MANAGEMENT Example:( Supervisor,

 Art of getting things done with and Coordinators, Department Head)

through people so that the goals of 3) First Level Leaders: Focuses on
the organization can be achieved. the operations. (Head Nurse, Unit
 Leadership Managers)
 The use of one skill to influence
others to perform to the best of their B. INFORMAL LEADERS
ability towards goal achievement.  Do not holds a position in the
 Effective Leadership organization but they can
 Understands individual strengths, motivate members to perform.
weaknesses, and potential. Example: Senior Staff, Charge
 Gets the right things done at the Nurse
right time and right result. AUTHORITY
DIFFERENT INFLUENCE  Legitimate right to give
command and to act on the
TACTICS
interest of an organization.
ASSERTIVENESS: Sending direct  An officially sanctioned
messages, standing up for your responsibility.
own rights without stepping the POWER
rights of others.  Ability to obtain, retain and
INGRATIATION: Making others feel motivate people and to organize
good or look good before making a informational and material
request. resources to accomplish a task.
RATIONALITY: Relying on a
detailed plan, reason or logic. SOURCES OF POWER
COALITION: Backing up a request 1. Legitimate power
together with your co-members.  Bestowed upon a leader by a
UPWARD APPEAL: Using the given position in the hierarchy
name of the superior formally or of an organization.
informally.  Sanctioned by titles.
 Most obvious and important
BLOCKING:
kind of power
- Threatening somebody to damage
2. Reward power
his opportunity for advancement.
 Ability to give rewards to her
- Not being friendly to another
subordinates for compliance
person until he grants the request.
with her/his orders.
- “BLACKMAIL”
 Compensates subordinates
EXCHANGE: Reminding somebody through;
of a previous favour or return of  benefits, time off,
favours. desired gifts, promotions
SANCTION: Either giving or or increase in pay or
preventing incentives benefits or responsibility.
promotion.  Ineffective if abused
TYPES OF LEADERS 3. Coercive power
A. FORMAL LEADERS  Ability to punish subordinates
- The people who hold a position in for non-compliance with his
the organization. directives.
3 Levels of Formal Leaders  Ability to withhold rewards or
1) Top Level Leaders: Focuses on create untenable working
the Organization. (Chief Nurse, situation.
Asst.Chief Nurse, Nursing Directors)  Least effective form of power
4. Expert power
2) Middle Level Leaders:  Special abilities or skills unique to
Coordinates with the top and the a leader.
first level leaders
  Influence others through 3. Directing
knowledge and useful skills. 4. Controlling
 Highly specific yet limited to
particular area.
5. Information power
 Well informed and up-to-date. I. PLANNING
 Keeps date with new research and  Deciding in advance what to
debates confidently. do, how to do a particular task,
 Persuades others well because of when to do it, and who is to do
the information he/she possess. it.
6. Referent power TYPES
 Based on a relationship or Strategic / long term plan
connections.  3 to 5 years
 Called “NETWORKING”  Benefits the organization
 Ability to attract others to build  Done by top level
relationship. management
 Based on charisma and Operational / short term plan
interpersonal skills.  Usually changed annually
7. Charismatic power  Benefits the operation
 Natural ability to persuade or  Done by the first level
inspire. management
 Relies on charm and personal BENEFITS OF PLANNING
qualities that others find  Leads to success in achieving the
attractive. goal.
 Exude personal warmth.  Provides effective use of
8. Moral power personnel.
 Based on strongly held values and  Helps nurses cope with crisis and
beliefs. problems.
 Strives to do what they say.  Reduces the element of change.
 Strongly principled and holds a  Effective control
high standard. Tools in Project Management Gantt
 However, leadership is not about Chart
it, it’s about service to others.  Tasks are numbered and listed
vertically.
3 STYLES OF LEADERS PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND
REVIEW TECHNIQUE (PERT)
1. AUTOCRATIC: Leader focus.  Identifies key activities, sequence
2. DEMOCRATIC: Members has a them in a flow diagram and
voice in decision making and assigning a specific duration for
the leader acts as a facilitator. each phase of work.
3. LAISSEZ-FAIRE: Member CRITICAL PATH METHOD
focus.  Time and cost estimates for
each activity.
PREPARE THE BUDGET AND
SITUATIONAL OR
ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES
CONTINGENCY THEORY  Systematic Financial translation
 A leadership style may or may of plan, allocation of scarce
not be effective depending on resources on the basis of
the situation. forecasted need for activities
 Different situations demand over a specified period of time.
different types of leadership
STRENGTH
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT WEAKNESS
1. Planning OPPORTUNITY
2. Organizing THREATS
PLANNING FORMULA  Unity of Command – There is
 What action is necessary ? only one who gives the
 Where will it take place? command
 When will it take place?  Scalar Chain – Chain of
 Who will do it? Command
 How will it be done? 3. Span of Control
-The number of workers that
HIERARCHY OF PLANNING/TOOLS directly reports to a
MISSION: the reason for existence. superior
VISION: what the agency wants to
achieve and this is futuristic.
PHILOSOPHY: Statement of beliefs,
values and principles.
GOALS: General statements of aims
and purposes. MAJOR FORMS OF
OBJECTIVE: Specific statement of aims ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
and purposes that are used to carry out 1. CENTRALIZED MODELS
the goals. - Responsibility is assumed and
POLICIES: Plans reduced to statement confident only to one authority
that helps the organization in decision ADVANTAGES
making.  Highly cost-effective
PROCEDURE: Step by step  Makes management
instructions. easier
RULES: Guidelines for action and non- DISADVANTAGES
action. Subject for regulation.  As the organization becomes
BUDGET: SYSTEMATIC WAY OF bigger and complex, the
MEETING WITH THE EXPENSES hierarchical arrangement
TYPES: becomes cumbersome.
1. CAPITAL BUDGET - Usually  The Attention of the manager
expensive becomes diluted due to
2. OPERATIONAL BUDGET- Day to
his many responsibilities.
day expense.
3. PERSONNEL BUDGET- The Salary
 The arrangement does not
of full-time employees readily adapt to change
4. CASH BUDGET- Available all time  Obtaining quick decisions or
for emergency purpose. actions is not easy
II. ORGANIZING
A. Involves establishing a formal 2. DECENTRALIZED OR
structure that provides the PARTICIPATING APPROACH
coordination of resources to  a behavioral system whereby
accomplish objectives and determine the large structures are often
position qualification and broken down to small units and
description. authority is delegated to those
B. Purpose of organizational Structure- closer to the majority of
Work distribution workers.
3 ELEMENTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL ADVANTAGES
STRUCTURE  Reflects the interest of the
1. Levels of Authority workers and have a voice in
2. Lines of Communication decision making.
 Solid Line –Direct Superior-  Promote a better
Subordinate Relationship interpersonal relationship
 Broken Line- Indirect  Communication
Relationship departmentally and
interdepartmentally
  Allows problem to be solved  8 hours a day ,5 days a week
with greater with 2 days off
imagination and  The one mandated by law
creativity  Labour code of the
DISADVANTAGES Philippines, pd442 (private)
 NOT cost – effective  Ra 1880 (public), civil
 Communication breakdown service law
 Problems with role  The health worker may work for
communication can occur the sixth day but given that
sixth day is overtime.
 May decline, except when
exigency arrive

JOB DESCRIPTION SEVEN DAYS

 Also termed performance  10 HOURS, SEVEN DAYS A WEEK
responsibility. FOLLOWED BY SEVEN DAYS OFF.
 Spell out the precise job content  UNDER STAFF
including duties, activities to be  NURSING CARE SYSTEM
performed, responsibilities and  THE SYSTEM THAT IS USE
results expected from the various TO DELIVER NURSING CARE
roles of the agency NURSING CARE SYSTEM
STAFFING “MODALITIES OF NURSING
 Process of assigning competent CARE”
people to fill the roles designed “PATTERNS OF NURSING
for the organizational structure CARE”
through recruitment, selection CASE NURSING
and development of personnel - Case method
 Employment Process - Total care nursing
 Recruitment Filling up Vacancies - 1:1
 Induction employee becomes a - Example: private duty
formal part of the organization nursing
-Included in the Payroll - Ideal nursing care in the icu
-arrangement for deduction FUNCTIONAL NURSING
-submitting of necessary  Task are delegated among the staff.
requirement  Acts according to function
 Orientation Familiarizes himself TEAM NURSING
with the organization - Group of nurses assign to a group
The Staffing Process(METHOD) of patients wherein there is a
CONVENTIONAL team leader.
 The oldest method of staffing PRIMARY NURSING
 Could either use centralized or  The 24-hour continuous
decentralize coordinated comprehensive
 Base on the manager’s own nursing of 5 to 6 patient
decision  Associate Primary Nurse
CYCLIC  1:6 Nurse-Patient Ratio
 The schedule repeats itself  The one responsible for the NCP
 Creates base schedule  General rule: the associates
 A cycle cannot change the NCP except
FORTY HOUR there is a sudden change in the
 patient’s condition, provided it will 4. Condition of the patient
be reported to primary nurse. COMMUNICATION
 Ideal to be use in the ward  From sender to receiver and vice
MODULAR NURSING versa and hoping what is being
 A combination of team and sent is understood.
primary nursing  Elements of Communication
 Geographical assignment of 1. Message
patient. 2. Encoding
 To take care of the sick, to do case 3. Transmitting (channels of
finding or even to take care of communication)
patient with the same condition. 4. Decoding
CASE MANAGEMENT 5. Feedback/Action
- Utilizing the health care delivery 3 BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION
system wherein the goals are to 1. PHYSICAL BARRIER
deliver quality care, to promote  Environmental
the quality of life, to decrease  Example: Noise, Distance
fragmentation and to contain cost. 2. SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGIC
- Long-term treatment BARRIERS
- Example: Nursing Home,  Relationship with other
Psychiatric Center, Rehab Facilities people’s state of mind
III. DIRECTING  Example: Trust
 The issuance of assignments, 3. SEMANTIC BARRIERS
orders and instructions that -Distorts meaning of message
permits the employees to know GRAPEVINE COMMUNICATION
what is expected of them so  75% accurate
that they can contribute to the  Somewhat beneficial – gives the
attainment of the goal and manager an opportunity to solve
objectives of the organization. the problem immediately
2 ASPECTS CONFLICT
1. TECHNICAL  Is the misunderstanding or
 Task, Procedures, Materials disagreement between two or
and Equipment more persons, agencies or
 Key Words: organization
- Show NOTE: Manager’s priority is to
- Teach solve the problem
- Supervise immediately
- Demonstrate
- Do or perform it with the CONFLICT – RESOLUTION
nurse STRATEGIES
2. INTERPERSONAL Avoidance = Win - Lose
 Attitude, Behavior and Style Dominance & Suppression = Win -
of Direction giving Lose
 Key Words: Restriction / Power =Win - Lose
- Verbalization of Majority Rule = Win - Win
feelings Smoothing = Lose - Win
- Example: talk to the Compromise = Lose - Lose
NA Collaboration = Win - Win
- Assertiveness AVOIDANCE
4 POINTERS OF DELIGATION (WHAT  “Let us not talk about it.”
& WHO) DOMINANCE AND SUPPRESSION
1. Know the position of the staff  “I am the manager here you have
2. The Ward no choice.”
3. Capabilities of the staff (depends RESTRICTION/ POWER
on the position)
  “I am the manager here; I will do  Develop plan for
what is best for everybody.” implementation
MAJORITY RULE  Select or develop tools for
 “Let us divide the house.” evaluation
SMOOTHING - Implement plan one step at a
 The unacceptable appears to be time
acceptable.  Do it gradually to prevent
COMPROMISE resistance
 Meeting halfway. - Evaluate over-all results
COLLABORATION - First Stage: Unfreezing
 Working hand in hand in solving - Second Stage: Change Occurs
the problem. - Third and Final Stage: Re - freezing
BRAINSTORMING - Controlling
RULE: All ideas are welcome - Seeing to eat that what is plan is
REPORTING done.
Before solving the problem, - Using of Formal Authority to assure
the manager waits for the the achievement of the goal and
report. objectives.
Manager has no
Participation IV. CONTROL PROCESS
Approaches in Problem  Establish and specify Criteria
Solving and Performance Standards
 Monitor and Measure
Performance of Nursing Care
Services and Evaluate it against
the standards through Records,
 WIN – LOSE APPROACH Reports and Observation
- Manager decides  Compare performance with
 LOSE – WIN APPROACH standards, Models, or Criteria to
- able to solve the problem as Determine Deviation or
your own expense Differences
 LOSE – LOSE APPROACH  Enact Remedial Measures or
- both party sacrifice in the Steps to Correct deviation or
solution of the problem Errors
 WIN – WIN APPROACH  Establish and Specify Criteria
- both benefit to the solution of  Standards – guideline
the problem established as the basis for
 *BENEFIT- SACRIFICE measurement
 Resource Controls – Time,
CHANGE MANAGEMENT Material, Equipment, Cost,
- Any Alteration in the Status quo Employee
- Problem Solving and Decision  Financial Controls – Budgeting
making  Operational Control –efficiently
- The Changes Process and effectively
 Perceive the need for  Statistical Process Control –
change statistics and mathematical
 Identify method
 Acceptance  Just-in-time System- timely
- INITIATE A GROUP INTERACTION application of Medication
 Identify internal and external  Monitor and Measure
forces Performance
 State the problem  Nursing Rounds – particular
 Identify the constraints attention to issues of the patient
 List change strategies
  Quality Assurance – monitors necessary to give informed consent
compliance with established prior to start of any procedure and
standards or treatment (except emergencies)
 Nursing Audit – Quality of  The patient has the right to refuse
Nursing Care in relation to treatment/life-giving measures, to
Standards the extent permitted by law and to
 Compare Performance with be informed of the medical
Standards consequences of his action.
 Program Evaluation and Review
 The patient has the right to every
Technique (PERT) –matrix uses
consideration of his privacy
network of activities
concerning his own medical care
 Benchmarking – seeks out the
program. Case discussion,
best to improve
consultation, examination and
 Enact Remedial Measure
treatment are confidential and
 Correction of deviations or error
should be conducted directly.
 Example: changing the number
of personnel  The patient has the right to expect
that all communication and records
 Master Control Plan –depicting pertaining to his care should be
its functions, goals and treated as confidential.
objectives  The patient has the right that within
 Performance Appraisal Tool its capacity, a hospital must make
 Improves individual reasonable response to the request
performance and of patient for services.
accomplishment  The patient has the right to obtain
 Errors in Appraisal information as to any relationship
 Halo Effect to other healthcare and educational
 Logical Error institutions in so far as his care is
 Central Tendency Error concerned.
 Leniency Error
 The patient has the right to refuse
 Hawthorne Effect
or participate in such research
 Horn’s Effect
projects.
 The patient has the right to expect
reasonable continuity of care.
 The patient has the right to
examine and receive an
PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENT/ explanation of his bill regardless of
source of payment.
NURSING JURISPRUDENCE
 The patient has the right to know
what hospital rules and regulation
A. PATIENT’S BILL OF RIGHTS
apply to his conduct as a patient.
 The patient has the right to
considerate and respectful care,
irrespective to socio-economic B. NURSING AS A PROFESSION
status.  Nursing is a profession.
 A profession possesses the
 The patient has the right to obtain following primary
his physician complete current characteristics.
information concerning his 1. Education, requires an extended
diagnosis, treatment and prognosis education of its members, as well
in terms the patient can reasonably as basic liberal foundation.
be expected to understand.
2. Theory, has a theoretical body of
 The patient has the right to receive knowledge leading to defined
from his physician information skills, abilities and norms.
 3. Service - Recognize nursing specialty
4. Autonomy organizations in coordination
with the accredited
5. Code of Ethics
professional organization
6. Caring - Issue, suspend or revoke
certificate of nursing practice
C. ORGANIZATION OF THE in the Philippines
- Monitor and enforce quality
BOARD OF NURSING
standards of nursing practice
in the Philippines
 The board is composed of a
- Ensure quality nursing
chairperson and six members.
education
 That the member of the board shall - Conduct hearings and
represent the three (3) areas of investigation to resolve
nursing, namely: nursing - Promulgate a Code of Ethics
education, nursing service and - Prescribe, adopt issue and
community health nursing. promulgate guidelines,
 The Chairperson and members of regulations, measure and
the board shall possess the decisions as may be necessary
following qualifications. for the improvements of the
 Be a natural born citizen and nursing practice
resident of the Philippines\ The PRESIDENT may remove or
 Be a master of good standing of suspend any member of the
the accredited professional Board after having been given
organization of nurses. opportunity defend
himself/herself in a proper
 Be a registered nurse and holder
administrative investigation,
of master’s degree in nursing,
on the following grounds.
education or other allied medical
 Continued neglect of duty
profession conferred by a
of incompetence
college or university duly
 Commission or toleration of
recognized by the
irregularities in the
GOVERNMENT: provided, that
licensure examination
the majority of the members of
the BOARD shall be holders of a  Unprofessional immoral or
dishonorable conduct.
master’s degree in nursing:
Provided, further, That the
Chairperson, shall be a holder of
a master’s degree in nursing.
D.LICENSURE EXAMINCATION
 Have at least ten (10) years of
 In order to be admitted to the
continuous practice of the
examination for nurses, an
profession prior to the appointment:
applicant must, at the time of
Provided, however that the last
filing his/her application, establish
five (5) years of which shall be
to the satisfaction on the Board
in the Philippines
that:
 Not have been convicted of any  He/she is a citizen of the
offense involving moral turpitude. Philippines, or a citizen or subject
The Board shall supervise and of a country which permits
regulate the practice of the Filipino nurses to practice within
nursing progression and shall its territorial limits on the same
have the following, duties and basis as the subject or citizen of
functions. CRIMECPP such country: Provided that the
- Conduct the licensure requirements for the registration
examination for nurses of license of nurses in said
 country are substantially the exchange professors in a
same as those prescribed in the branch or specialty of nursing:
Act;  The Board shall have the power
 he/she is of good moral to revoke or suspend the
character, and certificate of
 He/ she is a holder of a registration/professional license
Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing or cancel the special/ temporary
from a college or university that permit of a nurse upon any of
complies with the standards of the following grounds:
nursing education duly  Person convicted by final
recognized by the proper judgement of any criminal
government agency. offense involving moral turpitude
 In order to pass the examination, or any person guilty of immoral
an examinee must obtain a or dishonorable conduct or any
general average of at least person declared by the court to
seventy-five percent (75%) be of unsound mind.
with a rating of not below  For unprofessional and unethical
sixty percent (60%) in any conduct
subject.
 For gross incompetence or
 An examines who obtain an
serious ignorance
average of seventy five percent
(75%) or higher but hets a rating  For malpractice or negligence in
below sixty percent (60%) in any the practice or nursing
subject must take the  For the use of fraud, deceit, or
examination again but only in the false statement in obtaining a
subject where he/she is rated certificate of registration/
below sixty percent (60%) professional license or a
 In order to pass the succeeding temporary/special permit;
examination, an examinee must  For violation of the Act, rules and
obtain a rating of at least regulations, Code of Ethics for
seventy-five percent (75%) in the nurses and technical standards
subject or subjects repeated. for nursing practice, policies of
 the Board and the Commission,
 A special/ temporary permit may or the conditions and limitations
be issued by the Board to the for the issuance of the
following persons subject to the temporarily/ special permit. For
approval of the Commission and practicing his/her profession
upon the payment of the during his/her suspension from
prescribed fees. such practice.
 Licensed nurses from foreign
countries/ states whose service
are either for a fee or free if
they are internationally
well-known specialties or E. NURSING EDUCATION AND
outstanding experts in any PRACTICE
branch or specialty of nursing;  A member of the faculty in a
 Licensed nurses from foreign college of nursing teaching
countries/states on medical professional course must:
mission whose service shall  Be a registered nurse un
be free in a particular hospital, the Philippines
center or clinic and
 Have at least one (1) year
 Licensed nurses from foreign
of clinical practice in the
countries/states employed by
field of specialization
schools/colleges of nursing as
 Be a member of good
  Be a registered nurse in the
standing in the accredited Philippines
professional organization of  Have at least two (2) years’
nurses experience in general nursing
 Be a holder of master’s service administration.
degree in nursing,  Possess a degree of Bachelor of
education, or other allied Science in Nursing with at least
medical and health (9) unites in management and
sciences conferred by a administration courses at the
college or university duly graduate level.
recognized by the  Be a member of good standing
Government of the of the accredited professional
Republic of the Philippines. organization of the nurses.
 In addition to the  Provided, that a person
aforementioned occupying the position of chief
qualifications, the dean of a or director of nursing service
college must have a shall in addition to the foregoing
master’s degree in nursing. qualification, possess.
He/she must have at least  At least five (5) years of
five (5) years of experience in a supervisory or
experience in nursing. management position in nursing
 A person occupying supervisory  A master’s degree major in
or managerial position requiring nursing
knowledge of nursing must:
F. LAWS AFFECTING NURSING PROFESSION

PD 442 Labor Code

PD 651 Birth registration following delivery ( all
health workers shall identify and
encourage the registration of all births
within 30 days following delivery.)
PD 825 Anti- improper garbage disposal
PD 856 Code of Sanitation
PD 996 Compulsory Immunization for all children
below eight (8) years old against six (6)
immunizable diseases
EO 51 Milk Cod
RA. 1136 Tuberculosis Law
RA 3573 Reporting communicable diseases
RA 4073 Liberalized the treatment of Leprosy
RA 6425 Dangerous Drug Act- the sale,
administration, delivery, distribution and
transportation of prohibited drugs is
punished by law
RA 6675 Generic Act of 1988 – This promotes,
requires and ensure the production of an
adequate supply, distribution, use an
acceptance of drugs and medicines
identified by their generic names.
RA 7160 Local Government Code
RA 7170 Organ Donation Law
RA 7277 Magna Carta for Disabled persons
RA 7305 Magna Cara for Public Health workers
RA 9257 Expanded Senior Citizen Act of 2003
RA 7600 Rooming – In and breast feeding Act
RA 8172 Asin Law / Iodized Salt Law
RA 8423 Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act
RA 8504 Philippines AIDS Prevention and Control
Act
RA 8976 Food Fortification Act
RA 9173 The Nursing Act 2002

G. INFORM CONSENT greater injury (permission via

telephone/ cellphone is accepted
 Requisites for Validity of but must be signed within 24
Informed Consent hours)
 Written permission is best and
legally accepted
 To ensure that the client
understand the nature of the
treatment including the potential
complication and disfigurement.
(Explained by Attending Medical
Doctor)
 Signature is obtained with the
client’s complete understanding
of the to occur
1. Adult sign their own
H. LIVING WILL
operative permit
 It is a legal declaration of a person’s
2. Obtained before sedation intentions upon death
 For minors, parents or someone
 The nurse should note the
standing in their behalf gives the
soundness of the patient’s
consent.
mind and that there was free
NOTE: for a married
from fraud or undue influence
emancipated minor parenteral
and that the patient was above 18
consent is not needed
years or of age.
anymore, spouse is accepted.
 For mentality ill and  The patient should write that the
unconscious patient, the will was signed by the testator, that
consent must be taken from the the witnesses were all present of
parents or legal guarding the testator.
 If the patient is unable to write,  ADVANCE DIRECTIVE
an “X” is accepted if there is a - Signed request to be allowed
witness to his mark to die when life can be
supported only mechanically or
 Secured without pressure and by heroic measures.
threat.
- Includes the decision to accept
 A witness is desirable – nurse, or refuse any treatment
physician or authorized persons. service or procedure used to
 When an emergency situation diagnosed or threat his/her
exists, no consent is necessary physical or mental condition
inaction at such time may cause and decisions to provide.
  HEALTH CARE PROXY circumstances of the particular
- The patient designates a case demands
health care representative,  Mistaken identity
usually a member of the  Wrong medication, wrong
family, a friend or a family concentration, wrong route,
physician to make decision wrong dose
for him/her physical or mental  Defects in the equipment such as
condition and decision to stretcher and wheelchair may
provide, withhold or withdraw lead to falls thus injuring the
life sustaining measures. patients
 Errors due to family assistance

DOCTRINE OF NEGLIGENCE
 RES IPSA LOQUITOR
“The things speaks for itself”
– the injury is enough proof of
negligence.
 RESPONDEAT SUPERIOR
- Let the master answer for
the acts of the subordinate.
The liability is expanded to
include the master as well
as the employee.
 FORCE MAJEURE
- Irresistible force;
unforeseen or investable
event
- No person shall be
responsible for those events
which cannot be foreseen
I. NEGLIGENCE Ex. Flood, fire, earthquake
 refers to the commission or
omission of the an act, pursuant
to a duty, that a reasonable J. MALPRACTICE
prudent person in the same or  Doing acts or conducts that
similar circumstance would or are not authorized or licensed
would not to, and acting or the or competent skilled to
non-acting of which is the perform, resulting to injuries
proximate cause of injury to or non-injurious
another person to his property. consequences
Elements of Negligence:  Stepping beyond one’s
 Existence of a duty on the part of authority
the person charged  RN exceeding the scope of
 Failure to meet the standard of nursing practice and does an
due care MD’s job
 Harm resulting from failure to
meet the standards K. TORTS
I. ASSAULT – is a unjustifiable
SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF NEGLIGENCE attempt to touch another
 Failure to report observation to person or even the threat of
attending physician doing so
 Failure to exercise the degree of II. BATTERY – is the actual
diligence which the carrying out of the
threatened physical contact
 III. DEFAMATION – of Assisting the offender to profit
character occurs where a from the crime either by
person discusses another disposing the body, concealing or
individual in terms that assisting in escape of the
diminish reputation. Libel is principal of the crime.
written defamation. Slander  DEGREE IF THE ACTS
is oral defamation. EXECUTION:
IV. FALSE IMPRISONMENT it 1. Consummated – when all
is making someone the elements necessary for its
wrongfully feel that he or execution and
she cannot leave the place accomplishment are present
2. Frustrated - when the
L. RESTRAINTS offender performs all acts or
 Restrains are protective devices execution which will produce
used to limit the physical the felony as a consequence
activity of a client or to but which nevertheless, do
immobilize a client or an not produce it by reason of
extremity. causes independent of the
 Require physician’s will of the perpetrator.
order, consent 3. Attempted – when the
 Emergency, get MD’s offender commences the
order ASAP commission of the same
 Shortest duration, least LEADERSHIP AND
restrictive type
 To protect patient and
MANAGEMENT
others A. LEADERSHIP STYLE
 Renew order every 24  Authoritarian – leadership style
hours or autocratic leader keeps strict,
 Assess every 15-30 close control over followers by
minutes and document keeping close regulation of policy
 Individualized and procedures given to the
supervision followers.
 Never used as a  Democratic – leadership style
punishment consists of the leader sharing the
 Total documentation decision- making abilities with
 Seclusion as last step group members by promoting the
interest of the group
 Laissez faire style – is sometimes
M. CRIMES described as a “hands off”
 Conspiracy to commit a crime leadership style because the leader
 Principals – are those who take a delegates the tasks to their
direct part in the execution of the followers while providing little or no
act, who’s directly force to induce direction to the followers
others to commit it; or who Transactional Transformationa
cooperate in the commission of Leadership l Leadership
the offense by another act Focuses on Identify common
without which it would not have management values
been accomplished. task
 Accomplices – are those who , Caretaker Is committed
not being principals cooperate in Use trade- offs Inspires other
the execution of the offense by to meet goal with vision
previous and simultaneous act. Shared values Has a long-term
 Accessories – are those who, not identified vision
having the knowledge of the Examines Looks at effects
commission of the crime. causes
 Use contingency Empower other theory research is to develop a
reward theory. The concepts and theories
RESEARCH discovered through this research
 Types of Research approach are derived directly
a. Basic / Pure Research, it is done from the data.
for the intellectual pleasure of the l. Ethnographic Research, a tool for
learning to search for knowledge studying cultures
for its own sake and eventually m. Narrative Research, focus on
filter down the result into real life story as the object of inquiry to
situation determine how individuals make
b. Applied Research, seeks for sense of events in their lives
practical application of theoretical DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
or abstract knowledge. The truth CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL
is adapted to every situation. MODEL
c. Action Research, the process Conceptual Theoretical Model
involves the study of certain Model or or Framework
problem and from the experience, Paradigm
decision, actions and conclusion
It is a pre- It proposes a
are drawn.
theoretical basis framework derived
d. Correlational Research, involves from which from theories
the systematic investigation of substantive
relationship between or among theories may be
variables. derived
e. Experimental, an objective
systemic, highly controlled It is highly abstract It is less abstract
investigation for the purpose of
predicting and controlling Concept are Concepts are narrowly
phenomena in nursing practice related and bounded, specific and
f. Non-Experimental, the researcher multidimensional explicitly interrelated
collects data without introducing
It provides a It postulates
any treatment or making any
perspective for relationship, it is
changes. science descriptive,
g. Quasi- Experimental, is like explanatory or
experimental research because it predictive
actively introduces some form of
treatment or manipulation of an It is derived from It is constructed from
independent. systematic available theories and
h. Quantitative Research, a formal observation and findings of empirical
objective systemic process in intuition research
which numerical data are used to
obtain information about the It is developed It is developed
world. through the through the process
process of intuition of induction and
i. Qualitative Research, systematic,
deduction
interactive, subjective approach
used to describe life experiences It must be It permits empirical
and give them meaning. evaluated through tests
j. Phenomenological Research, logical grounds
begin with accumulation of and cannot be
evidence when little topic is empirically tested
known or when studying new
topic it involves gathering of fresh
perspective. VARIABLES
k. Grounded Theory Research, The  Independent Variables (CAUSE),
primary purpose of grounded these are factors that are being
 manipulated by the researcher and patients who receive pre-operative
the focus inquiry. instruction than those who do not
 Dependent Variables (EFFECT), receive such instructions.
This is the factor or variable that is  Statistical / Null Hypotheses – in
affected or influenced by the an assumption that there is no
independent variable. difference between the studies
 Intervening Variable variables.
(MEDIATOR), This is a factor or Example: There will be no
variable that exists between the correlation between liberalization
independent and the dependent attitude and completion of a course
variable. in human sexuality.
 Moderator Variable, This is a  Research Hypotheses – This is
variable that affects the strength or also referred to as substantive or
direction of the relationship declarative hypotheses or
between the independent and the statement of expected relationship
dependent variables. between variables.
 Examples Example: There is a significant
o IV Independent relationship between maternal
Variables heroin addiction and birth weight of
o DV Dependent infants.
Variables SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
HYPOTHESIS Self- Concept, personal and professional
 Simple Hypotheses: Predicts the Characteristics of staff nurses (IV) in
relationship between one relations to patient’s satisfaction index
independent variable and one (DV)
dependent variable.
Example: Performance in the Thermoregulation of infants (DV) utilizing
college of nursing is related to mineral water container and droplight
success in the nurses’ licensure (IV)
exam.  Simple Random Sampling – the
 Complex Hypotheses: predicts selection of sample is done by
the relationship between two or chance. eg Lottery draw
more independent variables and  Stratified Random Sampling –
two or more dependent variables. Population is subdivided into areas,
Example: Heredity, home section then random sample as are
environment and quality of taken from each.
instruction are related to  Systemic Sampling – consists of
intelligence motivation and taking every nth person in a school,
performance of school. community telephone directory.
 Directional/ Predictive  Cluster Sampling: small sample is
Hypotheses: specifies the taken from various section of a total
direction of relationship between population.
the variables being studied.  Convenience or Accidental
Example: People who smoke are Sampling: data is collected from
more prone to lung cancer than anyone most conveniently available
those who do not smoke.  Snowball or Network Sampling:
involves subjects’ suggestion or
 Non-Directional Hypotheses – referring other subjects who meet
predicts only that there is a the researcher’s criteria.
relationship between the variables  Judgmental or Purposive
being studied but not specify what Sampling: researcher selects and
it is. studies a specific number of a
Example: There is a difference in special group that represent the
the level of anxiety of pre-operative target population with regards to
 certain characteristics such as age,
sex or economic status.
 Cross - Cultural Sampling:
conducted in a variety of cultural
settings.
 Longitudinal Sampling: given
group of subjects are studied for an
extended period of time.
 Cross- Section Sampling:
subjects are observed at only one
point in time.
 Quota Sampling: identifies the
strata of the population and
determines the proportion of
elements.
In addition to the aforementioned
qualifications, the dean of a college
must have a master’s degree in
nursing. He/she must have at least five
(5) years of experience in nursing.