CCNA
Cisco Certified Network Associate
200 - 301
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
1. CCNA
2. OSI & TCP/IP
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
OSI Layers
Open Source Interconnect (OSI)
model
Help vendors to communicate
To describe how and the network
Are communicated from physical
layer to application layer
Help in the network troubleshooting
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3
OSI Layers
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4
OSI Layers
What is Data Encapsulation?
Encapsulation is the process of adding additional information when data is
traveling in an OSI or TCP/IP model. The information has been added on the
sender’s side, from the Application layer to the Physical layer.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5
Physical Layer Characteristics
Physical Components
Physical Layer Standards address three functional areas:
• Physical Components
• Encoding
• Signaling
The Physical Components are the hardware devices, media, and other
connectors that transmit the signals that represent the bits.
• Hardware components like NICs, interfaces and connectors, cable
materials, and cable designs are all specified in standards
associated with the physical layer.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6
Physical Layer Characteristics
Encoding
• Encoding converts the stream of
bits into a format recognizable by
the next device in the network
path.
• This ‘coding’ provides predictable
patterns that can be recognized by
the next device.
• Examples of encoding methods
include Manchester (shown in the
figure), 4B/5B, and 8B/10B.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7
Physical Layer Characteristics
Signaling
• The signaling method is how the bit Light Pulses Over Fiber-Optic Cable
values, “1” and “0” are represented on
the physical medium.
• The method of signaling will vary based
on the type of medium being used.
Electrical Signals Over Copper Cable
Microwave Signals Over Wireless
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8
Physical Layer Characteristics
Bandwidth
• Bandwidth is the capacity at which a medium can carry data.
• Digital bandwidth measures the amount of data that can flow from one place to
another in a given amount of time; how many bits can be transmitted in a second.
• Physical media properties, current technologies, and the laws of physics play a role
in determining available bandwidth.
Unit of Abbreviati Equivalence
Bandwidth on
Bits per second bps 1 bps = fundamental unit of bandwidth
Kilobits per second Kbps 1 Kbps = 1,000 bps = 103 bps
Megabits per Mbps 1 Mbps = 1,000,000 bps = 106 bps
second
Gigabits per Gbps 1 Gbps – 1,000,000,000 bps = 109 bps
second
Terabits per Tbps 1 Tbps = 1,000,000,000,000 bps = 1012 bps
second
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9
OSI Layers
Data Link Layer
This is the second layer, which works to ensure that the transferred data
are free of errors. This layer encompasses basic protocols such as “802.3
for Ethernet” and “802.11 for Wi-Fi” perform :
1. Framing
2. Error detection and correction
3. Flow control
This layer provides connections between hosts on the same networks.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10
Purpose of the Data Link Layer
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Data Link Sublayers
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN standards are specific to
the type of network (Ethernet, WLAN, WPAN,
etc).
The Data Link Layer consists of two
sublayers. Logical Link Control (LLC) and
Media Access Control (MAC).
• The LLC sublayer communicates
between the networking software at the
upper layers and the device hardware at
the lower layers.
• The MAC sublayer is responsible for
data encapsulation and media access
control.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11
The Benefits of Using a Layered Model
2. Data link ( MAC )
MAC address
Physical address
Hardware address
8bit
Total Length = 8bit X 8 = 48 bit
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12
The Benefits of Using a Layered Model
2. Data link ( MAC )
Ipconfig /all
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13
The Benefits of Using a Layered Model
2. Data link Device :
Switch
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14
The Benefits of Using a Layered Model
Switch mac address table
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15
OSI Layers
Data Link Layer
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16
Data Link Sublayers
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17
Data Link Sublayers
Logical Link Control (LLC) places information in the
frame that identifies which Network layer protocol is
being used for the frame.
Media Access Control (MAC) provides Data Link layer
addressing and delimiting of data according to the type
of Data Link layer protocol in use.
Separating the Data Link layer into sublayers allows for
one type of frame defined by the upper layer to access
different types of media defined by the lower layer.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18
OSI Layers
Network Layer
1. This is the third layer, which determines the path of the data
packets (Source and destination ) “ Routing”
2. At this layer, we can see the IP Addressing for routing of data
packets.
3. this layer includes routing protocols such as, Routing Information
Protocol (RIP) & the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP).
4. This layer provides connections between hosts on different
networks.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19
OSI Layers
Network Layer
IPV4
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20
OSI Layers
Network Layer
Packet
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 21
Layer 2 Data Link Frame Layer 3 IP Packet
Dest. MAC Source MAC Type Dest. IP Source IP IP Data Trailer
00-10 0A-10 800 192.168.4.10 192.168.1.10 fields
From Host X to Router RTA
1. Host X begins by encapsulating the IP packet into a data link frame (in this
case Ethernet) with RTA’s Ethernet 0 interface’s MAC address as the data link
destination address.
2. How does Host X know to forward to packet to RTA and not directly to Host Y?
IP Source and IP Destination Addresses are on different networks
3. How does Host X know or get RTA’s Ethernet address?
Checks ARP Table for Default Gateway IP Address and associated MAC
Address.
4. What if it there is not an entry in the ARP Table?
Host X sends an ARP Request and RTA sends an ARP Reply
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22
OSI Layers
Transport Layer
This is the fourth layer that ensures the transport/sending of data is
successful. This function can include error checking operation; along
with the ability to keep data message in sequence. This layer is an
example of an end-to end connections such as Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) & User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23
OSI Layers Transport Layer
Service Point Addressing: Transport Layer header includes service point
address which is port address. This layer gets the message to the correct
process on the computer unlike Network Layer, which gets each packet to the
correct computer.
Segmentation and Reassembling: A message is divided into segments;
each segment contains sequence number, which enables this layer in
reassembling the message. Message is reassembled correctly upon arrival at
the destination and replaces packets which were lost in transmission.
Connection Control: It includes 2 types:
Connectionless Transport Layer : Each segment is considered as an
independent packet and delivered to the transport layer at the
destination machine.
Connection Oriented Transport Layer : Before delivering packets,
connection is made with transport layer at the destination machine.
Flow Control: In this layer, flow control is performed end to end.
Error Control: Error Control is performed end to end in this layer to ensure
that the complete message arrives at the receiving transport layer without any
error. Error Correction is done through retransmission.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24
TCP and UDP
UDP is a simple, connectionless protocol
Applications that use UDP include:
–Domain Name System (DNS)
–Video Streaming
–Voice over IP (VoIP)
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol
Applications that use TCP are:
–Web Browsers
–E-mail
–File Transfers
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25
UDP header
1. Source Port-
•Source Port is a 16 bit field.
•It identifies the port of the sending application.
2. Destination Port-
•Destination Port is a 16 bit field.
•It identifies the port of the receiving application.
3. Length-
•Length is a 16 bit field.
•It identifies the combined length of UDP Header and Encapsulated data.
4. Checksum-
•Checksum is a 16 bit field used for error control.
•It is calculated on UDP Header, encapsulated data and IP pseudo header.
•Checksum calculation is not mandatory in UDP.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 26
TCP header
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 27
Because different applications have different requirements,
there are multiple Transport layer protocols.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 28
Transport Layer Functions
• TCP/UDP FUNCTIONS.
1. Multiplexing of upper layer application using port numbers
2. segmentation of data
3. error detection
TCP Additional functions
1. Establishment of connection (3-way handshake)
2. Management of connection
reliability (sequencing and acknowledgements)
error correction
flow control (Buffering, congestion avoidance,
windowing)
3. Termination of connection (4-way handshake)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 29
OSI Layers
What is 3 way handshake?
This is a protocol to transmit data after a connection is made. You use
TCP when you request a website for example. The handshake is what
happens behind the scene.
When you request a website, your computer (client) will first send a
packet with a SYN flag to the web server. SYN is short for Synchronize.
It's an attempt to open a connection. The server then respond with SYN
flag and ACK flag to Acknowledge the connection. Then your computer
sends an ACK flag to confirm the handshake
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 30
TCP / Window size
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 31
TCP / Window size
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32
Port Addressing
Identify how a port number is represented and describe
the role port numbers play in the TCP and UDP
protocols.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 33
Layer 4 Addressing
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 34
192.168.1.101 Destination
Source
Port
Port 198.133.219.25
49888 80
49890
80
172.16.5.5 Source
www.cisco.com
Port
49888 66.13.29.25
80
www.yahoo.com
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 35
TCP
or Source IP Destination IP Connection State
UDP Source Port Destination Port
www.google.com www.cisco.com netstat –n
Note: When downloading a web document and its objects it is common
that there will be several TCP sessions created.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 36
Port Numbers
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 37
Summary
TCP vs. UDP
TCP provides: UDP provides:
Reliable delivery Unreliable delivery
Error checking No error checking
Flow control No flow control
Congestion control No congestion control
Ordered delivery No ordered delivery
(Connection establishment) (No connection establishment)
Applications: Applications
HTTP DNS (usually)
FTP SMTP
Telnet RTP (Real-Time Protocol)
MSN messenger VoIP
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 38
OSI Layers
Session Layer
Dialog Control : This layer allows two systems to start communication
with each other in half-duplex or full-duplex.
Token Management: This layer prevents two parties from attempting
the same critical operation at the same time.
Synchronization : This layer allows a process to add checkpoints
which are considered as synchronization points into stream of data.
Example: If a system is sending a file of 800 pages, adding checkpoints
after every 50 pages is recommended. This ensures that 50 page unit
is successfully received and acknowledged. This is beneficial at the
time of crash as if a crash happens at page number 110; there is no
need to retransmit 1 to100 pages.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 39
Connection types
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 40
Methods of Sending Data
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 41
OSI Layers
Presentation Layer
This is the sixth layer that provides a translation of data to the next
layer (Prepare the data to the Application Layer). Encryption and
decryption protocols happen in this layer such as, Secure Socket Layer
(SSL). In addition, compression and installing programs like (java)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 42
OSI Layers
Application Layer
This is the seventh layer, which functions as the user interface platform
(including software within the system). For example, the protocols that
we interact with on a daily basis such as, Mail, Web (HTTP), FTP and
many more.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 43
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
HTTP [ Hyper Text Transfer Protocol]
HTTP HTTP
Server Client
Browser – The user agent for
Web page (html document)
the Web.
Web page consists of Objects
Displays requested Web
HTML file ,JPEG image
page and provides
,GIF image ,JAVA applet,
navigational and
Audio file
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
configuration features.
© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 44
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
DNS [ Domain Name Services ]
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 45
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
DNS [ Domain Name Services ]
Domain Name Servers (DNS) are the Internet's equivalent of a
phone book. They maintain a directory of domain names and
translate them to Internet Protocol (IP) address
DNS Caching
When a DNS server receives a DNS reply (mapping hostname to an IP
address) it can cache the information in its local memory.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 46
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
DHCP [Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ]
is a client/server protocol that automatically provides an Internet
Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration
information such as the subnet mask and default gateway
IP addresses and other information can be obtained:
Statically - Dynamically (DHCP)
DHCP Information can include:
IP address - Subnet mask - Default gateway - Domain name - DNS Server
ITE PC v4.0
DHCP servers can be: Server on LAN – Router - Server at ISP
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 47
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
DHCP [Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ]
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 48
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
DHCP [Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ]
If the dynamic IP assigning has problem
Yellow sign will show below
The device will get special IP
(APIPA) ( Automatic private IP address)
169.254.X.X
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 49
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
DHCP [Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ]
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 50
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
Telnet
Allows a user to remotely access
another device (host, router, switch).
A connection using Telnet is called a
Virtual Terminal (VTY) session, or
connection.
Telnet uses software to create a
virtual device that provides the same
features of a terminal session with
access to the server command line
interface (CLI).
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 51
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
Telnet
• Telnet supports user authentication,
but does not encrypt data.
• All data exchanged during a Telnet
sessions is transported as plain text.
• Secure Shell (SSH) protocol offers an
alternate and secure method for server
access.
Stronger authentication
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Encrypts data © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 52
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
FTP was developed to allow for file
transfers between a client and a
server.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 53
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol)
Internet mail involves:
User agents
Allows users to read, reply, compose, forward, save, etc., mail messages
GUI user agents: Outlook, Eudora, Messenger
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 54
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol)
Mail servers
Stores user mail boxes, communicates with local user agents and other mail
servers.
SMTP
Principle application layer protocol for Internet mail
Sent over TCP
Mail access protocols: POP3, IMAP, HTTP (Web-based email)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 55
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 56
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol)
Mail software, processes used: MTA and MDA
MUA (Mail User Agent) – Email client software.
MTA (Mail Transfer Agent) – Software that governs transfer of email between
mail servers.
Includes UNIX send mail, Microsoft Exchange Server, Postfix, and Exim
MDA (Mail Delivery Agent) – Software that governs transfer of email from mail
servers to clients.
.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 57
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
POP3 (Post office protocol 3)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 58
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
POP3 (Post office protocol 3)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 59
OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 60
OSI and TCP/IP Models
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 61
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 62
