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Structural Equation Modelling for Validating Disruptive Factors in Livestock

Supply Chain

Article in International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · January 2022
DOI: 10.14569/IJACSA.2022.0130555

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 (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,
Vol. 13, No. 5, 2022

Structural Equation Modelling for Validating

Disruptive Factors in Livestock Supply Chain
Nur Amlya Abd Majid1*, Noraidah Sahari2, Nur Fazidah Elias3
Hazura Mohamed4, Latifah Abd Latib5, Khairul Firdaus Ne’matullah6
Computing Department, Universiti Selangor, Malaysia1
Center for Software Technology and Management, Faculty of Information Science and Technology2, 3, 4
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia2, 3, 4
Communication Department, Universiti Selangor, Malaysia5
Centre for Foundation and General Studies, Universiti Selangor, Malaysia6

Abstract—The purpose of this paper is to deploy a structural transform raw materials into a semi-final product form, and
equation modeling approach through the Partial Small Square finally become a final product, and then deliver the final
technique to validate the disruptions factors that affect livestock product to customers through the distribution system [5].
supply chain performance. The disruption prediction factors
were obtained from the analysis of literature studies and data Fig. 1 is the supply chain of the livestock industry as a
from the Department of Veterinary Services (DSV) and expert whole. The livestock supply chain is generally the same for all
evaluation. Factors considered in the study model are Livestock livestock animals starting from the feed supplier to the end-
Process, Finance, Breeders, Quality, Facilities, Technology, user and through different livestock processes [6].
Demand, Supply, Information Communication, Sales,
Transportation, Government Involvement, Disaster and Syariah Breeding data is necessary to ensure that breeders have
Compliance. The results of the study found that the factors of access to the most up-to-date information and can make
Livestock Process, Finance, Breeders, Livestock Quality, informed decisions during the breeding process. Preliminary
Technology, Supply, Sales, Transportation, Government research indicated that farmers have no experience using
Involvement and Syariah Compliance were accepted as information systems in livestock management, which is one of
disruptions in the livestock supply chain. The findings of this the types of disruption. The Department of Veterinary Services
study will assist farmers and livestock stakeholders to take has built a system of information and technology exchange
necessary measures to minimise the disruption and further the channels based on previous studies to ensure information is
government's goal of enlivening small and medium livestock conveyed swiftly and accurately. Its purpose is to bridge the
enterprises in Malaysia. gap between officers and farmers in terms of communication.
However, the study indicated that, with the exception of family
Keywords—Supply chain management; disruption; livestock; support, social interactions, and internal drive, information and
structural equation modelling communication technology elements have no positive and
substantial impact on farmer success [7]. The study also
I. INTRODUCTION
discovered that breeder information systems designed to aid
Livestock breeding is an agricultural activity that is one of livestock sector stakeholders were underutilized [8]. As a
the most important in the Malaysian agricultural industry [1]. result, the Department of Veterinary Services (DSV) finds it
According to United Nations [2], the importance of animal difficult to get data on breeders and animals for data analysis,
husbandry is seen as the “intensification of animal production and the process of recording livestock reports cannot be
as a way to ensure food supply". The increasing demand for implemented on time due to the difficulty in obtaining
livestock meat supply in developing countries, including livestock data.
Malaysia, is driven by population growth, urbanization,
industry, and increasing income. Households, the influx of
foreign workers and an increase in the tourism industry [3].
Based on the Department of Statistics Malaysia (JPM), Supplier Distributi
livestock in Malaysia contributed 14.9 percent to Gross on
Domestic Product (GDP) in 2018. This situation shows the
livestock industry is one of the important sub-sectors in Centre
agricultural development in the country.
As reported by Institute of Supply Chain Management [4], Manufac Storage Transpor Retailer
a supply chain is defined as the smooth design of management, turer facilities tation
where the value-added process flows smoothly across
organisational boundaries to fulfil the real needs of end
customers. A supply chain, is an integration activity that occurs
between one network and another to obtain raw materials, Fig. 1. Livestock Supply Chain.

*Corresponding Author.

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The livestock industry in Malaysia is currently II. LITERATURE REVIEW

experiencing difficulties and disruptions in managing farms in Every organization faces supply chain disruption at some
a systematic manner to produce large-scale meat supplies, point during the manufacturing process. The supply chain is a
particularly to meet the demand of local consumers. Due to system consisting of organizations, human resources,
poor breeding rates, the cattle industry is experiencing a technology, activities, information and resources involved in
livestock population shortfall. Unsuitable breeds, high feed the activity of converting raw materials into finished products
costs, and a lack of grazing land all contribute to the disruption. and delivered to consumers. Each supply chain activity has a
The role of private-sector involvement is also limited due to different purpose. The supply chain in each organization is
low-profit returns in the livestock sector, and this has resulted different and depends on the activities as well as the end
in the involvement of SME breeders still at a moderate level. product produced. Disruptions that occur in the supply chain
In addition, livestock practitioners in Malaysia often complicate many parties including suppliers and end-users and
experience technical problems such as livestock selection, expose various risks and disadvantages to all stakeholders in
livestock breed selection, selection and provision of good the supply chain [10].
livestock feed as well as farm management in accordance with In recent years, the supply chain process has become longer
the standards set by the government. The situation of livestock and more complex while the level and frequency of supply
practitioners who still breed traditionally leads to unforeseen chain disruptions have shown an increase [11]. Disruption is
organizational management problems such as issues of defined as an event that disrupts the flow of material in the
destruction of livestock, management of labour or contract supply chain that causes the movement of goods to stop
workers, credit loans and repayment methods that cannot be abruptly [12]. Disruption occurs due to several factors such as
well followed by breeders. The issue of lack of DSV officers in natural disasters, labour disputes, dependence on a single
some farming areas is seen to affect efforts to guide and supplier, suppliers experiencing bankruptcy, violence, war and
channel accurate, up-to-date and direct information to farmers. political instability. Transportation accidents, failure of public
Non -compliance of officials involved in financial management places and product failure and disruption of disasters after the
as well as lack of skills training also resulted in losses and occurrence of disasters such as haze, water crisis, forest fires
tarnished the image of the government. and others. Particularly in Malaysia, natural disasters and
The demand for livestock meat supply in Malaysia is extreme weather conditions are to some extent a threat to
constantly increasing from year to year but the supply of stocks supply chain [13]. According to Pfohl, et al. [11], apart from
is always insufficient causing Malaysia to rely on import natural disaster disruptions, other disruption factors identified
sources. The findings found that in 2017, a total of 167,439.17 are production machine failure, quality problems on final
metric tons of large ruminant meat were imported into the products, quality problems at the resource level, system
country [9]. The year 2020 saw the global Covid-19 pandemic failures, and problems from human resources, suppliers’
had disrupted most of the country's economic activities due to delays, delays transportation and natural disasters themselves.
movement control measures, including import sources of meat Each supply chain is exposed to its own dangers as a result
supply. To address this disruption, DSV is implementing of increased supply chain transit [14]. Each phase of the chain
efforts by providing guidance and educational activities to becomes more susceptible to different types of interference as
farmers as an incentive to increase meat production. However, the chain process becomes more efficient. Through the
the country still imports meat supplies from abroad. Table I literature review, disruption caused by inefficiency in
refers to the time series statistics of the number of ruminants management, in turn, disrupts organisational activities as well
and pigs issued by the Veterinary Department from 2016 to as increases the cost of operating expenses and repairs [15]. A
2020 in Malaysia. survey conducted on 559 companies representing 62 countries
and 14 various the industry sector found that 85 per cent of the
TABLE I. NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK STATISTICS
companies reported at least one supply chain disruption that
Types of occurred in the past 12 months [16]. While a recent study
Livestoc 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* conducted in 2019 by the Business Continuity Institute
k reported despite the awareness of supply chain risk has
Buffalo 59,740 54,632 48,195 47,652 47,266 increased, most companies remain at high risk of being
exposed to disruptions. The study found that 74 per cent of
Cow 654,602 620,521 589,113 581,567 585,597 respondents from a survey of 426 organisations had
Goat 350,370 318,032 289,361 256,159 264,922 experienced at least one disruption in the supply chain of
which 6 to 20 disruptions were reported each year, which is 50
Sheep 134,057 126,161 122,205 117,921 117,526 per cent of companies, and experienced financial losses
Pig
1,370,76 1,412,73 1,448,12
1,468,788 1,463,000
varying from 50 thousand to 500 million euros. While more
3 7 2 than 23% of businesses reported losses of at least one million
138,689,87 145,049,67 euros as a result of disruptions. Supply chain disruptions not
Chicken - - -
8 2 only cause financial loss but potentially damage a company’s
Duck - - - 6,971,200 6,481,782
brand or reputation as a result of third-party failures. According
to the study, 27 per cent of businesses suffered a tarnished
reputation, 58 per cent lost productivity, and 38 per cent lost

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revenue. With a damaged reputation of 11.6 per cent, Asian the Supply Chain Management Council as an industry-
countries are in fourth place [17]. standard model in supply chain management [31]. Referring to
There's no denying that the Covid-19 pandemic has shifted Fig. 2, SCOR is process-oriented consisting of Plan
the country's economic landscape in unexpected ways. The (planning), Source (source), Make (manufacturing), Deliver
livestock industry is no exception. The pandemic disruption (delivery) and Return (return) as in Fig. 2. This process
that has hit the world presents a new form of challenge to encompasses the entire supply chain process from the point of
farmers in Malaysia who are struggling to get the desired view of suppliers, organizations and customers. The
results. Farmers and livestock stakeholders face uncertain organizations involved are internal and external organizations.
income and other disruptions in the supply chain and in turn
expect assistance from the government for extensive assistance
plans and long-term efforts to ensure the welfare of farmers is
protected. The impact of the Covid 19 pandemic resulted in the
distribution chain being affected due to the closure of
operations, the absence of employees and declining cash
reserves [18]. Physically disrupted supply chain disruptions
have prompted entrepreneurs to take alternative measures by
switching to online sales through social media including
Facebook and WhatsApp, product delivery through private
drivers and downsizing businesses to save operating costs [19].
Referring to the Table II are the sources of research
findings past a discussion of the disruption factors identified in
the supply chain.

TABLE II. FINDINGS OF POST DISRUPTION STUDIES IN THE SUPPLY Fig. 2. SCOR Model.
CHAIN

Disruption Factors References Study Findings 2) PESTLE Analysis: There are six factors in the PESTLE
framework. The factors are political, economic, social,
Production Facility Failure [20] [21] [5] [21] [25] [26]
technology, legal and environmental. PESTLE analysis is a
Quality Problems at The Resource method of analyzing the external environment to identify
[21] [23] [24] [25] [20] [26] [27] [28]
Level
factors that contribute to the success or failure of an
Information Technology System
Failure
[20] [21] [30] [29] organization or industry. PESTLE analysis has a different
structure from previous studies such as PEST and STEPE
Human Resource Issues [22] [30] [29] [27]
[32].
Distribution Network
Discontinued
[22] [30] [29] [27]  Political factors: Politics plays an important role in
Demand Fluctuations [27] [25] [28]
business. In the livestock industry, politics plays a role
in the effort to grow the industry through government
Supplier Delay [27] [28] involvement in assisting farmers by aiding further
Bankrupt Supplier [20] [5] expand the livestock industry. For example, assistance
Top Suppliers Bankrupt Suppliers [22] [30] [29] [27]
from Majlis Amanah Rakyat to invest in industrial and
commercial programs in the agriculture and food-based
Transportation Breakoff [21] [27] [30] [29] [27] livestock sector is seriously and comprehensively
Port Party Strike [22] [30] [29] [27] needed to ensure that farmers rise up in the supply
Natural Disasters [23] [22] [30] [29] [27]
chain as well as increase the participation of Muslims
in controlling the country's food supply meat industry.
Security Risk (Terrorist Threat) [22] [30] [29] [27]
 Economic Factors: Economic factors are measuring
Communication Failure [30] [29] [27] [22]
measures that are used to assess an organization's
Political and Economic Instability [21] [22] [24][77] financial success. It is common that economic
Regulatory and Legal Risks [20] [25] [21] [23] [22][73] conditions often change over the life of an organization
through comparisons of current levels of inflation,
The study also considered the SCOR Model and PESTLE unemployment, economic growth and international
analysis and the Behzad disruption framework to identify trade. In the breeding process, financial difficulties are
disruption factors according to the livestock industry. a huge and crucial issue. Farmers frequently complain
about a lack of capital, which prevents them from
1) Model SCOR: The SCOR model was developed in increasing the number of farm animals. Only enough
1996 by Pittiglio Rabin Todd and McGrath and endorsed by profit is made to be used as working capital.

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 Social Factors: In a given situation or problem, social  Environmental Factors: Environmental factors today
factors are used to assess the mentality of an individual are often seen as a threat to the environment. The
or user. Demographic variables are also known as livestock industry is no exception to environmental
social factors. Indicators of social measurements are issues. Livestock activities, especially cattle breeding is
such as age distribution, population growth rate, carried out on the oil palm and rubber plantation lands
employment level, income statistics, education level, that offer the potential to be cultivated in an integrated
religion, culture and social interaction. Apart from the manner [9]. However, there are cases of livestock
aforementioned factors, the measurement of social deaths recorded due to wild animal attacks, poisoning,
factors also takes into account health and negligence and deaths due to floods as well as
environmental concerns. At both the national and accidents.
global levels, a variety of social and communication
factors play a critical role. Among the several social  Legal Factors: The legal element is the final component
sub-factors that can be considered to determine the of the PESTLE analysis. In this factor, the knowledge
measurement of social performance for an organization of laws and regulations needs to be known and learned
are social mobility, ethics and religion, lifestyle, level importantly to prevent the occurrence of unnecessary
of education, historical issues, identity and beliefs, legal costs. In carrying out livestock practices, there are
demographics and two-way cultural communication. guidelines that need to be followed through the
The breeding process is influenced by the involvement Livestock Farm Practice Scheme to ensure good
of breeders who are 45 years old and older on average. livestock practices to ensure the production of quality
The level of acceptance and openness in the breeding livestock and safe to eat. Good Livestock Practices
process makes the breeding field either a failure or a (GAHP) MS 2027: 2006 includes livestock health
success and it results in a loss of cost and no return on management programs, biosecurity programs, sanitary
capital that has been issued or vice versa. Similarly, and phytosanitary programs and farm waste and
the level of low or higher education among farmers pollution management programs [9]. These farming
affects the level of knowledge of the latest technology, practices cover all types of ruminant and non-ruminant
and this can result in a lack of production of livestock livestock.
products in the country or vice versa. Finally, PESTLE analysis is utilised to evaluate external
 Technology Factors: When it comes to accurately factors that have an impact on an industry. The PESTLE
assessing organisational performance, technology plays analysis is an excellent starting point for developing the study
a big role. Technology advancements can improve framework [35]. Organizational owners need to identify the
internal efficiencies and prevent products or services risks to be faced and use all of these factors and knowledge to
from becoming obsolete. Every year the role of make decisions to improve organisational performance.
technology in the industry is increasing and technology PESTLE can comprehensively understand the environmental
in every chain is increasingly required to keep the picture of an organisation and can maximise opportunities as
process running effectively. Barn housing technology well as reduce the threat of disruption to the organisation [36].
is one of the innovations that have been introduced into Political factors can determine how the direction of
the livestock process [33]. Among other findings, political parties affects business development and growth in
livestock owners at present do not have to worry about animal husbandry. Economic factors are used to assess the
the health of livestock because there is livestock impact of interest rates, taxes, stock markets, consumer
automation technology based on the Internet of Things confidence and other economic metrics. Breeders and livestock
(IoT) that can monitor livestock remotely using drones stakeholders need to be more competitive in line with current
and wireless network technology and able to collect changes to withstand the challenges of lifting the livestock
data from sensors installed on livestock as well as industry towards high-income economic transformation. Social
water quality sensors in several water sources around factors affect lifestyle changes, advertising targets, ethics,
livestock areas [34]. Among the technology sub-factors demographics and culture. Technology factors are seen to help
that can be considered to determine the measurement industry performance and ensure organizations use the latest
of technology performance for an organization are an technology in business. New high-tech approaches in the
information management system, quality and price, production of the livestock industry can help double the
information change rate, minimize information revenue from the livestock industry. Legal factors are expected
retrieval problems, intellectual property, outsourcing, to help regulate new laws and regulations that affect the
network coverage, patents and licenses, research and operation of the industry and environmental factors can
development, production efficiency and government identify accidents and weaknesses that occur as well as
legislative activities. solutions that can be considered, especially in the livestock
industry.

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3) Behzad disruption framework: Referring to Table III, In total, this study presents 18 constructs of livestock
the Behzad disruption framework is divided into three parts disruption in the first circulation as in Table IV.
namely the organizational level, the network level consisting
TABLE IV. LIST OF LIVESTOCK DISRUPTION CONSTRUCTS
of demand, supply and transport and the environment level.
No. Factors References
At the organizational level, there are several disorders
identified like production machine failure, the occurrence of 1
Organizational Operating Process
[31][32] [37]
quality problems on the final product, the failure of information Level (Management)
technology systems and the occurrence of problems from ICT Management
2 [32][71]
human resources due to the strike. While environmental Failure
disruptions are broken down into demand, supply, and Information
transportation sub-factors. At the network level, disruptions at 3 Communication [11] [38]
the demand level stem from the distribution network being Disruption
[9] [39] [40] 41]
stalled in the chain due to disruptions occurring in one of the 4 Livestock Process
[42] [43]
chains and demand fluctuations in livestock supply. Disruption Problems of human
at the supply level is due to quality problems at the source level 5 development [31][11][72]
and the occurrence of some problems from the suppliers like (Breeders)
delays and suppliers who suddenly experience losses [38] [9] [11] [39] [41]
(bankruptcy). Disruptions at the transportation level were 6 Farm worker
[42] [43]
identified as being caused by suppliers experiencing
7 Quality [11][38]
bankruptcy situations, transportation delays and strikes from
employees. Meanwhile, disruption at the environmental level is 8 Network Level Supplies [31][32][38]
caused by natural disasters, security risks like threats from 9 Sales [32]
terrorists, communication failures between several chains,
Financial Assistance
political and economic instability and regulatory and legal 10
(External)
[11][37]
risks. Findings from the study of [11] also found disruption
factors also stem from natural disasters, security risks such as 11 Finance (Internal) [11][37][71][75]
terrorist threats, the occurrence of communication failures 12 Facilities (Facilities) [31] [9] [42] [43]
between several chains, political and economic instability and 13 Request [11][72]
regulatory and legal risks occurring at the chain network-level
causing chain movements to pause. Environmental [11][37][38][31]
14 Transportation
Level
TABLE III. BEHZAD FRAMEWORK 15 Flexible [9][44] [46] [11] [45]
16 Natural disaster [11][38]
Disruption
Factors Government
17 [32][38][76]
Organizational Involvement
Production machine failure
Level [11][38][37]
18 Security
Quality problems with the final
product
Information technology system failure III. METHODOLOGY
Problems from human resources This study adopts the study design proposed by Marakas
(strike) [47]. The research methodology includes six main phases
Network Level Demand Network distribution disruption namely the problem analysis phase, the initial study phase, the
Demand fluctuates
model development phase, the instrument development phase,
the model validation phase and lastly the model feasibility
Supply Quality problems at the resource level phase. The evaluation in each phase is using the Mini Delphi
Supplier delays method for the rounds that are required as in the Model
Supplier incurs losses (bankruptcy)
Development Phase. Conforming to the Reffi et al. [73] Mini
Delphi is a technique that uses a discussion-based approach
Transportation Bankruptcy of third-party logistics between moderators and involved experts. This study used a
Transportation delays four-round Mini Delphi approach formally through face-to-
Strike
face and email methods. In accord with Azizah et al. [74] panel
responses were analyzed to identify the mean value for each
Environmental construct.
Natural disaster
Level
Security risk (terrorist threat) The first phase of our research was to identify concerns and
Communication failure between questions. Then the objective of the study was identified based
several chains on the issues and questions of the study, background and
Political and economic instability previous studies. This step of research results in a conceptual
disruptor. The second phase includes a survey questionnaire as
Regulatory and legal risks well as interviews with experts and stakeholders. Other factors

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that lead to disruption other than those listed in the literature 1) Fornell lacker: The result of the square root of the
review are identified at this stage. Third phase: Assessment and AVE for the model's structures is placed on the diagonal of the
selection of disruptive variables using a checklist tool. Data correlation matrix. The model will be declared discriminant if
gathering based on the specified questionnaire in the fourth the value of the square root AVE of each structure is greater
step. Model validation based on statistical analysis is the fifth
than the elements in the column and row of each structure.
phase. The Partial Small Square method was used to assess
validation using the Structured Equation Modelling approach. The results of the study showed that the validity of the
The sixth phase entails creating a prototype of an information discriminant was confirmed because the squared value of
system based on the validated model. AVE for each structure was greater than the mutual
correlation of the columns and rows of the structure.
IV. ANALYSIS 2) Cross loading: Cross-loading is the second approach to
The data was analyzed using the Structured Equation measuring the validity of discrimination. In this method items
Modelling (SEM) through Partial Least Squares Method. that are matched to the proposed constructs will have a high
Structural Equation Modelling is a second-generation data factor load while items matched to the proposed constructs
multivariate analysis method used to test linear theory and will have a low load.
causal augmentation models [48],[49],[50]. Analysis through 3) Heteroit Monotrait (HTMT): Heterotope-monomer
Partial Least Squares Method approach was implemented correlation ratio (HTMT) was used to assess the validity of the
through two levels of analysis. The first step involves
discrimination considered to be more accurate than other
examining the validity and reliability of the measurement
model while the second step involves the evaluation and methods [54]. HTMT is recommended because it achieves
interpretation of the structural (theoretical) model [51]. The higher specificity and sensitivity compared to cross criteria.
following is an explanation related to the analysis. An HTMT value close to 1 indicates invalid discrimination.
Some authors recommend a cutoff of 0.85 [55], while others
A. Convergence Validity suggest a value of 0.90 [56]. If the value of HTMT is greater
Convergent validity is defined as the degree to which some than this threshold, then selectivity is not valid. Result shows
indicator can measure a given concept [50]. [52] proposed the HTMT clearly indicating that the HTMT value is less than
several criteria to measure the validity of convergence, which 0.90 and further validates the validity of the discrimination.
are factor loading, Cronbach Alpha (CA), Composite
Reliability (CR) and Mean Variable Extraction (AVE). He also C. Structural Model Assessment
suggested that the load factor of the items should be greater Structural Model Evaluation will be carried out once the
than 0.7. The second criterion for converting validity to validation model has been validated. Generally, there are
convergence is composite reliability which refers to the degree several approaches to measuring the structural model of
to which a set of items consistently measures latent variables multicollinearity, R-square, relevant and predictive coefficient
[52]. routes.
Through analysis, the Cronbach Alpha value and composite 1) Multicollinearity: Multicollinearity exists when two or
reliability were checked. The Cronbach Alpha value ranged
more exogenous variables have a very high correlation [57]. It
from 0.8 to 0.873 while the composite reliability ranged from
0.873 to 0.902, which is significantly higher than the shows that some exogenous variables can be explained by
recommended level of 0.7 [53],[52]. Therefore, this result other exogenous variables. Multicollinearity may result in
confirms that the validity of the convergent model has been inflationary problems of standard regression coefficients,
tested. In addition, the average variance extracted (AVE) which results in significant reduction in inflation [58].
values were corrected to confirm the convergent validity of the Multicollinearity is said to occur when the correlation
external model. AVE is the mean-variance taken from several coefficient value is greater than 0.90 [52]. Additionally,
items related to the variance shared by the measurement error. collinearity issues can also be examined with reference to VIF
In other words, AVE measures the variance shared by the values and tolerance. The author in [59] states that the VIF
metrics against the measurement error. If the AVE value is at value should not exceed 5 to confirm that the structural model
least 0.5, then a latent variable can be inferred [52]. In this
has no multicollinearity problem. The Fig. 3 shows the results
study, the AVE values ranged from 0.511 to 0.728, indicating
that the study design constructs were validated [52]. of the alignment statistic (inner VIF) for each element. Each
factor falls within the mean value from 1.102 to 2.812, which
B. Discriminant Validity is within an acceptable range of less than 5.
Discriminant validity has been used to measure the extent 2) R-Square: R-square is a measure of the predictive
to which the constructs in the model differ from one another accuracy of a model and it is also considered as the combined
[50]. This validity is important because it ensures that the effect of exogenous variables on endogenousness [60]. In
constructs in the model are unique and do not have high other words, R-square provides the number of variants of
affinity for each other. In other words, items that measure the endogenous variables that can be described by endogenous
proposed construction should have high load, while items that
variables. In the PLS-SEM model, the R-square coefficient
do not measure the proposed construction will have low load.
In the study, the validity of discrimination was measured using values of 0.67, 0.33 and 0.19 are classified according to three
three criteria: Fornell Lacker, Cross Loading and HTMT. force levels, respectively, as medium and low [61]. According

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to Henseler et al. [62], when structural models are explained 4) Predictive relevance or blindfolding: Q-Square
by one or two modest exogenous variables, the R-square value analysis was performed to measure the relevance of
is acceptable, and if the endogenous latent variables depend on exogenous constructs in predicting endogenous constructs
some exogenous variable, the value of R-square is acceptable. [66],[67],[50]. When the Q-square value is higher than zero,
The Fig. 4 shows the R-square value has significant level. this means that the model has a prediction relation, and if the
3) F Square: The F-square assesses the relative impact of value is zero and below, it indicates a lack of predicted
each predictor construct on endogenous constructs [63]. prediction [68]. Based on result, the value of Q2 obtained by
Specifically, it measures the strength of an exogenous variable 0.415 is greater than the value of 0 which means that some
that impacts the endogenous variable in the R-square. exogenous variables can predict endogenous variables.
According to the guidelines developed by [64], F-square 5) Route coefficient: Route coefficient is the standard
values 0.02, 0.15 and 0.35 are considered as small, medium version of the linear regression used to assess whether the
and strong [65]. The Fig. 5 shows the effect of the size of each proposed hypothesis is statistically significant or not
exogenous variable on the endogenous variable. significant. Each hypothesis proposed by the model is
determined whether it is significant by means of path
coefficient analysis. PLS-SEM uses a 5000-sample
bootstrapping approach for hypothesis testing. A 95%
confidence level with alpha 0.05 was used for hypothesis
testing. The hypotheses show that a p value less than 0.05 is
significant while a p value greater than 0.05 is not significant.
The Table V analysis results showed that 10 out of 14
hypotheses showed a significant value of p <0.05. Significant
results mean that there is significant impact of exogenous
constructs on endogenous constructs.

TABLE V. HYPOTHESIS RESULTS

Nilai p
Hypotheses Relation O. S. S. M. S. D.
t values
Trasport ->
H1 0.089 0.087 0.031 2.892 0.0040
Disruption
Supply ->
Fig. 3. Multicollinearity. H2 0.225 0.228 0.059 3.833 0.0000
Disruption
Disaster ->
H3 0.021 0.024 0.039 0.538 0.5910
Disruption
Sales ->
H4 0.077 0.075 0.038 2.01 0.0450
Disruption
Infrastructure - -
H5 -0.04 0.025 1.607 0.1090
> Disruption 0.039
Fig. 4. R-square Test Results.
Government->
H6 0.167 0.164 0.039 4.242 0.0000
Disruption
Financial ->
H7 0.132 0.13 0.037 3.603 0.0000
Disruption
Communication
H8 0.006 0.006 0.039 0.152 0.8790
-> Disruption
Quality ->
H9 0.107 0.108 0.035 3.02 0.0030
Disruption
Breeder ->
H10 0.122 0.12 0.036 3.418 0.0010
Disruption
Demand ->
H11 0.006 0.008 0.046 0.126 0.9000
Disruption
Livestock
H12 process -> 0.147 0.148 0.035 4.201 0.0000
Disruption
Syariah ->
H13 0.071 0.073 0.029 2.431 0.0150
Disruption
Technology ->
H14 0.21 0.207 0.048 4.384 0.0000
Disruption
OS=Original Sample/SM=Sample
Fig. 5. F-Square Test Results. Mean/SD=Standard Deviation

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