exchanges, etc.,

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UNIT-5
INTERNET AND SECURITY
1. What is an internet?
Internet
 Network is a collection of interconnected devices.
 Internet is a network of networks.
 User at any one computer can get information from any other computer.
2. What is URL?
URL
 URL is known as Uniform Resource Locator.
 It is an address to show a particular web page.
3. What is a web browser?
Web browser
 Web browser is a software
 it is used to browse the internet
 Eg: Google Chrome. Firefox
4. What is a web server?
Web server
 it is a powerful computer.
 it stores and deliver web pages.
5. Mention any four popular web browsing softwares.
Web browsing softwares
(i) . Google Chrome, (ii). Mozilla Firefox, (iii). Microsoft edge, (iv). Opera,
6. What is a search engine?
Search Engine
 A search engine is a software system
 it is designed to search for information on World wide Web(WWW)
 the result page shown in search engine is known as Search Engine Result Page(SERP)
7. Mention any four popular search engines.
Popular Search engines
(i). Google, (ii). Yahoo, (iii). Bing, (iv). Hotbot
8. Define computer ethics.
Computer Ethics
 Ethics means ‘What is Wrong and What is Right’.
 Computer ethics is a set of moral principles
 it regulate the use of computer and internet by users
9. What is a social network?
Social Network
 Social network is in online community of individuals.
 In allows exchanging messages, share information and joint activities.
 Social network is like a digital club.
10. List out any four popular social networks.
Popular Social networks
(i). Facebook, (ii). Instagram, (iii). WhatsApp, (iv). Telegram, (v). Twitter
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11. Define E-commerce.
E-commerce
 E-Commerce is electronic commerce
 it is define as the process of buying or selling products via Internet
 it allows the consumer to exchange good and services.
12. List out E-commerce business models.
E-commerce business models
MODELS BUSINESS CONSUMER GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS B2B B2C B2G
CONSUMER C2B C2C C2G
GOVERNMENT G2B G2C G2G
13. Define cloud computing.
Cloud computing
 Cloud computing is storing and accessing of data over the internet.
 Data stored in remote servers via internet.
14. What are the types of cloud computing?
(i). Public cloud, (ii). Private cloud, (iii). Hybrid cloud.
15. What are the three types of cloud computing services?
 Software As A Service -SAAS
 Platform As A Service-PAAS
 Infrastructure As A Service-IAAS
16. List out the security issues over internet.
(i). Computer Virus, (ii). Malware, (iii).Phishing
17. Define cyber security.
Cyber security
 Cyber attacks made by hackers and cyber criminals to steal information from internet
connected devices.
 Cyber security is the protection from these cyber attacks.

18. Mention any four cyber security threats.

(i). Phishing, (ii). Man in the middle, (iii). Cyber Terrorism, (iv). Cyber stalking,
(v). Denial of service attack(DoS), (vi). Malware

19. What is encryption and decryption?

Encryption and Decryption
 Encryption and decryption are processes that ensure confidentiality.
 Encryption is the process of translating the
plain-text into cipher-text.
 Decryption is the process of converting the
cipher-text back to plain-text.

20. Mention any four steps to be taken for cyber safety.

 Update software and operating system.
 Use anti-virus software.
 Use strong password.
 Always backup data.
 Avoid using public Wi-Fi.
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UNIT-5
INTERNET AND SECURITY
1. Briefly explain the concept of internet and its working.
Concept of Internet
 A network is a collection of interconnected devices
 Internet is a network of networks where the users at anyone computer get information
from any other computer.
 People can share information and communicate from anywhere with an internet connection
 Internet uses following standard internet protocol
 TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
 IP - Internet Protocol
 Internet protocol connects billions of computer users worldwide.
 it is set up by using cables such as optical fiber and wireless technologies.
 Some terms to use INTERNET
 HOST - Each computer on net is called host.
 WEBPAGE - it is a simple page on the internet, displayed by browser.
 WEBSITE - collection of web pages.
 WEB BROWSER- it is software, used to access websites by internet.
 WEB SERVER - it is a powerful computer that stores and delivers web pages.
 ISP - Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that provides
access to the internet.
 WWW - World Wide Web(WWW) is collection of websites.
 IP address - Internet Protocol Address is provided by ISPs.
Every computer has own unique IP Address for identification.
 Domain name - it is registered address of the website.
some domain name descriptions given below
Generic Domain name Description Country level Domain Name Description
.com commericial organisation .in India
.gov Government institution .au australia
.org Non-profit organisation .jp japan
.edu Educational Institution .ru russia

 URL - Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is an address ,

it shows particular page in World Wide Web
 W3C - It is World Wide Web Consortium, it develop standards for the WWW.
 ICANN - It is Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.
it administers the domain name registration.
INTERNET WORKING
 The Internet operates through WWW.
 when type a web address in the browser, it sends a request to server .
 the server responds with the proper web page.
 this process happens very fast.

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2. Explain any seven applications of Internet.
Applications Of Internet
 Email - Sending and receiving e-mails
 Online shopping - Shopping can be done using websites like Flipkart, Amazon.
 Job search - Search jobs in online using linkedin, naukri etc.,
 E-commerce - Buying and Selling goods, services , transfer funds using internet.
 E-Banking - get bank transactions at bank’s website using internet.
 Online Payments - Payments done in online using Gpay, Paytm etc., by online.
 Social Network - Make connections with friends, family etc by online using website. Eg: facebook.
 Chatting - Talking or messaging to others using internet. Eg: Whatsapp
 Voicemail - Sending voice messages using internet.

3. Explain popular web browsing softwares.

Web Browsing Softwares

4. Explain about search engines.

Search Engines
 Search Engine is a software system.
 it is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web
 Popular Search Engines
(i). Google, (ii).Yahoo, (iii).Bing, (iv).Lycos, (v).Hotbot
 The results on search engine is known as Search Engine Results Page(SERP)
 when type something in search engine, it quickly looks through the huge collection of web pages.
 then it shows the results.
Using a Search Engine
 Open the website
 Type the word to search.
 Review the results
 Click on a result
Why useful
 Quick information access
 Web pages constantly updated
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5. Briefly explain about computer ethics.
Computer Ethics
 Ethics means ‘What is Wrong and What is Right’.
 Computer ethics is a set of moral principles.
 It regulate the use of computer and internet by users.
Guidelines of ethics
 Respect privacy - don’t invade others personal information online
 Be Honest - tell the truth and be genuine in online interactions
 Prioritize security - Use strong passwords and keep information safe.
 Respect others - treat people with kindness and respect.
 No cyber bullying - never hurt others in online.
 Respect copyright - get permission to use or share other’s creations.
 use technology wisely - use internet for positive purposes.
 Build trust - act ethically in online.
 Learn and grow - understand computer ethics to use digital world responsibly
 Obey the law - obey the cyber law in online usage.
Ethical Issues
 Cyber crime - it is an intellectual white-collar crime
 Software piracy - unauthorized copying of original software
 Unauthorized Access - tries to get other’s account access.
 Hacking - intruding into other’s computer to steal data without permission.
 Cracking - edit other’s program source and modifying.
 Use of Computers to commit fraud.
 Viruses.
 Making false claims using computers.

6. Briefly explain about social networks.

Social Network
 Social network is in online community of individuals.
 It allows exchanging messages, share information and joint activities.
 Social network is like a digital club.
Working
 Profiles - personal page of the people in digital place
 Friends - add and connect the other peoples.
 Posts - Sharing messages, pictures and videos with friends.
 Alerts - notifications about posts.
Features
 Likes - showing like of a post by clicking like button, it looks like virtual thumbs up.
 Comments - writing messages or notes in a post.
 Shares - share posts with others.
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Setings
 Settings may be private or public.
 Users can control who will see posts.
Popular Social Networks
 Facebook  Linkedin  Telegram .
 Instagram  Whatsapp .
 Twitter  Youtube
Ethics
 kind-Mf ,Uf;fTk;.
 post nra;tjw;F Kd; Nahrpf;fTk;.
 chpathplk; Report nra;aTk;.

7. Give the differences between traditional commerce and e-commerce.

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UNIT-5 PART-B
8. Briefly explain about e-commerce business models.
E-commerce
 E-Commerce is electronic commerce
 it is define as the process of buying or selling products via Internet
 it allows the consumer to exchange good and services.
E-commerce business models
MODELS BUSINESS CONSUMER GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS B2B B2C B2G
CONSUMER C2B C2C C2G
GOVERNMENT G2B G2C G2G
B2B
 It is Business to Business.
 Commercial transactions between different business organizations, through the internet.
 Eg: A cycle company buy tyres from another company.
B2C
 it is Business to Consumer
 Commercial transactions between business firms and consumers.
 Eg: A book company sell books to customers.
B2G
 it is Business to Government
 Business organizations sell products, services to Government
 Eg:Government buys laptop for students from a company
C2B
 it is consumer to Business
 Transactions is originated by consumers with business organizations.
 Eg: consumer book tickets in travel websites
C2C
 it is consumer to consumer
 Trading of products or services between consumers
 Eg: A consumer sell his old things to another consumer by any website.
C2G
 it is consumer to Government
 Consumers connects with government in internet
 Eg: Income tax payment through online
G2B
 it is Government to Business
 Government provides services or information to business organizations.
 Eg: ebiz.gov.in
G2C
 it is Government to Consumer
 Government provides services and information to consumers through internet.
 Eg: issue of certificates through online.
G2G
 it is Government to Government
 Online interaction between Government departments to implement e-governance.

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9. Briefly explain about cloud computing.

Cloud computing
 Cloud computing is storing and accessing of data over the internet.
 Data stored in remote servers via internet.
 An Organization saves lots of cost of local storage, maintain data etc.,
Cloud Service Provider
 This is a third party company gives cloud-based platform .
 Google Cloud platform, Amazon Web Services are some Cloud service providers
Types of Cloud Computing
 Public cloud - Cloud computing resources operated by third-party cloud service provider.
 Private cloud - Cloud computing resources used inside a single business organizations.
 Hybrid cloud - Combination of Public and Private Clouds.
Cloud Components
 Clients - it is a hardware device or software used to access a cloud service.
 Data Centers - it is a single server or hundreds of servers on racks.
 Distributed server - Servers can be at different locations.
but they are working like next to each other.

Cloud Computing Services

Software as a service(SaaS)
 it is known as cloud application services
 it run directly through web browser without download any application
Platform as a service (PaaS)
 it is known as cloud platform services.
 it provides a platform for service.
Infrastructure as a service(IaaS)
 it is known as cloud infrastructure services
 it computing infrastructure managed in internet.
Benefits
 Access data anywhere with any device
 centralized data security
 high performance and availability
 quick application deployment
 Business Continuity
10. Explain about security issues over internet.
Security issues over Internet
 It describes security activities made over the internet.
Security Issues
Computer virus
 it is a rogue software that infects computer and steal or delete data.
 it spreads from one computer to another.
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Malware
 It means Malicious software.
 Types
 Trojan horse - it is like a legal program, but it is a malware.
 Malicious Spyware - it enters into computer, get data and send to third party.
 Computer worm - it is a software that can copy from one computer to another.
 Rootkits - it obtain administrator level access to a computer.
 Botnet - it is a network of infected computers carry an attacker’s goals.
 Spam - It is unwanted messages in email inbox.
Phishing
 it is an attempt to steal sensitive information like usernames, passwords, bank details.

11. Briefly explain about cyber security.

Cyber security
 Cyber attacks made by hackers and cyber criminals to steal information from internet
connected devices.
 Cyber security is the protection from these cyber attacks.
 it will give safety against data theft and loss

Cyber Security Threats

Phishing
 it is an attempt to steal sensitive information like usernames, passwords, bank details.
Man in the Middle
 some attackers alters the communication between two persons.
 persons believe that they directly communicating with each other.
Cyber Terrorism
 it is Hacking and blackmailing towards a business or a person.
Cyber Stalking
 It is harassing through online.
Denial of Service Attack(DoS)
 Overloading a system server with fake requests.
Malware
 It means Malicious software.
Types of Cyber Security
 Network Security - it protects and defends networks and programs from cyber attacks.
 Application security - it protects software applications from cyber attacks and data theft.
 Cloud Security - It protects cloud-based systems and data from cyber attacks.
 Critical Infrastructure Security- it protects infrastructures like energy, water and communication
systems from malicious attacks.