Straight Lines

Straight Lines Basic

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STRAIGHT LINES

● Straight Line Introduction

● Cartesian Co-ordinate System
● Distance Formula
● Conditions of Collinearity using Distance Formula
● Section Formula
● Mid–point Formula
● Area of Triangle
● Conditions of Collinearity using Area Formula
● Slope of Line
● Conditions of Collinearity using Slope Formula
● Various Forms of Straight Lines
● Different Types of Centers of a Triangle
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JEE(MAIN) PYQs Using STRAIGHT LINES BASICS
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Straight Line Introduction

It is a curve such that:

If we consider line segment formed by joining any

2 points of the curve

1) Then any point on this line segment

2) Must lie on the curve itself.
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Types of Straight Lines
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Cartesian Co-ordinate System

Y
II(-, +) I(+, +)
Quadrant x-coordinate y-coordinate Point

I + + (+, +)
X
II – + (–, +)
III(-, -) IV(+, -)
III – – (–, –)

IV + – (+, –)
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Plotting of Points on Cartesian Co-ordinate System

Q. Plot the following points on Cartesian

Coordinate System.
(2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 0), (-2.5, 2), (-3, -1), (0, -3), (2, -3).
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Points: (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 0), (-2.5, 2), (-3, -1), (0, -3), (2, -3).
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Distance formula

d = √(x – x ) + (y – y )
1 2
2
1 2
2

d (x2, y2)

(y – axis)
(x1, y1)

(x – axis)
Origin(0,0)
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Q. Find the distance between the points

(-1, 5), (2, 1)
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Solution:
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Q. If the distance between the points (5, -2) and

(1, a) is 5, find the values of a.
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Solution:
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Q. Find the point on the y-axis which is equidistant

from the points (12, 3) and (-5, 10)?
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Solution:
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Conditions of Collinearity using Distance Formula

Suppose the points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are
collinear, then the conditions for collinearity of three
points are:
● AB + BC = AC
Or,
● AB + AC = BC
Or,
● AC + BC = AB
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Q. Using distance formula show that the points

(1, −1), (5, 2), (9, 5) are collinear .
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Solution:
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Section Formula
(i) Internal division :

mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1

x = y = m+n
m+n
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Section Formula
(ii) External division :

(x1, y1) n
(x2, y2) (x, y)

mx2 – nx1 my2 – ny1

x = and y =
m–n m–n
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Q. Find the coordinates of the point which divides

the line segment joining the points (4, 6) and
(-5, -4) internally in the ratio 3: 2.
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Solution:
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Q. In what ratio is the line segment joining the

points A(-5,2) and B(3,9) divided by the x- axis?

A 2:5 (internally)

B 2:5 (externally)

C 2:9 (externally)

D 2:9 (internally)
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Solution:
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Q. In what ratio is the line segment joining the

points A(-5,2) and B(3,9) divided by the x- axis?

A 2:5 (internally)

B 2:5 (externally)

C 2:9 (externally)

D 2:9 (internally)
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Mid–point Formula
If the line segment joining points (x1, y1)
and (x2, y2) is bisected by point (x, y),

(x1, y1) (x, y) (x2, y2)

Then,
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
x = and y =
2 2
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Q. If the mid-point of the line segment joining the

points A(6, x−2) and B(−2,4) is (2,−3) find the
value of x.
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Solution:
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Area of triangle
A (x1, y1)

B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

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Q. Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are

(5, 3), (0, 10) and (1, -1).
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Solution:
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Conditions of Collinearity using Area Formula

Suppose the points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are
collinear, then the conditions for collinearity of three points
are:
● Area of triangle ABC = 0
● =0
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Q. For what values of a will the points (a, -6),

(-3, -4) and (-1, 0) lie on a line?
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Solution:
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What do you mean by inclination of a line?
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What do you mean by inclination of a line?
The inclination of a line is the angle
which the part of line
Y above the x-axis
makes with the
positive direction of the x-axis,
measured in the
L anticlockwise direction.

θ THIS ANGLE θ IS
THE INCLINATION
O X OF LINE L
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If you have understood it!!
Then try to answer a few more…

• Spot the angle of inclination

Y
You are
absolutely
right!!!

θ
X
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Now try for this example
Y
GREAT!!

LETS PROCEED..
θ
X
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Now, we are in a position to define slope/gradient of a line…

If θ is the angle of inclination of a non-vertical line then tangent of

angle θ is known as slope of that line.
Note: 0o < θ <180o
It is generally denoted by ‘m’

i.e. m=tanθ
Slope measures the steepness of a line
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Let us now discuss the relation between inclination of the
line and its slope for the following cases:
✶ When slope is positive-
In this case, m=tan θ > 0
thus θ lies b/w 0o and 90o
Thus θ is an acute angle

✶ When slope is negative-

In this case, m=tan θ < 0
thus θ lies b/w 90o and 180o
Thus θ is an obtuse angle
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✶ When slope is zero-

In this case, m=tan θ = 0
thus θ = 0
Thus line is x-axis or parallel to x-axis

✶ When slope is not defined-

In this case, m=tan θ = not defined.
which is possible when θ = 90o
Thus line is y-axis or parallel to y-axis
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Q. Find the slope of a line making inclination of 30°

with the positive direction of x axis.

A 1

B √3

C 1/√3

D 0
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Solution:
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Q. Find the slope of a line making inclination of 30°

with the positive direction of x axis.

A 1

B √3

C 1/√3

D 0
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Slope of Line When Two Points are Given
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Q. Find the slope of a straight line that passes

through the points (1, 3) and (-1, -1).
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Solution:
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Q. If the slope of a line joining the points A(1, x)

and B(3, 2) is 8 then find the value of x?

A 12

B -12

C 14

D -14
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Solution:
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Q. If the slope of a line joining the points A(1, x)

and B(3, 2) is 8 then find the value of x?

A 12

B -12

C 14

D -14
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Conditions of Parallelism of Two lines

Consider the 2 non-vertical lines L1 and

L2. Let their slopes be m1 and m2
respectively.
● Two lines are parallel if m1 = m2.

L1
L2
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Q. What is the value of k so that the line through

(3, k) and (2, 7) is parallel to the line through (-
1, 4) and (0, 6)?

A 2

B 3

C 6

D 9
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Q. What is the value of k so that the line through

(3, k) and (2, 7) is parallel to the line through (-
1, 4) and (0, 6)?

A 2

B 3

C 6

D 9
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Conditions of Perpendicularity of Two lines

Consider the 2 non-vertical lines L1 and

L2. Let their slopes be m1 and m2 L2 L1
respectively.
● Two lines are Perpendicular if
m1. m2 = -1
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Q. Let P (6, 4) and Q (2, 12) be the two points.

Find the slope of a line perpendicular to PQ.
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Conditions of Collinearity using Slope Formula

Suppose the points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are
collinear, then the conditions for collinearity of three
points are:
● Slope of AB = Slope of BC
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Q. The points (-1, -2), (0, 0), (1, 2) and (2, 4) are

A Vertices of a square

B Vertices of a parallelogram

C Collinear

D Vertices of a rectangle
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Solution:
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Q. The points (-1, -2), (0, 0), (1, 2) and (2, 4) are

A Vertices of a square

B Vertices of a parallelogram

C Collinear

D Vertices of a rectangle
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Various Forms of the Equation of a Line

● Horizontal and vertical lines

● Point-slope form
● Two-point form
● Slope-intercept form
● Double Intercept form
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Various Forms of the Equation of a Line

Horizontal and vertical lines

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Q. Find the equations of the lines parallel to axes

and passing through (– 2, 3).
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Solution:
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Solution:
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Various Forms of the Equation of a Line

Point-slope form
y – y1
Slope of AP = = m (given)
x – x1 Equation of line is given by
A y – y1 = m (x – x1)
P(x, y) (x1,y1)

m
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Q. Find the equation of the line through (–4, 7)

with slope -5.
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Solution:
Given point is: (-4, 7)
Slope = m = -5
Let (-4, 7) = (x1, y1)
We know that the equation of a line in point slope form is:
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
Substituting the values,
y – 7 = -5[x – (-4)]
y – 7 = -5(x + 4)
y – 7 = -5x – 20
5x + y – 7 + 20 = 0
5x + y + 13 = 0
Hence, this is the required equation of the line.
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Various Forms of the Equation of a Line

Two-point form

y – y1 y2 – y1
Equation of line is given by = =
x – x1 x2 – x1
P(x, y) A (x1,y1)

B (x2,y2)
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Q. Find the equation of the line joining the points

(3, 6) and (2, -5).
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Solution:

(2, -5)
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Various Forms of the Equation of a Line

Slope-intercept form Consider a line having

slope = m and y-intercept = c
Y
m Now use slope-point form
P(0, c)
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
c
X ⇒ y – c = m(x – 0)
O

y = mx + c
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Q. Find the equation of a line with the slope 5 and

y-intercept 3.
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Solution:
Here,
m = 5 and
c=3
With the formula: y = mx + c
The equation of the line will be y = 5x + 3
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Q. Given the slope of a line is 1/2, and it crosses the

y-axis at (0, -3). Find the equation of the line.
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Solution:
Given slope ‘m’ = 1/2,
Coordinates of a point on the y-axis where the
line crosses = (0, -3)
Therefore c = -3
Equation of the line: y = mx + c,
y =(1/2) x + (-3)
y = x/2 – 3
Hence, the equation of the line is y = x/2 – 3.
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Various Forms of the Equation of a Line

Double Intercept form

x–intercept = a y–intercept = b
Y
(0, b)
x y
a + = 1
b
b

(a, 0)
O a
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Q. Find the equation of the line with x-intercept 4

and y-intercept 3.
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Solution:
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Q. Find the equation of a straight line with x-

intercept A(-7, 0) and y-intercept B(0, 14).
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Solution:
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Centroid (G) Incenter (I)

Point of Intersection of Medians. Point of intersection of internal

angle bisectors
A (x1, y1)

F E
G (x, y)

B(x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)

Orthocenter (O) Circumcenter (C)

Intersection point of Altitudes Intersection point of perpendicular
A(x1, y1) bisectors of sides of a triangle.

F E
O (x, y)

B(x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)

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Q. What is the point of concurrency of the medians?

A Circumcenter

B Orthocenter

C Incenter

D Centroid
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Q. What is the point of concurrency of the medians?

A Circumcenter

B Orthocenter

C Incenter

D Centroid
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Q. What is the point of concurrency of the angle

bisectors?

A Incenter

B Circumcenter

C Centroid

D Orthocenter
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Q. What is the point of concurrency of the angle

bisectors?

A Incenter

B Circumcenter

C Centroid

D Orthocenter