wh07_te_ch29_s05_na_s.fm Page 952 Wednesday, January 17, 2007 4:57 PM wh07_se_ch29_s05_s.

s.fm Page 952 Tuesday, November 14, 2006 5:09 PM

SECTION 5 Step-by-Step
Instruction WITNESS HISTORY

The War Is Over!

AUDIO

Objectives
As you teach this section, keep students
focused on the following objectives to help
them answer the Section Focus Question
and master core content.
■ Describe the issues faced by the Allies
after World War II ended.
5 American President Harry Truman made these
remarks on the day the Japanese surrendered:

“ Our first thoughts, of course—thoughts of

gratefulness and deep obligation—go out to
those of our loved ones who have been killed
or maimed in this terrible war. On land and sea
and in the air, American men and women have
given their lives so that this day of ultimate
victory might come and assure the survival of
■ Summarize the organization of the ”
a civilized world . . .
United Nations.
Newspaper headline on the Focus Question What issues arose in the
day the Japanese surrendered aftermath of World War II and how did new
■ Analyze how new conflicts developed
tensions develop?
among the former Allies after World
War II. A sailor embraces a nurse when the
end of the war is announced. 

The End of World War II

Prepare to Read Objectives Even as the Allies celebrated victory, the appalling costs of the war
• Describe the issues faced by the Allies after began to emerge. The war had killed as many as 50 million people
Build Background Knowledge L3 World War II ended. around the world. In Europe alone, over 30 million people had lost
• Summarize the organization of the United their lives, more than half of them civilians. The Soviet Union suf-
Discuss with students how the phrase
Nations. fered the worst casualties, with over 20 million dead. As they had
“The enemy of my enemy is my friend.”
• Analyze how new conflicts developed among the after World War I, the Allies faced difficult decisions about the
applies to the United States and the former Allies after World War II. future.
Soviet Union during World War II. Then
have them predict what will happen once
their common enemy is defeated. The War’s Aftermath
“Give me ten years and you will not be able to recognize Germany,”
Set a Purpose L3 Terms, People, and Places said Hitler in 1933. Indeed, Germany in 1945 was an unrecogniz-
Nuremberg Marshall Plan able ruin. Parts of Poland, the Soviet Union, Japan, China, and
■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection
United Nations (UN) North Atlantic Treaty other countries also lay in ruins. Total war had gutted cities, facto-
aloud or play the audio. Cold War Organization (NATO) ries, harbors, bridges, railroads, farms, and homes. Over twenty
AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Truman Doctrine Warsaw Pact million refugees wandered Europe. Amid the devastation, hunger,
The War Is Over! disease, and mental illness took their toll for years after the fight-
Ask What is Truman’s tone? (serious; ing ended. As they had after World War I, the Allies faced difficult
grateful to the people who served in the Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Sequence decisions about the future.
the events following World War II by creating an
armed forces) How does that contrast Horrors of the Holocaust Numbers alone did not tell the story
outline of this section. Use the outline below as a
with the tone of the photograph starting point. of the Nazi nightmare in Europe or the Japanese brutality in Asia.
and the newspaper headline? During the war, the Allies were aware of the existence of Nazi con-
(The couple kissing and the headline centration camps and death camps. But only at war’s end did they
I. The War’s Aftermath
both show joy and excitement.) A. Devastation learn the full extent of the inhumanity of the Holocaust. American
■ Focus Point out the Section Focus 1. As many as 50 million dead General Dwight Eisenhower, who visited the camps, was stunned
2.
Question and write it on the board. to come “face to face with indisputable evidence of Nazi brutality
and ruthless disregard of every sense of decency.”
Tell students to refer to this question
as they read. (Answer appears with
Section 5 Assessment answers.)
Vocabulary Builder
■ Preview Have students preview the
Section Objectives and the list of Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section.
Terms, People, and Places. Teaching Resources, Unit 6, p. 70; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3
■ Have students read this High-Use Words Definitions and Sample Sentences
section using the Paragraph Shrinking
convene, p. 953 vi. to meet; assemble
strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, have The student council convened every month in the cafeteria to plan events.
students fill in an outline of the section.
invoke, p. 956 vt. to resort to; to call upon
Reading and Note Taking
In order to finish preparing the food before the guests arrived, I invoked the help
Study Guide, pp. 271–272
of my brothers.

952 World War II and Its Aftermath

 wh07_te_ch29_s05_na_s.fm
wh07_se_ch29_s05_s.fm Page 953
Page 953 Thursday, Tuesday,
May 18, June
2006 3:44 PM 6, 2006 5:55 PM

War Crimes Trials At wartime meetings, the Allies had

agreed that Axis leaders should be tried for “crimes against Teach
humanity.” In Germany, the Allies held war crimes trials in
Nuremberg, where Hitler had staged mass rallies in the
1930s. Nearly 200 Germans and Austrians were tried, and The War’s Aftermath/
most were found guilty. A handful of top Nazis received death Establishing the United
sentences. Others were imprisoned. Similar war crimes trials
were held in Japan. Many of those accused of war crimes were
Nations L3
never captured or brought to trial. However, the trials showed Instruct
that political and military leaders could be held accountable
for actions in wartime. ■ Introduce: Vocabulary Builder
Have students read the Vocabulary
Occupying Allies The war crimes trials further discredited Builder term and definition. Ask What
the totalitarian ideologies that had led to the war. Yet disturb- was the purpose of the courts
ing questions remained. Why had ordinary people in Germany, convened in Nuremburg after the
Poland, France, and elsewhere accepted—and even collabo-
end of the war? (to try German and
rated in—Hitler’s “Final Solution”?
Austrian officials for war crimes)
The United States felt that strengthening democracy would
ensure tolerance and peace. The Western Allies built new gov- Casualties of World War II ■ Teach Ask How did the war crimes
ernments in occupied Germany and Japan with democratic con- Military Military Civilian trials help in creating new govern-
stitutions to protect the rights of all citizens. In Japan, the Dead* Wounded* Dead* ments in Germany and Japan? (They
occupying forces under General MacArthur helped Japanese Allies helped discredit the old leaders who
politicians to create a new constitution that gave power to the Britain 264, 000 277, 000 93, 000 had led the countries into war and com-
Japanese people, rather than the emperor. France 213,000 400,000 350,000 mitted such terrible crimes.) How was
Why did the Allies hold war crimes trials for China 1,310,000 1,753,000 1,000,000 the United Nations meant to main-
Axis leaders? Soviet Union 7,500,000 14,012,000 15,000,000 tain peace? (by giving the Security
United States 292,000 672,000 6,000 Council the power to apply economic
Axis Powers sanctions or send troops to enforce its
Establishing the United Nations Germany 3,500,000 5,000,000 780,000 decisions) What issues besides
In April 1945, delegates from 50 nations convened in San Fran- Italy 242,000 66,000 153,000 peacekeeping has the United
cisco to draft a charter for the United Nations (UN). The UN Japan 1,300,000 4,000,000 672,000 Nations become involved in over
would play a greater role in world affairs than did its predeces- the years? (preventing the outbreak of
World War II resulted in enormous casualties and
sor, the League of Nations. disease, improving education, protecting
disruption. Afterwards, millions of displaced Europeans,
Under the UN Charter, each of the member nations has one like the Germans above, searched for relatives they had refugees, economic development)
vote in the General Assembly. A much smaller body called the been separated from during the war. Chart Skills Which
Security Council has greater power. Each of its five permanent nation suffered the greatest number of both civilian and
members—the United States, the Soviet Union (today Russia),
Independent Practice
military casualties?
Britain, France, and China—has the right to veto any council Have students consider the status of the
* All figures are estimates.
decision. The goal was to give these great powers the authority SOURCE: Encyclopædia Britannica; The Harper Encyclopedia of United Nations Security Council in
to ensure the peace. The Security Council has the power to Military History, R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy today’s world. Tell them to write an essay
apply economic sanctions or send a peace-keeping military force that addresses how relevant the present
to try to resolve disputes. Differences among the nations on the permanent members are in the world
Security Council, most notably the United States and the Soviet Union, today.
have often kept the UN from taking action. Since the fall of the Soviet
Union in 1991, more peacekeeping delegations have been approved. Vocabulary Builder Monitor Progress
The UN’s work would go far beyond peacekeeping. The organization convened—(kun VEEND) vi. met;
would take on many world problems—from preventing the outbreak of assembled As students complete their outline, circu-
disease and improving education to protecting refugees and helping late to make sure they understand which
nations to develop economically. UN agencies like the World Health detail to include. For a completed version
Organization and the Food and Agricultural Organization have provided of the outline, see
aid for millions of people around the world. Note Taking Transparencies, 188
Compare and contrast the United Nations and the
League of Nations.

Solutions for All Learners

Answers
L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented
to hold them accountable for “crimes against
humanity”
Even before the Cold War began, George Orwell pub- write a report that analyzes the book in light of these
lished Animal Farm (1945), a searing indictment of the two questions: (1) In what ways are the conditions Chart Skills the Soviet Union
Stalinist Soviet Union. People who read the book com- depicted in Animal Farm similar to conditions in the Sample: The Security Council gave the United
pared the characters and events of the novel to the Soviet Union under Stalin? (2) How might Animal Nations the authority to enforce its decisions,
Soviet Union under Stalin’s leadership. The novel inten- Farm have contributed to the antagonistic relation- which the League of Nations never had; the
sified anti-communist feeling around the world. Assign ship that developed between the Soviet Union and United States belonged to the United Nations
some students to read Animal Farm and have them the United States? but not to the League of Nations.

Chapter 29 Section 5 953

wh07_te_ch29_s05_na_s.fm Page 954 Wednesday, March 8, 2006 1:07 wh07_se_ch29_s05_s.fm
PM Page 954 Tuesday, February 28, 2006 5:26 PM

The Alliance The Alliance Breaks Apart

Breaks Apart L3 Amid the rubble of war, a new power structure emerged. In Europe, Ger-
many was defeated. France and Britain were exhausted. Two other pow-
Instruct ers, the United States and the Soviet Union, emerged as the new world
leaders. The United States abandoned its traditional policy of isolation-
■ Introduce: Key Terms Direct stu-
ism to counter what President Truman saw as the communist threat.
dents’ attention to the key term Cold
War (in blue). Ask Why was the con- Differences Grow Between the Allies During the war, the Soviet
flict between the United States and Union and the nations of the West had cooperated to defeat Nazi Ger-
the Soviet Union called a “cold” many. After the war’s end, the Allies set up councils made up of foreign
war? Guide students to see that while ministers from Britain, France, China, the United States, and the
these nations were bitter rivals, and Soviet Union to iron out the peace agreements discussed at various
although both were involved in shoot- conferences during the war. The councils concluded peace agree-
ing wars at times during the long Cold ments with several Axis nations in 1947. However, reparations in
War, they never fought each other Germany and the nature of the governments of Eastern Europe
caused divisions to deepen between the former Allies. Conflicting
directly.
ideologies and mutual distrust soon led to the conflict known as
■ Teach Ask What were Stalin’s goals the Cold War. The Cold War was a state of tension and hostility
in Eastern Europe? (communist lead- between nations aligned with the United States on one side and
ership in those countries; to create a set the Soviet Union on the other, without armed conflict between the
of nations that could act as a buffer major rivals.
between the Soviet Union and Germany)
The Cold War Begins Stalin had two goals in Eastern Europe.
What were Roosevelt and
First, he wanted to spread communism in the area. Second, he
Churchill’s goals? (free elections so wanted to create a buffer zone of friendly governments as a defense
people could choose whatever leaders against Germany, which had invaded Russia during World War I
they wanted) What was the outcome? and again in 1941.
(Stalin made sure that communists took As the Red Army had pushed German forces out of Eastern
control in those countries.) Europe, it had left behind occupying forces. At wartime conferences, Sta-
lin tried to persuade the West to accept Soviet influence in Eastern
Independent Practice Europe. The Soviet dictator pointed out that the United States was not
Divide the class into halves to debate the consulting the Soviet Union about peace terms for Italy or Japan, both of
which were defeated and occupied by American and British troops. In the
following statement: “The Cold War was
same way, the Soviet Union would determine the fate of the Eastern
inevitable.” Remind those who take the
European lands that it occupied.
opposing view that they must specify Roosevelt and Churchill rejected Stalin’s view, making him promise
what steps could have been taken—by “free elections” in Eastern Europe. Stalin ignored that pledge. Most East-
both sides—to avoid it. ern European countries had existing Communist parties, many of which
had actively resisted the Nazis during the war. Backed by the Red Army,
Monitor Progress these local Communists in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and elsewhere
Remind students that the Cold War arose destroyed rival political parties and even assassinated democratic lead-
in part from different goals or beliefs held ers. By 1948, pro-Soviet communist governments were in place through-
by American and Soviet leaders and from out Eastern Europe.
A Widening Gulf
actions taken by both countries. Have Although Stalin and Truman were friendly at What post-war issues caused the Western Allies and the
them create a two-column chart with the the Potsdam Conference (above), this Soviet Soviet Union to disagree?
headings Goals/Beliefs and Actions. Then propaganda poster from 1949 shows that
relations between the two nations were
have them list appropriate details from
the text under each heading.
becoming strained. The poster urges support
“For a stable peace! Against those who
New Conflicts Develop
would ignite a new war.” The small Stalin soon showed his aggressive intentions outside of Eastern Europe.
caricatures of Churchill and Uncle Sam in In Greece, Stalin backed communist rebels who were fighting to overturn
the lower corner indicate who “those” a right-wing monarchy supported by Britain. By 1947, however, Britain
people are. could no longer afford to defend Greece. Stalin was also menacing Turkey
in the Dardanelles.

Solutions for All Learners

L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers
Pair less proficient readers with advanced readers. Use the following resources to help students acquire
Have the latter students write each key event in the basic skills.
section on a separate slip of paper, without including Adapted Reading and Note Taking
Answer the dates. Have the less proficient readers put the Study Guide
events in the correct order and fill in the dates. Have ■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 271–272
reparations in Germany and the nature of the their partners confirm the answers and help them ■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 273
governments of Eastern Europe review any events they placed or dated incorrectly.

954 World War II and Its Aftermath

wh07_te_ch29_s05_na_s.fm
wh07_se_ch29_s05_s.fm Page 955
Page 955 Thursday, Thursday,
February 2, 2006April 13,
4:59 PM 2006 4:35 PM

The Truman Doctrine Truman took action. On March 12, 1947, New Conflicts Develop L3
Truman outlined a new policy to Congress: “I believe that it must be the
policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting Instruct
attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” This
policy, known as the Truman Doctrine, was rooted in the idea of contain-
■ Introduce: Vocabulary Builder
ment, limiting communism to the areas already under Soviet control.
Have students read the Vocabulary
The Truman Doctrine would guide the United States for decades. It Builder term and definition. Ask What
made clear that Americans would resist Soviet expansion in Europe or policy was invoked by presidents
elsewhere in the world. Truman soon sent military and economic aid and The Berlin Airlift after Truman to explain steps
advisors to Greece and Turkey so that they could withstand the commu- After World War II, Germany, and Berlin they took to block the spread of
nist threat. within it, was divided into communist and communism? (the Truman Doctrine;
noncommunist zones. In the photo below,
children in West Berlin greet a plane containment)
The Marshall Plan Postwar hunger and poverty made Western Euro-
delivering supplies during the Berlin Airlift. ■ Teach Ask Why did Truman
pean lands fertile ground for communist ideas. To strengthen democratic
governments, the United States offered a massive aid package, called the announce the Truman Doctrine?
Marshall Plan. Under it, the United States funneled food and economic 0 6 mi
(as a result of growing Soviet power in
assistance to Europe to help countries rebuild. Billions of dollars in R. general and to block communist gains
0 6 km
American aid helped war-shattered Europe recover rapidly. in Greece and Turkey in particular)
l
Have

President Truman also offered aid to the Soviet Union and its satel- East
Berlin
How was the Marshall Plan related
West
lites, or dependent states, in Eastern Europe. However, Stalin declined Berlin to that doctrine? (The United States
Sp re e
and forbade Eastern European countries to accept American aid. R. provided aid to European countries to
Instead, he promised help from the Soviet Union in its place. help them rebuild in the belief that
EAST GERMANY doing so would strengthen democratic
Germany Stays Divided Defeated Germany became Nor th
another focus of the Cold War. The Soviet Union took repara- Sea
governments and prevent communists
tions for its massive war losses by dismantling and moving N from taking control.) Why did Stalin
factories and other resources in its occupation zone to help NETH. Area of
W E
block Marshall Plan aid in Eastern
inset map S
Europe? (He feared that American aid
rebuild the Soviet Union. France, Britain, and the United
POLAND
States also took some reparations out of their portions of Ger- Berlin would influence countries there in favor
Conic Projection
many. However, Western leaders wanted the German econ- of the United States.) What was the
Elb
Rh ine

0 400 mi
EAST
e

ve
Ri

omy to recover in order to restore political stability to the WEST GERMANY r effect of the forming Cold War on
0 400 km
GERMANY
region. The Western Allies decided to unite their zones of CZECH. Germany? (It remained divided and
occupation. Then, they extended the Marshall Plan to west-
Rive r

LUX. Occupation Zones developed into two separate nations.)

ern Germany. The Soviets were furious at Western moves to American
rebuild the German economy and deny them further repara- FRANCE
be R
ive r British ■ Quick Activity Display Color Trans-
u
Dan French parency 179: NATO and Warsaw
tions. They strengthened their hold on eastern Germany.
Soviet
Pact Member Nations. Ask volun-
Iron Curtain
SWITZ. AUSTRIA teers to read the names of the countries
in each alliance aloud while other vol-
unteers show their locations on a wall
map of Europe. When the exercise is
complete, discuss why the two alliances
were sometimes referred to as “the
West” (NATO) and “the East” (the War-
saw Pact).
Color Transparencies, 179

Independent Practice
Biography To help students better
understand the president who led the
country as World War II ended and the
Cold War began, have them read the biog-
raphy Harry Truman and complete the
worksheet.
Teaching Resources, Unit 6, p. 76
History Background
Monitor Progress
The Berlin Airlift The planes of the Berlin Airlift, the traffic. American soldiers and German civilians— Check Reading and Note Taking Study
or “Operation Vittles,” carried more than 2.3 million about 17,000 of them—had to build a third airfield to Guide entries for student understanding.
tons of food, coal, and supplies into Berlin. Planes handle the traffic. Lieutenant Gail Halvorsen came up
landed all day, every day. A new plane touched down with the idea for a part of the airlift called “Operation
every 3 minutes, was unloaded in 17, and then took Little Vittles.” Soldiers formed tiny parachutes out of
off to receive another load. The operation was so suc- handkerchiefs, which were used to drop fruit, candy,
cessful that Berlin’s two airfields could not handle all and gum to Berlin’s children.

Chapter 29 Section 5 955

wh07_te_ch29_s05_na_s.fm Page 956 Thursday, April 13, 2006 4:35 PM
wh07_se_ch29_s05_s.fm Page 956 Thursday, February 2, 2006 5:02 PM

Germany thus became a divided nation. In West Germany, the demo-

Assess and Reteach cratic nations allowed the people to write their own constitution and
regain self-government. In East Germany, the Soviet Union installed a
Assess Progress socialist dictatorship under Stalin’s control.
■ Have students complete the
The Berlin Airlift Stalin’s resentment at Western moves to rebuild
Section Assessment. Germany triggered a crisis over Berlin. Even though it lay deep within
■ Administer the Section Quiz. the Soviet zone, the former German capital was occupied by all four vic-
torious Allies. In June 1948, Stalin tried to force the Western Allies out of
Teaching Resources, Unit 6, p. 69
Berlin by sealing off every railroad and highway into the Western sectors
■ To further assess student under- of the city. The Western powers responded to the blockade by mounting a
standing, use round-the-clock airlift. For more than a year, cargo planes supplied West
Progress Monitoring Berliners with food and fuel. Their success forced the Soviets to end the
Transparencies, 127 blockade. Although the West had won, the crisis deepened.

Opposing Alliances Tensions continued to grow. In 1949, the United

Reteach States, Canada, and ten other countries formed a new military alliance
If students need more instruction, have called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Members
pledged to help one another if any one of them were attacked.
them read the section summary.
In 1955, the Soviet Union responded by forming its own military alli-
Reading and Note Taking L3 ance, the Warsaw Pact. It included the Soviet Union and seven satel-
Study Guide, p. 273 lites in Eastern Europe. Unlike NATO, however, the Warsaw Pact was
often invoked by the Soviets to keep its satellites in order. The Warsaw
Adapted Reading and L1 L2 Pact cemented the division of Europe into “eastern” and “western” blocs.
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 273 In the East were the Soviet-dominated countries of Eastern Europe.
These countries were communist in name but dictatorships in practice,
Spanish Reading and L2 like the Soviet Union itself. In the West were the Western democracies,
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 273 led by the United States.

The Red Menace The Propaganda War Both sides participated in a propaganda war.
Extend L4 Films like The Red Menace (1949) dramatized The United States spoke of defending capitalism and democracy against
Point out that some people criticize the the threat of communism in the United States communism and totalitarianism. The Soviet Union claimed the moral
United Nations, saying that it does not and formed a vital part of the propaganda high ground in the struggle against Western imperialism. Yet linked to
war.
use resources efficiently and that the those stands, both sides sought world power.
United States should not put its foreign What foreign policy pattern did the United States
Vocabulary Builder
policy goals or actions at the mercy of UN establish with the Truman Doctrine?
invoked—(in VOKD) vt. resorted to;
approval. Have students write an essay called upon
expressing their opinion on the proper
role of the United States within the
United Nations.

Answer
5
Terms, People, and Places Comprehension and Critical Thinking
Progress Monitoring Online
For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice
Web Code: naa-2951

● Writing About History

containment, the policy of trying to prevent 1. What do many of the key terms listed at 3. Compare and Contrast How did the Quick Write: Credit Sources When you
the beginning of the section have in peace made after World War II differ use quotes or ideas from your sources in
the expansion of communism common? Explain. from that made after World War I? your paper, you must give proper credit.
4. Identify Central Issues What was One way to do this is to list the author and
the main purpose of the UN when it page number of the material you have used
2. Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence was founded? in parentheses following the statement.
Use your completed outline to answer 5. Recognize Causes List two causes of Then, include a bibliography at the end of
the Focus Question: What issues arose the Cold War. your paper. Research a topic from this sec-
in the aftermath of World War II and 6. Draw Conclusions Why is it impor- tion and write a paragraph using two
how did new tensions develop? tant to remember the inhumanity of sources. Credit the sources where appropri-
the Holocaust? ate and list them at the end.

Section 5 Assessment 3. Sample: After World War II, the Allies ● Writing About History
made stronger efforts to reform the politi- Students’ paragraphs should cite informa-
1. Sample: The Truman Doctrine and the cal systems of the defeated nations and tion from at least two sources, and those
Marshall Plan were U.S. steps taken early tried to create a stronger international sources should be identified appropriately.
in the Cold War, which was based on organization.
rivalry between the U.S.-led alliance of 4. to ensure peace
NATO and the Soviet-led alliance of the 5. conflict over reparations in Germany and
Warsaw Pact. communism in Eastern Europe, conflict-
2. Issues: the status of Germany and free ing ideologies, and mutual distrust. For additional assessment, have students
elections in Eastern Europe. Tensions: the 6. Sample: to have a better chance of pre- access Progress Monitoring Online at
Americans and the Soviets were threat- venting something similar from happen- Web Code naa-2951.
ened by each other’s actions. ing in the future

956 World War II and Its Aftermath

0957_wh09te_Ch29cc_s.fm
wh07_se_ch29_cc_NA_s.fm Page
Page 595 957 November
Tuesday, Tuesday,14,
June
200619, 2007
4:53 PM 5:42 PM

What factors have led groups of people or Genocide

governments to commit genocide?
After learning the extent of the Jewish Holocaust in World Objectives
War II, British Prime Minster Winston Churchill called ■ Analyze what factors have led groups
genocide “a crime that has no name.” As a result of the of people or governments to commit
Nuremberg trials in which Nazi officials were tried for “crimes genocide.
against humanity,” the United Nations drew up a treaty
defining and criminalizing genocide. Genocide is any act ■ Compare different cases of genocide.
committed with the idea of destroying an entire national,

Skulls of victims of the ethnic, racial or religious group. The Holocaust is perhaps the
Jewish survivor of
Cambodian Khmer Rouge most well-known case of genocide, but consider these other Ebensee
examples from the twentieth century: concentration camp

Armenia Cambodia Rwanda Build Background Knowledge L3

In 1915, as World War I raged, the In 1975, after years of civil war, Pol In the African nation of Rwanda, the Ask students to define genocide. (the
government of the Ottoman empire Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, came Tutsi and Hutu groups share the deliberate attempt to destroy an entire
ordered the systematic extermination to power in Cambodia, a Southeast same language and other cultural
religious or ethnic group) Ask them to
of most of the male Armenian Asian country. Pol Pot attempted to characteristics. But social, political,
population and the forced deportation transform Cambodia into a and economic factors divide them. In name examples of genocides. (Students
of Armenian women, children, and communist agricultural society by 1994, the Hutu-led government will have read about the Armenian geno-
elderly. By the end of the brutal exterminating the country’s called on military personnel to cide and the Holocaust in the text; they
deportation, up to 1.5 million professional and educated middle eliminate members of the Tutsi may also mention genocides in Cambodia
Ottoman Armenians had been class. Over the course of four years of political opposition. The hatred and and Rwanda or elsewhere.)
exterminated. Khmer Rouge rule, between one and violence spread quickly. Soon Hutu
Several German military leaders two million people were massacred or civilians were murdering their Tutsi
who later became Nazis were worked to death through forced labor. neighbors. In 100 days, more than Instruct L3
stationed in the Ottoman empire 800,000 Tutsis were slaughtered. Direct students’ attention to the question
during World War I, and may have at the top of the page: What factors
applied what they observed there to  Jean Paul Akayesu, a local government
official, being tried by a UN court for have led groups of people or govern-
their persecution of Jewish people
ordering mass killings in Rwanda. ments to commit genocide? Have vol-
during World War II.
unteers explain the circumstances of the
Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire Holocaust and the Armenian, Cambodian,
30° E 35° E 40° E
and Rwandan genocides. Take notes on
Black Sea the board, and then use the notes to help
Istanbul the class answer the question.
(Constantinople)

Independent Practice
OTTOMAN Have students com-
EMPIRE plete the Concept Connector worksheet
Thinking Critically
on genocide, which includes additional
1. How was the role of government
Ti
gr similar in the Holocaust and in the
examples and critical thinking questions.
Reading and Note Taking
is

genocides described above?

R .

Euphrates
2. Conduct research at your school or Study Guide, p. 267
Cyprus local library to find out more
35° N R
about these and other examples of
Monitor Progress
.

Tripoli
Mediterranean Sea genocide. Write a brief essay
Conic Projection
N 0 200 400 mi about what happened and why. Circulate to make sure that students are
W E
filling in their Concept Connector work-
Centers of deportation and 0 200 400 km
massacre sheets accurately.
S
Principal routes of deportation

Connect to Our World

Connections to Today The Nuremburg Trials period of war or peace, and are punishable even if
marked the first time in history that individuals were they are directed by a country’s government against
put on trial for genocide. After the trials, the new its own citizens. In recent years, international courts
United Nations approved a convention that defined have tried people, including leaders, from Serbia and Thinking Critically
genocide as actions taken to kill, injure, or harm a par- Rwanda for their role in organizing and carrying out 1. In each case, the country’s government spear-
ticular group of people or to prevent them from hav- genocide. No agreement has yet been reached on try- headed the killings.
ing or rearing children. Such actions are considered an ing those who carried out the Cambodian genocide, 2. Students’ descriptions should reflect an under-
international crime whether they take place in a however. standing of the genocide and the reasons it
occurred.

957