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Computer software
Computer Software is a set of programs designed to perform a well-defined
function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular
problem. Software is a interface between user and computer.

There are two types of software

● System Software
● Application Software
System software is collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer.
Application software designed to fulfill the requirement of user. Eg MS office, MS word
etc. Utility software designed to enhance the functionality of computer system. Eg .
antivirus.

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Types of operating system

1. Batch operating system​ : Data and Program are executed or processed in a group
called Batch OS.
Batch OS works in two steps
● First storage of processes in form of a batch known as accumulation
of jobs.
● Jobs are processed in sequential manner called periodicals
processing of jobs.

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2. ​Multiprogramming operating system​ : Two or more program reside in primary memory

simultaneously. Multiprogramming system are multitasking multiuser and multiprocessing operating
system.

3. ​Single user​ : Designed for single user and a single person use it at a time i.e. DOS windows 95 etc.

4. ​Distributed operating system​ : It is group of independent computers and makes them appear to
the user of the system as a single computer. Data processing jobs are distributed among the
processors according to their efficiency.

5. ​Real time operating system​ : It is a computing environment that reacts to input within a specific
time period. It is used at those Places in which we Requires higher and Timely Response.
There are two types of RTOS
1. Hard real time OS​ : That guarantee a maximum time for the operation it perform.
2. Soft real time OS​ : That cannot absolutely guarantee a maximum time for the operations it

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perform.

6. ​Time sharing operating system​ : A time sharing system allows the many users to simultaneously

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share the computer resources.

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7. ​Embedded operating system​ : Refers to the operating system that is self contained in the device
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8. ​Mobile operating system​ : mobile OS is an OS that operate on smartPhones , tablets and Digital
mobile devices. Google's latest version of its android OS is Nougat and iOS i.e. iPhone Operating
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System's latest version is iOS 10.

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9. ​Server-site Operating system​ : Also known as n

​ etwork operating system. ​ It is a complete set
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of files, tasks and job management. Eg Linux, Unix, Solaris.

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Functions of operating system

1. Process management : ​The OS handles the creation and deletion of processes
and also manages the scheduling and synchronization.
2. File management​ : Includes creating and deleting both files and directories.
Allocating space for files, easy access of files.
3. Buffering : ​Storing data in memory area called buffering.
4. Spooling : ​Sending data to a spool of the computer memory. OS maintain the
spooling of data by adding an address location with every element in the memory.

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User interface
OS provide an interface between the computer user and hardware.
Graphical user interface ​: ​That enable a person to communicate with a computer
through the use of symbols, visual metaphors and pointing devices. Eg gaming,
media player. Character user interface : o ​ r command line interface , interacting
with a computer system or software by typing command.

Computer languages

● Low level language : These are coded in a form which is easy to understand by the
processor.
● Machine language: It is also a type of low level language these can be develop in binary
language (0 and 1) .

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● Assembly language : it is also a type of low level language and using the human readable
instruction of the CPU. It is written as ‘MOV A.’ High level language programmer can write
code in simple easy language, it is user friendly . E.g. C, JAVA

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● C language : it is a middle level programming language and also known as procedural

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C++ is high level language that uses the OOPS concept.
Fortran : it is known as formula translation .it is used for scientific application
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● COBOL(Common Business Oriented Language ): used for record keeping and data
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management in business organizations

● BASIC (Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) : first language designed for
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non-professional programmers.
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● PASCAL : it is developed as a teaching tool for programming concepts.

● Language processor (Translator) : Programmers write their program in one of the high
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level language because it is much easy to code in these language but computer does not
understand any of these language so it is necessary to convert program into a machine
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language so translator do this work.

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● Loader: It loads the code which is translated by translator into the main memory and
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makes it ready to execute.

● Linker: is used to combine all the object files and convert them into a final executable
program.
● Interpreter : converts high level language program into machine language. It is very slow
because it convert program line by line.
● Compiler : It also translates the program from high level language to machine language. It
is very fast because it converts the whole program into machine language.
● Assembler : It is used for converting the code of low level language into machine level
language.

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Computer software
1.Which process checks to ensure the components of the computer are operating and
connected properly?
(a)Booting (b) Processing (c) Saving (d) Editing
Answer (a)

2. Application software?
(a) Is used to control the operating system (b) Is designed to help programmers
(c) Performs specific task for computer users (d) Is used for making design only
Answer (c)

3. Which among the following is not hardware?

(a) Motherboard (b) Operating system (c) (d) Keyboard
CPU Answer (b)

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4. Which part of a computer cannot be touched?

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(a) Mouse (b) Monitor (c) Hardware (d) Software
Answer
(d)
5. Which of the following is software?
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(a) (b) CP (c) Microsoft (d) RAM
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Answer (c)
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6. What is Loading Operating System into main memory called?

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(a) Printing (b) Saving (c) Storing (di) Booting

Answer:D
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7.
(d)Which of the following is a recent version of operating systems?
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(a) Windows XP (b) Windows 7 Basic (c) Windows 8 (d)

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Windows 10 Answer (d)

8. Which of the following groups contains all graphical file extensions?

(a) JPG, GIF, BMP (b) GIF, TCF, WMF (c) TCP, JPG, BMP (d) ADP, GIF,
PPT Answer (a)

9. Select the odd one out :

(a) Interpreter (b) operating system (c) Compiler (d) Assembler
Answer (b)

10. Which technology is used by cell phones to access the internet?

(a) Cloud computing (b) Neural Networks (c) XML language (d) micro browser
software Answer (d)

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