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 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

5) APPLICATIONSDEVELOPMENT
COMPLETE DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
In This Chapter
Definingembeddedsystem
Introducingthedesign process
Defining an embeddedsystemsarchitecture
5.1.1What Is an Embedded System?
Anembeddedsystem isan appliedcomputersystem, as
other types of computer systems. such as personal
distinguishedfrom
computers (PCs) or
supcrcomputers.

Internationally,the field has outgrownmany of its traditionaldescriptions.

The followingare a few of themore common descriptionsof an embeddedsystem:
Embeddedsystemsare more limited in hardwareand/orsoftwarefunctionality
thana PC.

This holdstrue for asignificantsubsetoftheembeddedsystemsfamily ofcomputer

systems.In terms of hardware limitations,this can mean limitationsin processing
performance,powerconsumption,memory, hardwarefunctionality,ete.
In software,this typicalymeanslimitationsrelativeto a PC-fewerapplications,
scaled-downapplications,no operatingsystem (0S) or alimitedOS, or less
abstraction-levelcode.
However, this definitionis only partiallytrue today as boards and software
typicallyfound in PCs of the past and presenthave been repackagedinto more
complex embeddedsystemdesigns.
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

5.2 Embedded Systems and 10T

Anembeddedsystemn is designed toperforma dedicatedfunction.
Most embeddeddevices are primarilydesigned for one specific function
However, we now sce devicessuch as PersonalData Assistant(PDAYcelu
phone hybrids,which are embeddedsystemsdesigned to be able to do a variety
ofprimaryfunctions.
Also, the latest digital TVs include interactiveapplicationsthat performa wide
varietyofgeneralfunctionsunrelatedto the TV" function butjustas important
such as e-mail, web browsing,and games.
An embeddedsystem is acomputersystem witlh higher qualityand reliability
requirenentsthan other types of conputersystems.
Some families ofembeddeddevices have a very high thresholdofqualityand
reliabilityrequirements.For example, ifa car'sengine controllercrasheswhile
drivingon a busy freewayor a criticalmedicaldevice malfunctionduring
surgery,
very seriousproblemsresult. However, there arealso
embeddeddevices,such
as TVs, games, and cellphones, in which a malfunctionis an
inconveniencebut
not usuallya life-threateningsituation.
Some devices that are called embedded
systems, such as PDAS or web pads,
are not really embeddedsystems.
There is some discussionas to whether or
notcomputersystems that mect
some, but not all, of thetraditional
embeddedsystem definitionsare actually
embeddedsystemsor somethingelse.
Some feel that the designationof these more
as embedded systems is complex designs,such as PDAs,
driven by non-technicalmarketing and
professionals,ratherthan engineers. sales
Inreality,embedded
engineersare dividedas to whetherthese designsare or
are not embedded
systems, even though currently these
discussedas such among these same designers. systems are often
embedded definitionsshould continueto evolve Whetheror not the traditional
systems be designatedto includethese more or a new field of computer
be determinedby
others in the industry. complex systems willultimately
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

ApplicationsDevelopment
For now,since there is no 5.3
new
industry-supported
designatcdfor designsthat fall in betwcen the field of comnputersystems
the
general-purpose PC systems,this book traditionalenbeddedsystem and
cmbeddedsystemsthat encompassesthese types supportsthe evolutionary viewof
of computersystem
Table $.1Examples of
embedded systems and their markets designs.
Market
Automotive Embedded Device
Ignitionsystem
Enginecontrol
Consunmerelectronics
Brake system (I.e.,antilockbraking
Digital and analogtelevisionssystem)
Set-top boxes (DVDs, VCRs,cable boxes,
etc.)
Personaldata assistants(PDAS)
Kitchenappliances(refrigerators,toasters,
microwaveovens)
Automobiles
Toys/games
Telephones/cellphones/pagers
Cameras
Global PositioningSystems(GPS)
Industrialcontrol Roboticsand controlsystems(manufacturing)
Medical
Infusionpumps
Dialysismachines
Prostheticdevices
Cardiacmonitors
Networking Routers
Hubs
Gateways
Office automation Fax machines

Photocopiers
Printers
Monitors
Scanners
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

5.4
EmbeddedSystems and IOT
5.1.2 An Introductionto Embedded Systems Architecture
The architectureofan embedded system is an abstraction of the
embedded
device, meaning that it is a generalizationof the system that typically
show detailed implementationinformationsuch as doesn't
softwaresource code or
hardwarecircuitdesign.
At the architectural level, the
hardware and software components in an
embeddedsystem are insteadrepresentedas some
compositionof interacting
elements. Elementsare representationsof hardwareand/or
softwarewhose
impiementationdetails have been abstractedout, leavingonly behavioral and
inter-relationshipinformation.
Architecturalelementscan be internallyintegratedwithinthe
or exist externallyto the embeddeddevice
embeddedsystemand in teractwith internalelements.
In short,an embedded
architectureincludeselementsof the embeddedsystem.
elements interactingwith an embeddedsystem, the
individualelements,and the interactive propertiesof each of the
relationshipsbetweenthe elements.
Architecture-levelinformation
Astructure isone possible
is physically
representedin the fom of structures.
representationof the architecture,containingits
own set of representedelements,
properties,and inter-relationshipinformation.
Astructureis thereforea
snapshot"
design time and/or at runtime,given a
of the system's
hardwareand softwareat
elements.Sinceit is very difficultfor oneparticularenvironmentand a givenset of
of a system, an "snapshot" to captureall the
architectureis typicallymade up of more than onecomplexities
All structureswithin an structure.
is the sum of all architecture inherentlyrelatedto each other,and it
are
these
structuresthat is the embedded
Table 5.2 summarizessome of
the most
architectureofa device.
embeddedarchitectures,and shows commonstruçturesthat can make up
structurerepresentand how these generallywhat the elementsof aparticular
elements inter-relate.
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

Definitint

defined 4 the difYerent funetioma

componentsithe esventialhardwarsnei
ot teffware that the system neets t
function correctly)within an embedded
device. Marketingand saies architeetural
diagrams are typically represented as
modular structures, since Softwre of
hardwareis typicallypackagedfor sale as
modules (an OS, a processor, a Java
Virtual Machine (JVM), ete.).
Uses (also Atype of modularstructurerepresenting
referred to as system at runtime in which modulesare
subsystemand inter-relatedby their usages (e.g., what
component) modules uses what other module).
Atype of usesstructurein which modules
Layers are organizedin layers (i.e., hierarchical)
in which modules in higher layers use
(require)modulesof lower layers.
Structure presents modules that use
Kenel modules(services)of an operatingsystem
kemel or are manipulatedby the kernei.

Channel
Structurepresentsmodules sequentially,
showing the module transformations
architecture
throughtheir usages.
Structure presents modules that use
Virtual machine modulesofa virtualmachine.

Decomposition A type ofmodularstructurein which somc

modules are actually subunit
(decomposedunits) of other Modulesand
inter-relations are indicated assuch

Typically used to delemiae resource

allocation,projectmaulageticul(piannng,
cacapsulalion,
data managenent (eg,
privatization),ctc.
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

5.6 Embedded Systemsand Jor

StructureTypes' Definition
Class (alsoreferred This is atype of modularsstructure
to as generalization) software andin which modules arerepresent i
referred
linter-relationshipsare
as classes, and
n
tog
defined
accordingto the object-orientedapproa
whichclasses are inheritingfrom other classes
or are actual instancesof a parent class. fo
example. Useful in designingsystems with
similarfoundations.
Component These structuresare composedof elemente
and that are either components(main hardware/
connector softwareprocessingunits, e-g-, processors,a
JVM) or connectors (communication
mechanismthat interconnects components
such as ahardware bus, or software Os
messages,etc.)
Client/server(also Structure of system at runtime where
referredto as componentsare clientsor servers(or objects)
distribution) and çonnectors are the mechanisms used
(protocols,messages,packets,etc.) used to
intercommunicatebetweenclientsand servers
(or objects).
Process(also referred This structureis a softwarestructureof a system
to as communicating containingan operatingsystem.Components
processes) are processesand/orthreads (see Chapter9
on Oss), and their connecters are the
interprocesscommunicationmechanisms
(shareddata, pipes,etc.) Useful for analyzing
schedulingand performance.
Concurrency| This structure is aruntime snap shot of a
Jandresourcel system containing an OS and in which
componentsare connectedvia threadsrunning
in parallel(see Chapter9on Oss). Essentialy,
this structureis used for resourcemanagemnt
and to determineifthereare any problemswith
sharedresources,as well as to determinewhal
softwarecan be executedin parallel.
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

dIOT
APplicationsDevelopment
StructureTypes' 5.7
Definition
nting
ed to
Interrupt Structure represents the interrupt
mechanisms in system. handling
ned Scheduling(Earliest
h in Deadline First(EDF), Structure represents the task scheduling
Sesfor Priority,round robin) mechanism of
fairness ofthe OSthreads demonstratingthe
scheduler.
ith
Memory Thisruntimerepresentationis of
memoryand data
nts componentswith the memory allocation and
e/ location(connector)schemes-essentiallydeal
memorymanagementschemeof the system. the
Garbagecollection This structure
On representsthe garbageallocation
s. scheme (more in Chapter2).
S Allocation This structurerepresentsthe memory allocation
schemeofthesystem(staticor dynamic,size,etc.).
e
Safetyand reliability This structureis ofthe systemat runtimnein which
s) redundantcomponents(hardwareand software
elements) and their inter communication
mechanismsdemonstratethe reliabilityand safety
ofa systemin the eventof problems(its abilityto
recoverfrom a varietyof problems).
Allo This structurerepresentsrelationshipsbetween
cation software and/ or hardware elements, and
externalelementsin variousenvironments.
Work assignment This structure assignsmodule responsibilityto
various development and design teams.
Typicallyused in project management.
Implementation Thisis asoftwarestructureindicatingwherethe
software is located on the development
system'sfile system.
Deployment Thisstructureis of the systemat runtime whe
elements in this structure are hardware and
software,and the relationshipbetweenelements
are wherethe softwaremaps to in the hardware
(re.ides,migratesto etc).
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

5.8 EmbeddedSystems and lo

In short, an embedded system's architecturecan be usedto resolve
these
types
of challengescarly in aproject.Withoutdefiningor knowingany of the interl
implementationdetails,the architectureof anembeddeddevicecan be the f
toolto be analyzedand used as ahigh-levelblueprintdefiningthe infrastruct
ofadesign,possibledesignoptions,and designconstraints.
Becauseit clearlyoutlinesthe requirements of the system,an architectureca
act as a solidbasis for analyzingand testingthe qualityof a device and it
performanceundervariouscircumstances.Furthermore,if understood,created
and leveragedcorrectly,an architecturecan be used to accuratelyestimateand
reducecosts throughits demonstrationoftherisksinvolvedin implementingthe
variouselements,allowingfor the mitigation of theserisks.
Finally,the various structuresof an architecturecan then be leveragedfor
designingfuture productswith similarcharacteristics,thus allowingdesien
knowledge to be reused, and leading toa decrease of future design and
developmentcosts.
Definingand understandingthe architectureof an embeddedsystem is an
essentialcomponent of goodsystem design.
This is because,in additionto the benefitslistedabove:

1. Everyembeddedsystem has an architecture,whetherit is or is not documented,

becauseevery embeddedsystem is composedof interactingelements(whether
hardwareor software),An architectureby definitionis a set of representationsof
thoseelementsand theirrelationships.
2. Becausean embeddedarchitecturecapturesvariousviews,whichare representations
ofthe system,it is ausefultool in understandingall ofthe majorelements,why cach
componentis there, and why the elementsbehavethe way they do.
5.1.3The Embedded Systems Model
A varietyofarchitecturalstructuresare used to introducetechnicalconceps
and fundamentalsof an embeddedsystem.
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

ApplicationsDevelopment 5.9
At the highest level, the primary architecturaltool used to introducethe
major
clements located within an embeddedsystem design is what refer to as the
Embedded Systems Model, shown in Figure 5.1.

ApplicationSoftware Layer
(Optional)

System Software Layer

(Optional)

Hardware Layer
(Required)

Figure 5.l EmbeddedSystèmsModel.

What the EmbeddedSystemsModel implies is that all embedded
systemsshare
one similarityat the highestlevel; that is, they all have at leastone layer
(hardware)
or all layers (hardware,system softwareand application
software)into which
all componentsfall.
The hardwarelayer containsall the major physical
componentslocatedon an
embedded board, whereasthe system and applicationsoftwarelayers contain
all of the softwarelocatedon and being processedby the
embeddedsystem.
This referencemodel is essentiallya layered (modular)representationof an
embedded systemsarchitecturefrom which a modulararchitecturalstructure
can be derived.

Regardless of thedifferencesbetween the devices shown in Table 5.1, it is

possible to understandthe architectureof all of these systemsby visualizing
andgroupingthe componentswithinthese devicesas layers.
In general,embeddedsystems architectureas the primary structurefor two
main reasons:
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

Embedded
5.10 Systems and I0T
1. The visual representation of the main elements and their
functions.The layered approach allows readersto visualizethe various associated
ofan embeddedsystem and their inter-relationship. components
2. Modular architecturalrepresentationsare typicallythe structures
to structurethe entireembeddedproject. leverazed
This is mainly becausethe various modules (elements) withint
are usuallyfunctionallyindependent.
thistype of structure
These elementsalso have a higher degree of interaction,thus
separating
these
typesof elementsinto layers improvesthe structuralorganizationof the syeta
withoutthe risk ofoversimplifyingcomplexinteractionsor overlookingrequire
functionality.
Many iferent influenceswill impactthe process of architectingan embeddeddesion
andtaking it to production.This can include influencesfrom
financial, technical
businessoriented,political,and/orsocial sources,to name a few. These differenttypes of
influencesgeneratethe requirements,the requirementsin turn generatethe embedded
system'sarchitecture,this architecturethen is the basis for producingthe device, and
the
resultingembeddedsystem design in turn provides feedback for
capabilitiesback to the team. So, it is importantfor embeddeddesigners requirementsand
tounderstand
and plan for the technicalas well as the
non-technicalaspectsof the project,be they
social,political,legal,and/orfinancialinfluencesin nature.This
is becausethe most common
mistakeswhich kill embeddedsystemsprojectsare
factor in itself,for example: typicallyunirelatedto one specitic
The process of definingand capturingthe
design of a system.
Cost limitations.

Determininga system'sintegrity,such as reliabilityand safety.

Workingwithinthe confinesof availableelemental
power, memory, batterylife, etc.). functionality(processty
Marketabilityand scalability.
Deterministicrequirements.
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

ADplicationsDevelopment 5.11

Product
lConcep! Preliminary Analysisk
of Requirements
Creati
Creation of
ArchitectureDesign
Develop Version of
Architecture
Incorporate
Feedback
|Deliver Version of
Architecture
Review an d Obtain
Feedback
Phase 1: CreatingtheArchitecture Deliver Final Version
of Architecture
Phase 2:Implementingthe Architecture
Phase 3:Testingthe System Develop (ímplement
Incorporate the System
Phase 4:Maintainingthe System Feedback
Review and Test
the System

|Deliverand Maintain
the System

Figure 5.2 EmbeddedSystems Designand DevelopmentLifecycleModel

5.2DEVELOPMENTOF IOT APPLICATIONS
The developmentof Internetof Things (IoT) applicationsinvolvescreating
software
and hardwaresolutionsthat enabledevicesto connectand
interactwith each other through
the internet. Here is an overview of the steps involved in developingloT
applications:
1. Define the usecase: dentify the problem you want to
solve or the opportunity
you want to explore using loT. Determinethe goals, requiremenis,and constraints
of yourapplication.This step helps you define thescope and purposeof your
loT
project.
2
Choose the right hardware: Select the appropriateIoT hardwaredevices that
Will be used to collect, transmit, and receive data. Consider factors such as
cOnnectivityoptions(e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,cellular),power requirements,sensor
capabilities,and compatibilitywith yourchosen software platforn1.
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

5.12 ErnbeddedSysternSand i
3. Selectthe software platform: Choose an loT software platformthat
project requirements. The platformshouldprovidefeaturessuch as data
device management,security,analytics,and integrationcapabilities.
platformsincludeAWS loT, AzureloT, GoogleCloud loT, and iBM Watyn t
Popular
4. Developthesoftwareapplication: Buildthesoftwareapplicationthat will rat
your loT devices, as well as the backendinfrastructure.This involves
the device firmwareand implementingthe necessarycommunicatiormprotasls, progyag
processinglogic, and user interfaces.
5. Implementconnectivity:Enablethe devicesto connectto the internetand esa
communicationwith the loT platform.This may involveconfiguringnetworksetios
integratingwith cloud services,and ensuringsecuredata transmission.
6. Integratedata and analytics:Collectand processthe data generatedby the lot
devices.Use appropriatetechniquessuch as datastorage,real-timeanalytics,machine
learníng,or predictivemodelingtoextractvaluableinsightsfrom the data.This si
often involvesintegratingwith cloud servicesor data analyticsplatforms.
7. Implementsecuritymeasures:loT securityis crucialto protectthe devices.data
and infrastructurefrom unauthorizedaccess and potentialthreats. Implement
encryption,authentication,accesscontrols,and regularsoftwareupdatesto ensure
a secure IoT ecosystem.
8. User interfaceand visualization:Design and develop user interfacesto allow
users to interactwith the loT system.This can includeweb or mobile applications
that providereal-timemonitoring,control,and visualization of the loT devicesand
their data.

9. Testingand validation:Conductthoroughtesting of your loT applicationto ensure

its functionality,performance,and reliability.Test differentscenarios,edge cases
and integrationpoints.Validatethe applicationagainstthe defined use case and
requirements.
10. Deploymentand maintenance:Deploythe loT solutioninto the targetenvironme
Monitor and maintainthe systemto ensureitssmooth operation, performupdates
and bug fixes as needed,andaddresssany operationalissues or scalability challenges
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

APplications Development
0T Te's importantto
note that loT 5.13
ent,
multiple.stakeholders,
inchuding development
hurdwarc
often involves
collaborationamong
and domain cexperts.
Effective engincers,software
loT iteration are key to communication,
successfulloT proper projectdevelopers, scientists,
data
OI. HOME application development. management,and ongoing
On
5.3
AUTOMATION USINGIOT
Home automationhas three
ng major parts:
ala Hardware

sh
Software/apps
Communicationprotocolseach of theseparts is equallyimportantin
your customers.havingthe rightbuilding
truly smart home experiencefor a
enablesthe abilityto developyour loT prototype hardware
technologypivots with ease. iterativelyand respondto
5.3.1.Applicationsof home automation
The areas whereconsumerscan expectto see home
automationled IoT-enabled
connectivityare:
LightingControl
HVAC

Lawn/GardeningManagement
Smart HomeAppliances
ImprovedHome Safety and Security
Home Air Qualityand Water QualityMonitoring
NaturalLanguage-BasedVoiceAssistants
BetterInfotainmentDelivery
Al-DrivenDigitalExperiences
Smart Switches
Smart Locks
Smart Energy Meters
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

$.14 Embedded Systems

andI0T
5.3.2 Honme AutomationComponents
There are probablythousands of suchsensorsout therethat can be a
part of thig
list, butsincethis is an introductiontowardssmart hometechnology. we will break
loT sensorsfor home automationby their sensingcapabilities:
TemperatureSensors
Lux Sensors
Water Level Sensors
Air CompositionSensors
Video Camerasfor Surveillance
Voice/SoundSensors
PressureSensors
HumiditySensors
Accelerometers
InfraredSensors
VibrationsSensors
UltrasonicSensors
dependingupon what you need, one or many of these to build a truly smart
loT product.The most commonlyused home home
automationsensors.
Temperaturesensors
The famous temperaturesensorsare
DHT11/22,DS18520,LM35, andMSP430senies
from T1. The MSP430 series is more
accurate th¡n therest, but at the same time, it is one of
the most expensivefor prototypingor initial
producttestingpurposes.MSP430 tops all
temperaturesensors,as the precisionand batteryconsumptionis minimalwith them.
The DHT1lhas a very restricted
temperaturerange and suffersfrom accuracyissues.
DHT22, on the other hand, is a little bit more
preference.
accuratebut still, doesn'tmake it as the
The DS18B20,on the other hand, is
more
sensors like the DHT22 and 11. Dallas accurate,as opposedto digitaltemperaure
extremelyaccuratedown to 0.5 degrees. temperaturesensors are analog and cau
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

ApplicationsDevelopment
5.15

Prodict
Updote

Fig 5.3 :Flow of

The temperaturesthat you
directly
Temperature Sensor
sense from these sensorsmay not be
and youwould very aCcurate,
occasionally see
chere'san entire logic that goes
1000 for greater values no
matter what youare doing,
Lux sensors
around buildingtemperaturesensors.
Lux sensors measurethe
range from
luminosityand can be used to triggervarious
cross-validating movements to turn the lightson ifit functions
sensors are TSL2591and BH1750. becomes dark. some
of themost popular light too
Recent tests to includeTSI2591 and
found them to be workingfairly well for
BH1750 into low-poweredloT deviceshave
most use cases.
Air composition sensors
There are acouple of specificsensorsthat are
used by developersto measurespecific
componentsin the air:
Comonitoringby MICS-5525
MQ-8 to measure hydrogen gas levels
MICS-2714to measure nitrogenoxide
MQ135tosense hazardousgas levels(NH3,NOX,Alcohol,
Benzene,smoke,
Co,
Most oftheseare sensors have a heatingtime, which also
means that they require a
certaintime beforethey actually start deliveringaccurate values.
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

Embedded
5.16
Systems and I0T
and analytics
Video cameras for surveillance
ofwebcams and camcrasspecificto hardware developmnentkits:are
A range
usedin suchscenarios.hardware with USB ports offerto integratecamera modules to usually
build funetionality.
But utilizing USB portsis not very efficient,especiallyinthe case of rcal--timevideo
transferor any kind ofvideoprocessing.
Takethe raspberry pi for example. it comes with a camera module(Pi cam) that
connects using a flex connectordirectlyto the board without using the USB port. this
makes the pi cam extremelyefficient.
Sound Detection
Soundi detectionplays avital role in everythingfrom monitoringbabiessto
turning lights on and off to automaticallydetectingyour dog's sound at the door
automatically
openingit up for your pet.
Some commonly used sensors for sound detection includethe SEN-12462 and
easiershieldfor rapid prototyping.
These sensorsaren'tas good as industrial-grade.sensors
like those from 3d sionol
which can detecteven ultra-lowlevelsofnoiseand fine tune betweenvariousnoise levels
to build even machinebreak-up patterns.
Humiditysensors
These sensorsbring the capabilityof sensinghumidity/rhlevels in the air to smart
homes. the accuracyand sensingprecision dependa lot on multiplefactors,includingthe
overallsensordesign and placement.
But certainsensorslike the DHT22 and11, built for rapidprototyping,will always
perform poorly whencomparedto high-qualitysensorslike HIH6100and dig rh.
While buildingaproductto sense humiditylevels,ensurethatthere'sno localized
layer ofhumiditythat is obscuringthe actual results.also, keep in mind that in certain
small spaces, the humiditymight be too high at one end as comparedto the others.
When you look at free and open spaces where the air componentscan move much
freely, the distributionaround the sensorcan be expectedto be uniformand,
subsequently,
willrequire fewer correctiveactionsfor the right calibration.
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

ApplicationsDevelopment 5.17
5.3.3 Home AutomationProtocols
One of the most importantparts ofbuildingahome automation
product is to think
hout protocols-protocolsthat your devicewill use to
communicateto gateways,servers,
and sensors. a few years ago, the only way to do so was by either using
bluetooth,Wi-Fi,
srGSM. but due to added expenseson cellularsim cards and low
i most such solutionsdidn't work.
performance of Wi
Bluetoothsurvivedand later evolvedas bluetoothsmart or
bis helped bring alot of connectivityin the "mobile bluetoothlow energy.
serverpowered economy"essentially,
your phone would act asamiddlewareto fetch data from
send it over to the internet. low-poweredsensors and
w/hen lookingat the major home automationprotocols,the
followingtop the list:
Bluetoothlow energyor Bluetoothsmart:wirelessprotocolwith mesh
security,data encryptionalgorithms,and much more. ideal forcapabilities,
productsfor smarthomes.
iot-based
Zigbee: low cost,mesh networked,and low power radio
protocolfor lo'T. differentZigbee versionsdon't talk to eachfrequency-based
other.
X10: alegacy protocolthat utilizespowerlinewiringfor
signalingand control.
Insteon:communicateswith devices both wirelesslyand with wires.
Z-wave: specializesin home automationwith an emphasison
security.
Wi-Fi: needs no explanation.
UPB: uses existingpower lines installedin a home, reducescosts.
thread: aroyalty-freeprotocol for smart home automation,uses a
6lowpan.
ANT: an ultra-low-powerprotocol helping developersbuild
low-powered
sensorswith a mesh distributioncapability.
5.3.4 Home automation:which protocol is the best?
There are some protocolsthat clearlyoffer much more, it is always importantto
Sant from your smart home developmentneeds and then move towardsnarrowing
down
the solutions.
Ihe commonlypreferredprotocolsare Bluetoothlow energy, Z-wave,Zigbee, and
ad. Ihe protocol selectioncan now be narroweddown by the following factors:
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

Embedded
5.18
Systems and IoT
Abilityto performidentityverification
Qualityof sensor networks
Data transfer rate
Securitylevel
Networktopology required
Densityofobjectsaround
Effectivedistanceto be covered
5.3.5 Home AutomationArchitecture
This architecturesupportsthe followingconsiderationsfor home
automation
End to End securitymechanismsinvolvingmultilevelauthentication solutions:
End to End data encryption,includingthe link layer
Flexibleand configurableaccess and authorizationcontrol
Powerfulcloud infrastructure
Networkagnosticwith built-infeedback loops
Configurablecloud-basedrules engine
APlendpoints
Data scalability
NoSQL databases
5.3.6 Home Automation
Gateways
For developingahome
automation
data toa server is not enough. due to product,often a standaloneproduct sending
battery and
sensoror sensorspresentin a home has been protocollimitations,the data froma
routedthrough an loT gateway.
To select the perfect
gateway for your loT home
these factors: automation,considersome of
Communication protocols
Real-timecapabilities
supported
MQTT,Coap, and https support
Securityand configuration
Modularity
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ApplicationsDevelopment 5.19

When it comes to buildingloT gateways,modularityand hybrid loT protocolsupport

1o0 the list when aproductis in the early stages of market introduction.
To incorporatea gateway in your homne automationstack, you can considerthe
followingoptions:
Eithercreatea gatewayfrom the groundup usingexistinghardwarestacksfor
prototyping(using RaspberryPi, intel Edison, etc). then, when a POC is
validated, youcan createyour own customhardware.
Use existinggatewaymoduleslike invinciblegateway.these gatewaysare
extremelyeasy to customizeand connectwith your cloudservicesand devices.
however,they may or may not offerthe same level ofsupportthat you need to
build certainfeatures.

For example,agatewaywith abad networkingqueuemay resultin trafficcongestion,

or it may not supportthe requiredprotocolsthat you wish to use. further, pivotingwith
these gatewaysto some other technologystack may become very difficult.it should be
emphasizedthat they are extremelygood forrobustprototypingneeds.
53.7Home AutomationProgrammingLanguages
The followingprogramminglanguagesdominatethe home automationspace: Python,
Embedded C,C,shell, go, and javascript(node.js).This has mainly happeneddue to the
sheeroptimization ofthelanguagesfor similaruse cases.
5.4 SMART AGRICULTURE
of
Smart agriculturerefersto the utilization of technologieslike the Internet
(AI)
Things (IoT),sensors,locationsystems,robots,and artificialintelligence
on farms.
food self-suficiency
The main goal ofsmartagricultureis to achievegreater
revenuesby compensating for environmentalrisks ofcrop failuresand
and
increasing overallyield quality.
preferablein orderto maximize
Tailor-madeloT devicesand AI solutionsare
machinelearningmodelswith both new and
elticiencyand output.By training
existinginformation,yieldpredictionbecomesareality.
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S.20
EmbeddedSystemsand ior
5.4.1 What is SmartAgriculture?
Farmers always have to deal with the whims of nature: winds.
environmentalinfluencesare a major risk. Aloss of harvest poses an enormousfrosts, heat
threat,even more sofor small-scalefarms.To compensatefor lossesand ,e Conomi
opimize
farmers traditionallyhad to rely on intuition,experience,and outdated history copa,
dt
c
Japanese agriculture,forestry, fisheries,and the food industry,heavily depend on
labor of highlyskilledworkers. However,the age of farmers in Japan is rising while L
interestin farming by young adults is declining.At the same time, farmland is scaree a
selfsufficiencyin food has hit a record lowinrecent years. Environmentalfactors are
growingthreat.
As acountermeasure,even very traditionalindustrieslike agricultureare
utilizingloT, Big Data, and AI. These technologiesare expectedto counterthe increasingly
pressures
of increasingfood demand and climatechanges.Utilizing
modern
broaderdigitaltransfomationinitiativeshas becomea significant technology part of
as
labor and ensuringmanpower.
requirementof reducing
The overallobjectiveof smart agricultureeffortsis to
achievegreaterself-sufficiency
and larger revenues byminimizingthe risks of crop
failuresand increasingthe overall
yieldquality.
5.4.2 Howto Utilize Alfor Yield Predictionand
Optimization?
One approachto digitaltransformationin the
of the Internet of Things(IoT). IoT agricultureindustryis the deployment
devicesare sensor-equippedtools that are
to the intemet.Combinedwith
artificialintelligence,such smart devicescan be connected
to increaseyields and
productivity,while reducingcrop failures.They do so byimplemented
monitoring
analyzing,and forecastingdata.
In contrastto
off-the-shelfsolutions,we recommendtailor-madeloT devicesand
Al solutionsthat
specificallycater to one's specificrequirements.No
implementationof image and infraredsensors,thermnal cameras, matter if it is the
sensors,or sound sensors moistureand hummay
-customizationis what makes smart agriculturesolutions truy
multi-sensoryand powerful.
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ApplicationsDevelopment 5.21
These loT devices can be used in tractorsand trucks, as well as in fields, soil, and
plants,to collect data in real-time.Farmers gaininsight into light,
temperature,and
isture levels. They can analyze topographyand soil, or leveragesatelliteand radar
magingtechnologiesthroughsmartalgorithms.The data collectedis combinedwith other
ailableintormation,such as historicweatherand crop data, or aerial imagery.With all
the data gathered,machine learningmodels are trained to identifypatterns- making
sl vield predictiona reality.
5.4.3 and AutomationAre TransformingAgriculture
eA3Al
From small rice and tea farmers to fruit orchards, and even large agricultural
oldings-AI (throughthe use of computervisionand deep learning)allowsthe automation
of processesthat previouslyhad to be done manually.Examplesare the automationof
havestingand crop sorting,or precisionirigationto save water.Furthermore,loT devices
ch as Edge Alcameras can be deployed in the field, while drones generate aerial
inagery.Al-basedimageanalysisand machinelearningalgorithmsthen countfruit, monitor
and predictfruit size, detectpest and plantdiseases,and even forecastyield.
To ensureasmoothand automatedworkflowfrom collectingand accumulating,to
MOcessing and analyzingsuch Big Data, we stronglyrecommenddeployinga data
managementtool or Al platform(like ourend-to-endsolutionAvintonData Platform).
The abilityto turn data into actual businessvalue is what characterizesa data-driven
OFganization-itis where smart agriculturebecomes areality.
Iry our Alobjectdetectiondemo here. Simply upload an image ofan apple tree
and letAl image analysistechnologydetectand'countthe fruit.
Smart Agricultureand PrecisionFarmingUse Cases
Yield forecastingand optimization
Precisionirigationand waste reduction
Smartsensingand mapping
Crop healthmonitoringand fruit counting
Climatemonitoringand forecast
Livestocktrackingand geofencing
warehousing)
Supplychainoptimization(smartlogisticsand
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

Embedded
5.22
Systemsand I0T
This versatilebut incompletelist of use casesshows that digital
alreadystartedinthe agricultureindustry."Smart agriculture"'and"precision transformationhas
have become a reality. farming
In Japanese company, they want to contributetheirservicesto the
country'sfoodself-sufficiency while achievingenvironmentallysustainableauriclof the increase
We offer strategicsupport for digital transformationprojects and holisticAl agriculture.,
By utilizing our custom-madeBig Data and Al solutions,farmers willbenefit
time and Iresources,avoiding crop failures as
c o
fromnsu
well as increasingyield, food saving
lting,
overall revenue. quality, and
5.5 SMART CITIES

Smart cities are urban areas thatleveragetechnologyandIdata to improvethe

oflifefor theirresidents,enhancesustainability,and optimizeresourcemanagement.quality
Thec.
cities use various Internet ofThings(IoT) devices, sensors, and
data analytics to gather
informationabout their environmentand make data-drivendecisionsto provideeffeia
services.

Here are some key featuresand componentscommonlyfound in smart cities:

1. Informationand CommunicationTechnology((CT) Infrastructure:Smart cities
require a robust ICT infrastructureto supportdata collection,
transmission,and
analysis.This includesnetworks,broadbandconnectivity,and cloud computing
capabilities.
2, Data Collectionand Analytics:Sensorsand loT devicesare deployedthroughout
the city to collectdata on variousparameterslike tratficflow, energy
consumption,
air quality, waste management,and more. Advancedanalyticstechniquesare used
to processand interpretthis data to derive insightsand inform
decision-making.
3. SustainableEnergy Management:Smart cities
emphasizethe efficientuse of
energy resources.Theyincorporaterenewableenergysources,smart grid systems,
and energymanagementsolutionsto optimizeenergy distribution,reduceconsumpion,
and lower carbonemissions.
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

ApplicationsDevelopment
4, IntelligentTransportation:Smart S.23
transportation
congestion,improvepublic transportation, and
systemsaim to reduce traffic
include intelligenttrafTis enhanceoverallmobility.This can
nmanagement,
parkingsystems,and support for electricreal-timepublictransit information,smart
vehicles,
Smart Governanceand Civic
Engagement:
governance processesand citizen Technologyis utilizedto imprve
anplicationsenableresidentsto accessengagement. Online platforms and mobile
publicservices,participatein
and provide feedback to local
authorities. decision-making.
SustainableInfrastructure:Smart citiesprioritizethe
This includeseco-friendly development sustainable
and resilient of
infrastructure.
waste managementsolutions,water buildings,smartgrid systems,
. conservationmeasures,and green spaces.
Public Safety and Security:Smart cities
surveillancecameras,and emergencyresponseintegrateadvanced securitysystems,
Data analyticscan be employedto mechanismsto enhancepublicsafety.
detect and respondto potentialthreatsmore
eficiently.
e Oualityof Life: The ultimategoal of smartcitiesis to
residents.This involvesinitiativeslike smarthealthcare improvethe qualityof life for
systems,smart education,
digital inclusion,culturalprograms,and enhanced
connectivity.
It's worth notingthat the conceptof a smart city is still
evolving,and differentciies
may prioritizedifferentaspects based on their specific needs and
challenges.The
implementationof smartcity technologiesrequirescollaborationbetweengovernment
entities,privatesectororganizations,and citizensto ensure its success.
5.6 SMART HEALTH CARE

ealthcare,also known as eHealthor digitalhealth,refersto the integrationof

echnologyand digitalsolutionsinto the healthcareindustryto improvethe deliveryand
Tanagementof healthcareservices.It encompassesawide range of applications,including
dlectronichealth records (EHRS), telemedicine,wearabledevices,health monitoring
slems, mobile health apps, and artificialintelligence(AI) in healthcare,among others.
Here are some key aspects of smart healthcare:
 lOMoARcPSD|45374298

Embedded| Systems
5.24 and Ior
EHRs replace traditional
1. Electronic Health Records (EHRS): paper-based
and manage patient health
medical records with
EHRs allowfor easier
digital
access
systems
to
tthat
patient
store
data, facilitateinformationinformaratmiongon.
sharing
improve overalleficiency.
healthcare providers, reduce errors,and
technologyto provideremote
2 Telemedicine:Telemnedicineinvolves using
services, such as consultations, diagnoses, and monitoring, through video healthcare
conferencing,phone calls, orother digital communicationchannels. Telemedicine
enables patientsto access healthcarefromtheir homes, reducesthe need for in-
person visits,andimproveshealthcareaccessibility,particularlyforiindividuals in
rural or underserved areas.
Wearable Devices and Health Monitoring Systems: Wearable devices,such
3.
as smartwatches and fitness trackers, çan collect and transmit data about an
individual'shealth and activity levels.These devicescan monitor vitalsigns, track
overall wellLbei
physicalactivity,measuresleeppatterns,and provideinsightsinto
feedback. det
Healthmonitoringsystemscan use this data to providepersonalized
earlysigns ofhealthissues,and encouragehealthierlifestyles.
4. MobileHealthApps: Mobilehealthapps are designedto run on smartphonesof
tablets and offer a range of healthcareservices.These apps can provideaccess te
medicalinfomation,medicationreminders,symptomtracking,fitnessprograms,and
even connectusers with healthcareprofessionals.Mobile healthapps empower
individualsto take control oftheirhealthand make informeddecisions.
5. ArtificialIntelligence(AI) in Healthcare:Al technologies,includingmachineleaming
and naturallanguageprocessing,have the potentialto revolutionizehealthcare.Al can
analyzelargeamountsofmedicaldata, identifypatterns,and assistin diagnosis,treatment
planning,and drugiscovery. Itcanalso automateadministrativetasks,improvepatient
triage,and enhancethe accuracyofmedicalimaginginterpretation.
The benefits of smart healthcareincludeimprovedpatientoutcomes,increasedaccess
to healthcareservices,enhancedefficiencyand cost-effectiveness,betterdisease preventon
and management,and more personalizedand patient-centeredcare. However,it is impota
toaddressconcermsrelated to data privacy,security,and ethicalconsiderationsto ensuret
responsibleand effectiveimplementationofsmarthealthcaresolutions.
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Programming in C Computer Networks Operating Systems
Programming and Data Programming and Data Problem Solving and Python
Structures I Structure II Programming
Database Management Systems Computer Architecture Analog and Digital
Communication
Design and Analysis of Microprocessors and Object Oriented Analysis
Algorithms Microcontrollers and Design
Software Engineering Discrete Mathematics Internet Programming
Theory of Computation Computer Graphics Distributed Systems
Mobile Computing Compiler Design Digital Signal Processing
Artificial Intelligence Software Testing Grid and Cloud Computing
Data Ware Housing and Data Cryptography and Resource Management
Mining Network Security Techniques
Service Oriented Architecture Embedded and Real Time Multi - Core Architectures
Systems and Programming
Probability and Queueing Theory Physics for Information Transforms and Partial
Science Differential Equations
Technical English Engineering Physics Engineering Chemistry
Engineering Graphics Total Quality Professional Ethics in
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and Measurement Engineering Python Programming Engineering
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Environmental Sciences
Professional English and Sustainability -
Professional English - - II - HS3252 Discrete Mathematics GE3451
I - HS3152 - MA3354
Statistics and Theory of Computation
Matrices and Calculus Numerical Methods - Digital Principles and - CS3452
3rd Semester

4th Semester
- MA3151 MA3251 Computer Organization
1st Semester

2nd Semester

- CS3351 Artificial Intelligence

Engineering Graphics and Machine Learning
Engineering Physics - - CS3491
- GE3251 Foundation of Data
PH3151
Science - CS3352
Database Management
Physics for
Engineering Chemistry System - CS3492
Information Science Data Structure -
- CY3151 - PH3256 CS3301

Basic Electrical and

Algorithms - CS3401
Problem Solving and Electronics Engineering Object Oriented
Python Programming - - BE3251 Programming - CS3391 Introduction to
GE3151 Operating Systems -
Programming in C -
CS3451
CS3251

Computer Networks - Object Oriented

CS3591 Software Engineering
- CCS356
Compiler Design - Human Values and
5th Semester

CS3501 Embedded Systems Ethics - GE3791

7th Semester

8th Semester
6th Semester

and IoT - CS3691

Cryptography and Open Elective 2
Cyber Security - Open Elective-1 Project Work /
CB3491
Open Elective 3 Intership
Distributed Computing Elective-3
- CS3551 Open Elective 4
Elective-4
Elective 1
Management Elective
Elective-5
Elective 2
Elective-6
 All Computer Engg Subjects - [ B.E., M.E., ] (Click on Subjects to
enter)
Programming in C Computer Networks Operating Systems
Programming and Data Programming and Data Problem Solving and Python
Structures I Structure II Programming
Database Management Systems Computer Architecture Analog and Digital
Communication
Design and Analysis of Microprocessors and Object Oriented Analysis
Algorithms Microcontrollers and Design
Software Engineering Discrete Mathematics Internet Programming
Theory of Computation Computer Graphics Distributed Systems
Mobile Computing Compiler Design Digital Signal Processing
Artificial Intelligence Software Testing Grid and Cloud Computing
Data Ware Housing and Data Cryptography and Resource Management
Mining Network Security Techniques
Service Oriented Architecture Embedded and Real Time Multi - Core Architectures
Systems and Programming
Probability and Queueing Theory Physics for Information Transforms and Partial
Science Differential Equations
Technical English Engineering Physics Engineering Chemistry
Engineering Graphics Total Quality Professional Ethics in
Management Engineering
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and Measurement Engineering Python Programming Engineering
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Environmental Sciences
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Professional English - - II - HS3252 Discrete Mathematics - GE3451
I - HS3152 MA3354
Statistics and Theory of Computation
Matrices and Calculus Numerical Methods - Digital Principles and - CS3452
3rd Semester

4th Semester
- MA3151 MA3251 Computer Organization
1st Semester

2nd Semester

- CS3351 Artificial Intelligence

Engineering Graphics and Machine Learning
Engineering Physics - - CS3491
- GE3251 Foundation of Data
PH3151
Science - CS3352
Database Management
Physics for
Engineering Chemistry System - CS3492
Information Science Data Structures and
- CY3151 - PH3256 Algorithms - CD3291
Web Essentials -
Basic Electrical and IT3401
Problem Solving and Electronics Engineering - Object Oriented
Python Programming - BE3251 Programming - CS3391 Introduction to
GE3151 Operating Systems -
Programming in C -
CS3451
CS3251

Computer Networks -
CS3591
Object Oriented
Full Stack Web Software Engineering - Human Values and
5th Semester

Development - IT3501 CCS356 Ethics - GE3791

7th Semester

8th Semester
6th Semester

Distributed Computing Open Elective-1 Open Elective 2

- CS3551 Project Work /
Elective-3 Open Elective 3 Intership
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IoT - CS3691 Elective-4
Open Elective 4

Elective 1 Elective-5
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Elective 2
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Programming in C Computer Networks Operating Systems
Programming and Data Programming and Data Problem Solving and Python
Structures I Structure II Programming
Database Management Systems Computer Architecture Analog and Digital
Communication
Design and Analysis of Microprocessors and Object Oriented Analysis
Algorithms Microcontrollers and Design
Software Engineering Discrete Mathematics Internet Programming
Theory of Computation Computer Graphics Distributed Systems
Mobile Computing Compiler Design Digital Signal Processing
Artificial Intelligence Software Testing Grid and Cloud Computing
Data Ware Housing and Data Cryptography and Resource Management
Mining Network Security Techniques
Service Oriented Architecture Embedded and Real Time Multi - Core Architectures
Systems and Programming
Probability and Queueing Theory Physics for Information Transforms and Partial
Science Differential Equations
Technical English Engineering Physics Engineering Chemistry
Engineering Graphics Total Quality Professional Ethics in
Management Engineering
Basic Electrical and Electronics Problem Solving and Environmental Science and
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