LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN SCIENCE _10_

WEEK 4, QUARTER 4

Learning Learning Competency: Explain how the factors affecting rates of chemical
Compete reactions are applied in food preservation and materials production,
ncy control of fire, pollution, and corrosion. (S10MT-IVh-j-24)

Title/ Factors Affecting Reaction Rate

Topic:
Content Chemical reactions often involve color changes, temperature changes,
gas production, or precipitant formation. Simple examples of everyday
reactions include digestion, combustion, and cooking.

In a chemical reaction, how quickly or slowly reactants turn into products

is called the rate of reaction. A reaction that takes a long time has a low
reaction rate. A reaction that occurs quickly has a high reaction rate. A rate
describes how quickly or slowly a change occurs. Every chemical reaction
proceeds at a definite rate. However, you can speed up or slow down the rate of
a chemical reaction.

The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product

per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time
dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product
amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for
example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or
pressure. For reactions involving one or more colored substances, rates may be
monitored via measurements of light absorption. For reactions involving
aqueous electrolytes, rates may be measured via changes in a solution’s
conductivity.

The rate of chemical reaction is affected by the following factors:

temperature, surface area of reactants, presence of catalyst,
concentration of reactants.
Every factor that affects reaction rate can be understood relative to collision
theory.

COLLISION THEORY: Reactions can only happen when the reactant

particles collide, but most collisions are NOT successful in forming product
molecules despite the high rate of collisions. Reactants should have sufficient
energy, and their molecules should be in proper orientation for a successful
collision to happen. The minimum energy required for a reaction to happen is
known as the activation energy.

Factors affecting the Reaction Rate:

1. Temperature of the Reactants

Chemical reactions typically occur faster at higher temperatures. Food can

spoil quickly when left on the kitchen counter. However, the lower temperature
inside of a refrigerator slows that process so that the same food remains fresh
for days. Gas burners, hot plates, and ovens are often used in the laboratory to
increase the speed of reactions that proceed slowly at ordinary temperatures.
For many chemical processes, reaction rates are approximately doubled when
the temperature is raised by 10 °C.

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 Increasing the temperature cause the particles (atoms or molecules) of
the reactants to move more quickly so that they collide with each other more
frequently and with more energy. Thus, the higher the temperature, the greater
the rate of reaction. If you decrease the temperature, the opposite effect occurs.
The particles move more slowly, colliding less frequently and with less energy. In
this case, the rate of reaction decreases.

If the temperature is increased, the particles have more energy and so move quicker.
Increasing the temperature increases the rate of reaction because the particles collide more
often and with more energy. The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of a reaction will
be.

Figure 1. Comparison on Molecules with lower and higher temperature

Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/12-1-chemical-reaction-rates

2. Surface Area of Reactants

Surface area is the measure of how much area of an object is exposed.

For the same mass, many small particles have a greater total surface area than
one large particle. For example, steel wool has a larger surface area than a
block of steel of the same mass. This allows oxygen molecules to collide with
many more iron atoms per unit of time. The more surface contact between
reactants, the higher the rate of
reaction. The less surface contact, the lower the reaction rate. Surface area can
also be important if a reaction occurs between tow liquids that do not mix. In
this case, the reaction occurs only at the boundary where the two liquids meet.
It is also important to note that not all reactions depend on surface area. If both
reactants are gases or liquids that mix together then there is no surface, and
surface area is not a factor.

produces bubbles of hydrogen gas: 2Fe(s) + 6HCl(aq) ⟶⟶ 2FeCl3(aq) + 3H2(g).

Figure 2. (a) Iron powder reacts rapidly with dilute hydrochloric acid and

(b) An iron nail reacts more slowly because the surface area exposed to the acid
is much less.
Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/12-1-chemical-reaction-rates

Breaking a large piece of a substance into smaller parts increases the

surface area. All the inner materials have no surface when it is inside the large
piece. Each time a large piece is broken however, more surface is exposed. The
amount of the material does not change but breaking it into smaller parts
increases its surface area.

Figure 3. Each of the small cubes has a face area of 1 cm x 1 cm = 1 cm 2.

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The six faces give a total surface area for each smaller cube of 6cm 2.
There are eight cubes, so the total surface area is 6 cm 2 x 8 = 48cm2.
Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/12-1-chemical-reaction-rates

3. Presence of Catalysts

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

with- out being used up in the reaction itself. Catalysts reduce the amount of
energy required to break and form bonds during a chemical reaction. When
catalysts are used, a reaction can proceed although less energy is added during
the reaction. For example, enzymes are catalysts that allow chemical reactions
to occur at relatively low temperatures within the body.

Figure 4. Enzymes are catalysts that allow chemical reactions to occur at

relatively low temperatures within the body.
Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/12-1-chemical-reaction-rates

A catalyst speeds up the rate of a reaction, but it is not used up in the

reaction. If a catalyst is present, the reacting particles can collide more
successfully with less energy and so the reaction can take place at a lower
temperature. A catalyst provides an energy pathway needed to start a reaction,
therefore increasing the reaction rate.

Relatively dilute aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide, H 2O2, are

commonly used as topical antiseptics. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to yield
water and oxygen gas according to the equation:
2H2O2(aq)⟶2H2O(l)+O2(g)2H2O2(aq)⟶2H2O(l)+O2(g)

Under typical conditions, this decomposition occurs very slowly. When dilute
H2O2(aq) is poured onto an open wound, however, the reaction occurs rapidly
and the solution foams because of the vigorous production of oxygen gas. This
dramatic difference is caused by the presence of substances within the wound’s
exposed tissues that accelerate the decomposition process. Substances that
function to increase the rate of a reaction are called catalysts.

4. Concentrations of the Reactants

Concentration refers to how much solute is dissolved in a solution. If a

greater concentration of reactant atoms and molecules is present, there is a
greater chance that collisions will occur among them. More collisions mean a
higher reaction rate. Thus, increasing the concentration of the reactants usually
results in a higher reaction rate. At lower concentration, there is less chance for
collisions between particles. This means that decreasing the concentrations of
the reactants results a lower reaction rate. If the concentration of reactants is
increased, there are more reactant particles moving together. There will be
more collisions and so the reaction rate is increased. The higher the
concentration of reactants, the faster the rate of a reaction will be.

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Figure 5. Comparison on molecules with lower concentration and with higher concentration
Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/12-1-chemical-reaction-rates

The higher the concentration, the faster the rate of reaction. Concentration
is a measure of the number of particles in a given volume. A higher
concentration means greater number of possible effective collisions among
molecules resulting to faster rate of reaction. Catalyst changes the mechanism
of a chemical reaction by increasing its rate significantly. In the presence of a
catalyst, the chemical reaction requires a smaller amount of energy to form the
products.

Figure 6. Comparison of a reaction with a catalyst and a reaction without a catalyst

Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs-
enzymes/a/hs-enzymes-review

In a polluted atmosphere where the concentration of sulfur dioxide is high,

calcium carbonate deteriorates more rapidly than in less polluted air. Similarly,
phosphorus burns much more rapidly in an atmosphere of pure oxygen than in
air, which is only about 20% oxygen.

Figure 6. Statues made from carbonate compounds such as limestone and

marble typically weather slowly over time due to the actions of water, and
thermal expansion and contraction. However, pollutants like sulfur dioxide can
accelerate weathering. As the concentration of air pollutants increases,
deterioration of limestone occurs more rapidly. (credit: James P Fisher III)
Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/12-2-factors-affecting-reaction-rates

Chemical Reactions Involved in the following:

1. Photochemical smog

It is a type of air pollution that happens when primary pollutants such as

nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react with oxygen gas and
ozone under the influence of sunlight. An important role in the air pollution
chemistry, especially in the formation of ozone is played by nitrogen oxides,
NOx which stands for a group of compounds such as nitric oxide (NO), dinitrogen
trioxide, (N2O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2). These compounds, along with other
hazardous gases, are emitted when coal is burned in power plants and industrial
boilers for the generation of power, and from automobiles. Most of the NOx
emitted from combustion is nitric oxide, formed according to the following
reaction.

N2 + O2 → 2NO

The high temperatures (600oC to 1000oC) which are maintained in combustion

favor the formation of NO. However, the following reactions can also take place
in the furnace, in the stack, or later, in the atmosphere:

2NO + O2 → 2NO2

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 NO2 + NO → N2O3
2NO2 → N2O4
3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) reacts with hydrocarbons which are present in the
atmosphere to form aldehydes and ketones through photochemical reactions. It
also can react with oxygen in the presence of sunlight to give nitric oxide and
ozone: NO2 + O2 → NO + O3

Major Chemical Pollutants in Photochemical Smog: Sources and

Environmental Effects

Toxic Sources Environmental Additional Notes

Chemical Effects
Nitrogen -combustion of oil, Decreased visibility - all combustion
Oxides coal, gas in both due to yellowish color processes
(NO and automobiles and of NO2 account for only
NO2) industry - NO2 contributes to 5% of NO2 in the
-bacterial action in heart and lung atmosphere, most
soil problems is formed from
- forest fires - NO2 can suppress reactions involving
- volcanic action plant growth NO-concentrations are
- lightning - decreased likely to rise in the
resistance to infection future
- may cause the
spread of cancer
Volatile -evaporation of -eye irritation -the effects of VOCs
Organic solvents -respiratory irritation are dependent on the
Compounds -evaporation of fuels -some are type of chemical
(VOCs) -incomplete carcinogenic -samples show over
combustion of fossil -decreased visibility 600 different VOCs in
fuels due to blue-brown the atmosphere
-naturally occurring haze concentrations are
compounds like likely to continue to
terpenes from trees rise in future
Ozone (O3) -formed from -bronchial constriction -concentrations of 0.1
photolysis of NO2 -coughing, wheezing parts per million can
-sometimes results -respiratory irritation reduce photosynthesis
from stratospheric -eye irritation by 50%
ozone intrusions -decreased crop yields -people with asthma
-retards plant growth and respiratory
-damages plastics problems are
-breaks down rubber influenced the most -
-harsh odor can only be formed
during daylight hours

2. Car Airbag
The development of airbags began with the idea for a system that can
restrain automobile drivers and passengers in an accident, whether or not they
are wearing their seat belts.
Chemical Reactions Used to Generate the Gas
in Car Airbags

Inside the airbag is a gas generator containing a mixture of NaN 3, KNO3,

and SiO2. When the car undergoes a head-on collision, a series of three chemical
reactions inside the gas generator produce gas (N 2) to fill the airbag and convert
NaN3, which is highly toxic (the maximum concentration of NaN3 allowed in the
workplace is 0.2 mg/m3), to harmless gas as shown in the following table.
Sodium Azide (NaN3) can decompose at 300oC to produce sodium metal (Na)
and nitrogen gas (N2). The signal from the deceleration sensor ignites the gas-
generator mixture by an electrical impulse, creating the high-temperature
condition necessary for NaN3 to decompose. The nitrogen gas that is generated
then fills the airbag.

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3. FOOD SPOILAGE AND PRESERVATION

Food spoilage is a metabolic process that causes foods to be undesirable

or unacceptable for human consumption due to change in sensory
characteristics. Spoiled foods may be safe to eat, i.e. they may not cause illness
because there are no pathogens or a toxin present, but changes in texture,
smell, taste, or appearance cause them to be rejected. When food spoils, it is a
chemical reaction. for example, rancid butter is produced when the fat
molecules in the butter undergo oxidation. another factor that can lead to the
decomposition of food molecules is the presence of bacteria, fungi, and other
microorganisms. to preserve food, manufacturers try to slow down the rates of
such reactions. note that microorganisms need both water and oxygen for their
metabolic reactions to occur.

4. Formation of Acid rain

Acid rain, also called acid precipitation or acid

deposition, precipitation possessing a pH of about 5.2 or below primarily
produced from the emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx; the
combination of NO and NO2) from human activities, mostly
the combustion of fossil fuels. In acid-sensitive landscapes, acid deposition can
reduce the pH of surface waters and lower biodiversity. It weakens trees and
increases their susceptibility to damage from other stressors, such as drought,
extreme cold, and pests. In acid-sensitive areas, acid rain also depletes soil of
important plant nutrients and buffers, such as calcium and magnesium, and can
release aluminum, bound to soil particles and rock, in its toxic dissolved form.
Acid rain contributes to the corrosion of surfaces exposed to air pollution and is
responsible for the deterioration of limestone and marble buildings and
monuments.

5. Formation of Ozone Layer in the Stratosphere

The ozone layer is one layer of the stratosphere, the second layer of the
Earth’s atmosphere. The stratosphere is the mass of protective gases clinging to
our planet. Ozone is good at trapping a type of radiation called ultraviolet
radiation, or UV light, which can penetrate organisms’ protective layers,
like skin, damaging DNA molecules in plants and animals. There are two major
types of UV light: UVB and UVA.

UVB is the cause of skin conditions like sunburns, and cancers like basal
cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The ozone layer is getting thinner.
Chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a reason we have a thinning
ozone layer. A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is a molecule that contains the elements
carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. CFCs are everywhere, mostly in refrigerants
and plastic products.

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Activity ACTIVITY: WHERE DO I BELONG!
Instructions: Copy and identify which situation (X or Y) would have a
1 higher reaction rate. Then state the factor that affected the rate of
reaction in each situation (concentration, surface area, catalyst, or
temperature).

Situation with a Factor affecting

Situation X Situation Y higher reaction the rate of
rate (X or Y) reaction
1 g of sugar 1 g of sugar (grains)
(cubes)
1.

50°C 0°C

2.

Low number high number of

particles= few particles = more
collisions collisions

3.

enzyme added no enzyme added

4.

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 twigs logs

5.

Activity
Copy and complete the following table by indicating which factor would
have the greatest impact on the rate of reaction. Choose from
2 concentration, temperature, surface area or catalyst. Use a one-whole
sheet of intermediate paper.

PERFORMANCE TASK:

Make a collage out of the cut-outs and paste it on a cartolina that

shows the following:
a. Food processing and preservation f. Catalytic Converter
b. Fire control g. Car air bag
c. Corrosion Control h. formation of acid rain
d. Photochemical Smog i. Haber Process
e. formation of ozone layer in the stratosphere

 Acid rain can damage crops, forests, wildlife populations, and

cause respiratory and other illnesses in humans. When sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water vapor and other
chemicals in the presence of sunlight, various acidic compounds
form in the air and come to the earth as acid rain. As a student of
Bais City National High School, how will you take care our
environment to minimize the harmful effect of Acid rain and
photochemical smog?
 Why is necessary to prevent damage from acid rain?

Below is a rubric on how your output will be graded .

Rubrics for Scoring
Criteria 10 pts 8 pts 6 pts 4pts
Most items in Many items in Many items in Most items in
the collage are the collage the collage are the collage are
Theme
related to the are related to not related to related to the
theme the theme the theme theme

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 Pictures are 1-2 pictures 3-4 pictures are Pictures are
cut to are not not arranged not
appropriate arranged appropriately appropriate in
Design
sizes and appropriately There are sizes and glue
arrange neatly noticeable glue marks are
marks evident
All of the Most of the Only few images None of the
images reflect images used reflect student images used
Creativity a decree of not reflect creativity reflects
student student student
creativity creativity creativity

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