Part A : Unit-I

CHAPTER-1
Communication Skills-II
TOPIC-1 C ommunication and its types
Concepts Covered:
Verbal Communication  Non-verbal Communication  Communication cycle  Feedback  Communication barrier  Ways to
overcome barrier
 Knowledge about our domain boosts the confidence
Revision Notes of speaking.
ØØCommunication involves exchanging information, ØØNon-verbal communication refers to the expression
perspectives, thoughts, and convictions among two of information through posture, gestures, and facial
or more individuals through a sustained process. expressions.
ØØThree basic methods are used in the process of ØØDifferent types of Non-verbal communications are
communication: facial expression, postures, gestures, touch, space,
(i) Verbal communication, eye contact, and paralanguage.
(ii) Non-verbal communication ØØSome of the ways to make non-verbal communication
(iii) Visual. more effective are as follows:
ØØVerbal communication is the use of words to
 Notice how your emotions feel physically: Emo-
exchange thoughts, feelings, and ideas with others. tions can manifest in physical sensations, such as
ØØThere are four types of verbal communication: tension in the chest or a knot in the stomach. Paying
 Interpersonal communication: It takes place be- attention to these physical sensations can help you
tween two individuals or one on one conversation. identify and manage your emotions, which can in
For example; Two friends discussing about sports. turn affect your nonverbal communication.
 Written communication: It involves writing words ei-  Be intentional about your nonverbal communica-
ther letters, circular reports, manuals, SMS, social me- tion: This include using appropriate facial expres-
dia chats, etc. between two or more people. For exam- sions, maintaining eye contact, and using gestures
ple, writing a letter to father enquiring about health. and posture that convey confidence and engage-
 Small group communication: This type of commu- ment.
nication takes place when there are more than two  Mimic nonverbal communication you find effec-
people involved. For example, press conference, tive: Pay attention to people who you think are ef-
board meetings, team meetings etc. fective communicators and mimic their nonverbal
 Public communication: It takes place when one in-
communication. This can help you learn how to use
dividual addresses a large gathering. For example, nonverbal cues to convey your message more effec-
election campaigns, public speeches, etc.
tively.
ØØVerbal communication assists us in reasoning,
ØØVisual communication: It is the transmission of
building and sustaining relationships, shaping our
ideas and information in forms that can be seen
perception of reality, and organizing complex ideas
with the naked eye.
and experiences into understandable groups .
ØØAdvantages of visual communication are:
ØØSome of the ways to improve your verbal
 Easy to understand: Visual communication is often
communication skills are as follows:
easier to understand than written or verbal commu-
 Use a strong confident speaking voice: Speak loud-
nication.
ly and clearly, enunciate your words, and use ap-
 Memorable: Visual communication is often more
propriate intonation and emphasis to convey your
memorable than other forms of communication.
meaning.
 Universal: Visual communication can be under-
 Use active listening: Active listening means paying
full attention to the person speaking to you, rather stood by people of different languages and cultures.
 Versatile: Visual communication can take many
than just waiting for your turn to talk. This helps
you better understand their perspective and re- forms, including images, videos, infographics, dia-
spond appropriately. grams, and charts.
 Avoid filler words: Filler words are words or sounds ØØDisadvantages of visual communications are:
we use when we're thinking, such as "um," "ah,"  Subjective: Visual communication can be open to
"like," and "you know." They can make you sound interpretation, and different people may interpret
less confident or less knowledgeable, and can dis- the same image or graphic in different ways. This
tract from your message. can lead to misunderstandings or confusion.
 Language competency and good grammar of the  Limited: Visual communication may not be suitable
language of communication helps in expressing our for conveying certain types of information, such as
thoughts better. complex scientific or technical information.
2 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

 Expensive: Creating high-quality visual communi- ØØBarriers to effective communication can arise
cation materials, such as videos or infographics, can from lengthy messages, language difficulties,
be expensive and time-consuming. improper intonation, or inadequate non-verbal
 Technical issues: Visual communication materials communication used.
may be affected by technical issues, such as poor im- ØØTypes of barriers to effective communication:
age or sound quality, slow loading times, or compat-  Physical: These are the environmental and natural
ibility issues with different devices or platforms. conditions, which can hinder the transmission of
ØØThe communication cycle is a cyclic process in messages in communication and make it less effec-
which the sender conveys a message to the receiver, tive.
who acknowledges it and responds back to the For example, absence of gestures, posture, and body
sender. It includes resources such as emails, social language.
media outlets, etc.  Linguistic: These types of barriers occurs mainly
due to differences in language.
For example, slang, professional jargon and regional
colloquialisms.
Feedback Sender  Interpersonal: These types of barriers arise when
the recipient perceives the sender's message differ-
Communication ently from the intended meaning.
Cycle For example, Stage fear, lack of will to communicate,
and personal differences.
Receiver Message  Organisational: Organizations are structured based
on formal hierarchies, performance standards, rules,
Channel procedures, policies, and behavioral norms, which
ØØA feedback is the receiver's response or reaction to can impact the free flow of communication. Proper
the sender after interpreting or fully understanding management is necessary to facilitate effective com-
the message. It can be positive, negative, or no munication in these settings.
feedback.  Cultural: These occurs when individuals from dif-
ØØA good piece of feedback is specific, timely, polite, ferent cultural backgrounds have difficulty under-
and provides ongoing support to the receiver. standing each other's customs, leading to misunder-
standings and difficulties in communication.
ØØFeedback should be task-oriented, allowing ØØThere are several ways to overcome barriers to
students to fine-tune their skills, reengage in their effective communication. Some of them are:
learning, and focus on their objectives.
 Make use of simple language.
ØØFeedbacks can be either specific or non-specific:  Make no assumptions about culture, religion, or ge-
 Specific feedback refers to feedback that is clear and ography.
focused on specific behaviors or actions. It provides  Make an effort to communicate in person as much
specific information about what the person did well as possible.
or needs to improve, and offers concrete sugges-  Be a good listener.
tions for how they can improve.  To overcome language differences, seek the assis-
Example: I really appreciate the effort you put into tance of a translator.
preparing for the presentation. Your slides were  Respect the opinions of other
well-organized and easy to follow. KEY TERMS
 Non-specific feedback, on the other hand, refers to
1. Verbal Communication: It is any communication
feedback that is vague or general in nature.
that uses words or sentences to share information
Example: You need to communicate better.
with others.
ØØEffective communication is the process of
2. Non – Verbal Communication: It is the transmission
exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, and
of messages or signals through a nonverbal platform
messages in a manner that is clear, concise, and
such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures,
easily understood by the intended audience.
posture, use of objects and body language.
ØØThe 7C’s for the effective communication are Clear,
3. Feedback: Feedback in communication is the
Concise,Concrete, Correct, Coherent, Complete and response, reaction, or information given by the
Courteous. recipient of a message to the sender.
ØØA communication barrier is an obstacle that 4. Communication Barriers: Communication barriers
prevents the receiver from receiving and capable of are something that prevents us from correctly
understanding the message sent by the sender. getting and accepting the messages others use to
communicate their information, thoughts and ideas.
Linguistic Cultural
MNEMONICS
Barriers to
Communication Key elements of effective communication
"S.O.L.V.E.D"
S: Speak Clearly; O: Open body language
Physical and
Interpersonal L: Listen actively; V: Validate
Organisational E: Empathize; D: Deliver
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 3

TOPIC-2 W
 riting Skills: Parts of Speech and Sentences
Concepts Covered:
 Sentences  Phrases  Parts of Speech  Article  Paragraph.

ØØA phrase is a group of words that form a unit within

Revision Notes a sentence but is incomplete independently. It lacks
ØØA good writing should include good vocabulary, both the subject and the object.
correct grammar, and spellings along with the For example, to play tennis.
perfect punctuation.
ØØParts of speech are classifications of words based
ØØSentence: A group of word that makes a complete
on their roles and functions within the language's
sense is called a sentence. It must contain a subject structure.
and a predicate. It should be able to communicate
the idea of the speaker completely. ØØThere are eight parts of speech.
For example, Rajat likes to play.  Noun: A noun is a word that represents a person,
ØØA sentence has a subject, verb, and an object place, thing, or idea. Examples include "book,"
(sometimes). "house," "dog," and "happiness."
 Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that takes the place
ØØThe sentences can be either active or passive.
of a noun. Examples include "he," "she," "they," and
 Active: In this type of sentences, the subject is per-
"it."
forming the action described by the verb. In active  Verb: A verb is a word that expresses action or a state
sentences, the subject is the "doer" of the action. of being. Examples include "run," "jump," "think,"
For example, the cat chased the mouse. and "is."
In this sentence, "the cat" is the subject and is per-  Adjective: An adjective is a word that describes or
forming the action "chased." The object of the verb is modifies a noun. Examples include "happy," "blue,"
"the mouse." "big," and "soft."
 Passive: In this type of sentence, the subject is not
 Adverb: An adverb is a word that describes or modi-
the "doer" of the action, but rather the recipient of fies a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Examples in-
the action. clude "quickly," "very," "loudly," and "easily."
For example, the mouse was chased by the cat.  Preposition: A preposition is a word that shows the
In this sentence, "the mouse" is the subject and is relationship between a noun or pronoun and other
being acted upon by the action "chased." The origi- words in a sentence. Examples include "on," "in,"
nal subject, "the cat," is now included as an optional "under," and "beside."
prepositional phrase.  Conjunction: A conjunction is a word that connects
ØØThe sentences can be of four types on the basis of
words, phrases, or clauses. Examples include "and,"
the meaning they convey: "or," "but," and "because."
 Assertive sentence: These are sentences that state a  Interjection: An interjection is a word or phrase that
fact. For example, I am your son. expresses strong emotion. Examples include "wow,"
 Imperative sentence: These are sentences which "ouch," "hey," and "oh."
give a command, make a request, or express a wish. ØØSome supporting words are used to join the main
For example, please close the door. parts of speech together and also to add information
 Interrogative sentence: These are sentences that
to the sentences. Some of such words are:
ask a question. For example, do you love to eat ice
cream? Articles
 Exclamatory sentence: These are sentences that ex- (a, an, the)
press sudden and strong feelings like surprise, won-
der, sympathy, happiness, or gratitude. For example,
Hurry up! Interjection Conjunction
(wow, oh, no,
ØØTypes of Sentences on the basis of structure: (and but, etc.)
etc.)
1. Simple Sentence Structure:
A simple sentence consists of one independent Preposition
clause. (in, on, etc.)
2. Compound Sentence Structure:
A compound sentence is two (or more) independent ØØAn article is a word that is used to modify a noun.
clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon.
There are two different types of articles.
3. Complex Sentence Structure:
A complex sentence consists of an independent  Indefinite article (A and An): Used before singular
clause plus a dependent clause. countable noun.
4. Compound-Complex Sentence Structure: For example, This is a pen.
A compound-complex sentence consists of at least He saw an aeroplane.
two independent clauses and one or more depen-  Definite article (The): Can be used with both count-
dent clauses. able nouns and uncountable nouns.
 4 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

For example, I like to swim in the river. KEY TERMS

ØØConjunctions are the words that join two nouns,
1. Sentence: A sentence is a group of words that
phrases, or sentences.
expresses a complete thought or sense.
ØØFor example, I wanted to go for a hike but I have to
2. Phrase: A phrase is a group of words that does not
go to work today. express a complete thought or sense.
ØØInterjections are such words that express strong 3. Article: An article is a word that comes before a noun
emotions, such as happiness, surprise, anger or pain. to show whether it is specific or general.
 For example, Ouch! That really hurt badly.
ØØPreposition are such words that connect one word
with another to usually answer the questions MNEMONICS
‘where’,‘when’ and ‘how’. Part of speech
“Please Excuse My Dear AuNT Sally”
 For example, Go down the stairs and through the door.
P: Preposition; E: Expression; M: Modifier
ØØA paragraph is a group of sentences that all relate to D: Determiner; A: Adjective; N: Noun
one central topic. T: Verb; S: Subject



Unit-II
CHAPTER-2
Self-Management Skills-II
TOPIC-1 A pply Stress Management Technique
Concepts Covered:
 Self-management skills  Meaning and importance of stress management  Symptoms of Stress  Stress management
techniques
of our control and some that can be controlled. Situ-
Revision Notes ations like an ailing family member, noise in our sur-
ØØSelf-management skills : These are the abilities to roundings, extreme climatic conditions, or unfriendly
control one's own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors or bullying classmates or seniors.
in order to accomplish personal objectives and  Fatigue Related Stress : this stress also builds up over
successfully deal with difficulties. time by working too long or too hard at our workplace,
ØØStress is a psychological and physical reaction to home or school. This stress can be avoided by taking
pressure from the inside or outside that upsets a out time to rest and relax.
person's equilibrium.
ØØImportance of Stress : Emotional
 Stress can be harmful to mental and physical health
when it persists, but it can also be advantageous un-
der certain conditions. Motivation, problem-solving
abilities, and cognitive function can all be improved
by stress. It can also aid in enhancing coping skills and Physical Symptoms
resilience in people. The body's natural defense mecha- Behavioral
of stress
nisms, such as the fight-or-flight response, can also be
activated by moderate stress to protect against poten-
tial harm or danger.
ØØTypes of Stress are identified on the basis of the type
of stimulus- Internal (fatigue, emotions or fatigue), Cognitive
external (environment, social).
 Survival Stress : It ignites the instinctive ‘fight’ or ‘
flight’ response in case of any ‘ do or die situation’. this ØØSymptoms of stress :
stimulus is activated alike in human beings and ani-  Physical: Headaches, tightness in the muscles, chest
mals. pain, exhaustion, trouble sleeping, digestive issues, ele-
 Internal stress : It keeps on building –up in humans vated heart rate, perspiration, and changes in appetite.
with passing time due to over worrying about situa-  Emotional: Anxiety, irritability, anger, sadness, depres-
tions that are beyond our control. It hinders the overall sion, a sense of being overburdened, mood swings, and
performance of the individual and obstructs his open trouble focusing.
outlook for life.  Behavioural: Increased alcohol or drug use, altered
 Environmental Stress: It is ignited as a result of re- eating patterns, isolation from friends and family, and
sponse to happenings around us some of which are out nervous habits like pacing or biting nails.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 5
 Cognitive: Memory issues, insomnia, difficulty concen- KEY TERMS
trating, negative thinking, racing thoughts, inability to
1. Emotional Stress: It refers to psychological and
relax, mind blanking.
emotional strain caused by difficult and challenging
ØØStress Management Techniques:
situations.
 Physical Exercise: Exercising regularly can have a posi-
2. Physical Stress: It refers to the strain on the body as
tive effect on your mood by relieving the tension, anxi- a result of physical demands or trauma.
ety, anger, and mild depression that often go hand-in-
3. Cognitive Stress: It is the term for the mental fatigue
hand with stress.
brought on by prolonged concentration or mental
 Yoga: Yoga poses are good exercise and can help loosen
overload.
up the tense muscles in your body.
4. Behavioural Stress: It is referred to as a strain that
 Meditation: During meditation, you focus your atten-
external or internal pressures place on a person’s
tion and eliminate the stream of jumbled thoughts that
behaviours
may be crowding your mind and causing stress.
 Enjoying Holidays with Family and Friends: The holi-
days are the perfect time to gather with loved ones- MNEMONICS
sharing stories that ignite laughter and good cheer. Symptoms of stress
Engaging in these precious moments with family and "RED FLAG"
friends is not only enjoyable, it’s also beneficial to your R: Racing heart E: Excessive worry
health. D: Difficulty sleeping F: Fatigue
 Taking nature walk: Spending time in nature can help L: Light-headedness A: Appetite changes
relieve stress and anxiety, improve your mood, and G: Gastrointestinal upset
boost feelings of happiness and wellbeing.

TOPIC-2 Working Independently

Concepts Covered:
 Ability to work independently  Types of self-awareness  Meaning of self-motivation and self-regulation

reactions, including their verbal cues, body language,

Revision Notes
and tone of voice.
ØØAn Independent person is the one who takes initiatives
 Self-motivation: It is the ability to boost oneself on to
himself, takes charge of his mistakes and corrects them. complete a particular task or goal without the assis-
He is aware of his strengths and weaknesses and works tance of outside factors or rewards.
to the best of his ability without being required to be  Self-regulation: It refers to the ability to manage one's
reminded of his responsibilities. feelings, thoughts, and actions in order to achieve a de-
ØØIndependent working ability is important for several sired result.
reasons like enhancing productivity, self-motivation,
KEY TERMS
creativity, no pressure from outside, and more clarity.
1. Self-awareness: It is the ability to identify and
It increases self-confidence, emotional independence, acknowledge our own thoughts, feelings and
self-reliance, decision making ability, etc. actions.
ØØSelf-awareness is the ability to recognise and 2. Self-motivation: It is the ability to proceed and
understand one’s own thoughts, emotions and maintain action towards the accomplishment of
behaviour. It involves having the ability to reflect on goals.
oneself and one’s experiences to gain insight into one’s 3. Self-regulation: It is the ability to manage and control
one’s own thoughts, emotions and behaviours in
strengths, values and motivations.
order to adapt to changing environment.
ØØTypes of Self-awareness:
 Internal Self-awareness: The ability to recognise and MNEMONICS
acknowledge one's own thoughts, feelings, values, and Self-awareness
motivations is referred to as internal self-awareness. It "STOP"
involves self-reflection, analysis, and introspection. S: Stop and take a break
T: Take a deep breath and focus
 External Self-awareness: It is the ability to recognise O: Observe and pay attention to your thoughts
and interpret how one is perceived by others. It re- P: Proceed after observation
quires being insightful of other people's responses and

6 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

Unit-III
CHAPTER-3
Information and Communication Technology Skills-II
TOPIC-1 B asic computer and file operations
Concepts Covered:
 Hardware and Software  Operating System  Menu  Icons and taskbar on the desktop  Basic functions on a desktop
 Keyboard and Mouse  File and folder  Creating and managing files and folders
ics. User need not remember the commands for any
Revision Notes operation rather they have to select the command.
ØØHardware refers to physical components of a computer  Some other types of Operating Systems are :
system. l Multitasking Operating Systems: These operating sys-
ØØSoftware refers to the programs and data stored in the tems can perform multiple tasks at the same time. Like
computer. we can use word processor, web browser, email client
ØØOperating system is a software program that manages
and listen to music all at the same time.E.g. Windows.
l Multithreading Operating Systems: These allow dif-
computer hardware and software resources while also
providing common services to maintain and manage ferent parts of the same program to run simultane-
ously. This feature helps to share the software over a
the operations of the computer system. The operating
networked system.
system (OS) serves as a bridge between apps and
l Real Time Operating System: These operating systems
computer hardware, offering services such as memory
execute and complete the tasks in real time. These are
management, process scheduling, input/output
used in situations where execution time of a process is
control, and file management. Windows, macOS,
very important such as in air and rail reservations.
Linux, iOS, and Android are examples of famous
ØØComponents of a GUI operating system
operating systems. It is the first program that loads on
ØØDesktop is the first screen of a GUI operating System.
a computer when it is switched on.
It is just like the desk of an office with all the essentials
ØØFunctions of an Operating System
to work available on it. It contains icons of all the
 Processor Management: Operating System manages important programs and other widgets like clock, etc.
the allotment of various jobs to the processor. ØØIcons are graphical symbols that represent files,
 Memory Management: It manages the reading and
folders, applications, or other objects on a computer
writing of data on the RAM by various applications. screen. These icons can be selected and clicked using
 Device Management: All the input and output devices
the mouse to open them.
are managed by the operating system.
ØØMenu is an organised list of options to execute a
 File Management: creation, deletion and storage of files
program or related to an operation.
in an organised way is done by the operating system.
ØØTaskbar is a horizontal bar usually present at the bottom
 Security: Maintaining the integrity and security of the
data is the job of the operating system. of the desktop. It displays the tasks or applications
that are currently opened by the user. It also contains
 Job Scheduling: In multi-tasking and multi program-
START button at the left corner which gives access
ming systems allocates time and schedule of the pro-
to all the programs stored in the system along with
cesses running on the computer system.
options to search files and folders, shutting down the
ØØTypes of Operating Systems
computer, etc. On the right side of the taskbar is the
 Based on the number of users that can use a system at a notification area which shows date and time along with
time, there are two types of operating systems notifications about the battery, speaker volume and
l Single user operating systems: These are the systems network connectivity.
which allow only one user to work at a time. E.g. DOS, ØØBasic Input Output System(BIOS): When the computer
Windows 3.1, Windows 95. starts it runs a basic program called BIOS (Basic Input
l Multi User operating System: these allow more than Output System)which is responsible for setting up the
one user to use the same system at the same time e.g. computer to work and also loads the operating system
Linux, Unix and Windows. into the memory to take in the control.
 Based on the type of interface provided the operating ØØLogin: When a user wants to gain access to a computer
systems can be classified into following two types. system, they must first authenticate themselves by
l Command Line Interface(CLI): These type of operat- entering a username and password, or by using other
ing systems provide an interface for the users to enter forms of authentication, such as a biometric scan. This
commands by typing rather than selecting the tasks. is known as the login process.
User has to remember and key-in each and every com- ØØLogout: When a user has completed using the
mand. computer system, they can log out to end their session.
l Graphical user Interface(GUI): These operating sys- This procedure involves closing all open applications
tems provide a graphical interface with commands and terminating any live system connections.
available in the form of icons, menus and other graph-
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 7
ØØShutting Down: Shutting down a computer is the and can be changed after the file has been created. This
process of closing the system in a controlled manner, system call makes that possible.
so that all running processes and programmes are ØØRename: It frequently happens that a user needs to
properly terminated and any unsaved data is saved change the name of an existing file. This system call
before the computer is powered off. makes it possible.
ØØFile is a digital container that stores information and data. ØØFile organization
ØØFolder organises files and sub-folders. File organization ensures that records are available for
ØØFile System: it is the way in which an operating system
processing. It is used to determine an efficient file orga-
names and stores files. Each operating system has nization for each base relation.
a different approach to the file system. Most of the For example, if we want to retrieve employee records
operating systems use a hierarchical structure where in in alphabetical order of name. Sorting the file by em-
files are organised in folders and sub folders in a tree ployee name is a good file organization. However, if
like structure. we want to retrieve all employees whose marks are
in a certain range, a file is ordered by employee name
ØØCreating a file (in Ubuntu): The steps involved in
would not be a good file organization.
creating a file in Ubuntu are discussed below:
There are three types of organizing the file:
 Step 1: Open a text editor, type ‘editor’ in the search 1. Sequential access file organization
dialog box. Then double-click the text editor option. • Storing and sorting in contiguous block within files on
This will open a blank document. tape or disk is called as sequential access file organiza-
 Step 2: Here we can add text, such as “Rajiv Tyagi, St. tion.
Columba’s High School, Patna. • In sequential access file organization, all records are
 Step 3: Now, save the file by clicking Save. In the Save stored in a sequential order. The records are arranged
As dialog box, browse to the Desktop folder, type the in the ascending or descending order of a key field.
name as ‘Rajiv’ and click Save. • Sequential file search starts from the beginning of the
ØØCreating a folder (in Ubuntu): The steps involved in file and the records can be added at the end of the file.
creating a file in Ubuntu are discussed below: • In sequential file, it is not possible to add a record in the
 Step 1: Open file explorer in Ubuntu, then click Files middle of the file without rewriting the file.
option on the left. Advantages of sequential file
 Step 2: File explorer dialog box will open up. • It is simple to program and easy to design.
 Step 3: Now, to create a folder: • Sequential file is best use if storage space.
(a) First we shall choose a location where the folder has to Disadvantages of sequential file
be created for example ‘Desktop’. • Sequential file is time consuming process.
(b) Now, right-click and then choose the ‘New Folder’. • It has high data redundancy.
(c) Then type the name of the folder say ‘First’. • Random searching is not possible.
File Operations 2. Direct access file organization
ØØFile exists to store information and allow it to be • Direct access file is also known as random access or
retrieved later. relative file organization.
ØØDifferent system provides different operations to allow • In direct access file, all records are stored in direct ac-
storage and retrieval. cess storage device (DASD), such as hard disk. The re-
ØØThe most common system calls are shown below.
cords are randomly placed throughout the file.
• The records does not need to be in sequence because
ØØCreate: The purpose of the call is to announce that the
they are updated directly and rewritten back in the
file is coming and to set some attributes.
same location.
ØØDelete: When the file is no longer needed, it has to be
• This file organization is useful for immediate access
deleted to free up disk space.
to large amount of information. It is used in accessing
ØØOpen: The purpose of the open call is to allow the
large databases.
system to fetch the attributes.
• It is also called as hashing.
ØØClose: When all accesses are finished, the attributes
Advantages of direct access file organization
and disk addresses are no longer needed, so the file • Direct access file helps in online transaction processing
should be closed to free up table space. system (OLTP) like online railway reservation system.
ØØRead: Data are read from file. Usually the bytes come • In direct access file, sorting of the records are not re-
from the current position. quired.
ØØWrite: Data are written to the file, usually at the current • It accesses the desired records immediately.
position. • It updates several files quickly.
ØØAppend: This call restricted form of write. It can only • It has better control over record allocation.
add data to the end of file. Disadvantages of direct access file organization
ØØSeek: For a random access files, a method is needed to • Direct access file does not provide back up facility.
specify from where to take the data. Seek repositions • It is expensive.
the file pointer to a specific place in the file. • It has less storage space as compared to sequential file.
ØØGet attributes: Processes often need to read the file 3. Indexed sequential access file organization
attributes to do their work. • Indexed sequential access file combines both sequential
ØØSet attributes: Some of the attributes are user settable file and direct access file organization.
 8 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

• In indexed sequential access file, records are stored ran- user 1 user 2 user 3 user 4
domly on a direct access device such as magnetic disk
by a primary key. Directory
• This file have multiple keys. These keys can be alpha-
numeric in which the records are ordered is called pri- D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
mary key.
• The data can be access either sequentially or randomly
using the index. The index is stored in a file and read F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
into memory when the file is opened. Files
ØØDirectory structures
Advantages:
• A directory is a container that is used to contain folders • We can give full path like /User-name/directory-name/.
and file. • Different users can have same directory as well as file
• It organizes files and folders into a hierarchical manner. name.
Directory
• Searching of files become more easy due to path name
D1
and user-grouping.
Disadvantages:
• A user is not allowed to share files with other users.
• Still it not Very scalable, two files of the same type can-
D11 D12 D13 D14
not be grouped together in the same user.
3. Tree-structured directory:
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 • Once we have seen a two-level directory as a tree of
height 2, the natural generalization is to ·extend the di-
1. Single-level directory
rectory structure to a tree of arbitrary height.
• Single level directory is simplest directory structure. • This generalization allows the user to create their own
• In it all files are contained in same directory which subdirectories and to organize on their files according-
make it easy to support and understand. ly.
• A single level directory has a significant limitation, • A tree structure is the most common directory struc-
however, when the number of files increases or when ture. The tree has a root directory and every file in the
the system has more than one user. system have a unique path.
• Since all the files are in the same directory, they must Root
have the unique name. If two users call their dataset
test, then the unique name rule violated.
Directory

Directory
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8

Files

Advantages:
• Since it is a single directory, so its implementation is
very easy.
• If files are smaller in size, searching will faster.
Disadvantages:
• There may chance of name collision because two files
cannot have the same name.
• Searching will become time taking if directory will
large. Files
• In this cannot group the same type of files together.
Advantages:
2. Two-level directory:
• Very generalize, since full path name can be given.
• As, a single level directory often leads to confusion of
• Very scalable, the probability of name collision is less.
files names among different user hence the solution to
• Searching becomes very easy, we can use both absolute
this problem is to create a separate directory for each path as well as relative.
user. Disadvantages:
• In the two-level directory structure, each user bas their • Every file does not fit into the hierarchical model; files
own user files directory (UFD). may be saved into multiple directories.
• The UFDs has similar structures, but each lists only • We cannot share files.
the files of a single user. system's master file directory • It is inefficient, because accessing a file may go under
(MFD) is searches whenever a new user id=s logged in. multiple directories.
• The MFD is indexed by username or account number, ØØFile-system structures
and each entry points to the UFD for that user. The file system structure refers to how the files and di-
rectories are organized and stored on the physical stor-
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 9
age device. This includes the layout of file systems data KEY TERMS
structures such as the directory structure, file allocation
table, and inodes. 1. Hardware: It refers to the physical components of a
The file system is organized into many layers: computer system.
Application Program 2. Software: It refers to the programs and data that are
used by the computer.
3. Operating System: It refers to the software that
manages computer hardware and software resources.
Logical file system 4. File: A file is a unit of data that is stored on a disk or
other storage medium.
5. Folder: It is a container for files and other folders
or programs that helps to organize and manage
File organization module computer data.

MNEMONICS
Basic file system Functions of a mouse:
"Lonely Rachel had Santa’s Day Dream"
L: Left-click R: Right-click
S: Scroll Down D: Double-click
I/O Control D: Drag-and-Drop

Device

TOPIC-2 Computer Care, Security and Privacy

Concepts Covered:
 Important of care and maintenance of computers  Backup of data  Scanning and cleaning viruses  Security break |
 Threat to computer  Protecting the data
Camera lens should not be touched and the dust must
Revision Notes 
be removed using a soft brush or cloth
ØØComputer maintenance and importance: ØØMaintenance Schedule:
 It refers to the routine maintenance and optimization of
 Daily maintenance:
a computer system in order to keep it running smoothly (a) Cleaning e-mail box and desktop of any unnecessary
and avoid potential problems.
files.
 Importance: It is important for several reasons like ef-
(b) Clearing the temporary files and data from the com-
ficient performance, enhanced security and longer life
puter.
span.
 Weekly maintenance:
ØØKeeping a Device Clean:
(a) Backing up important files and documents to cloud
 We should keep the area around the computer clean
storage or any other external storage.
which could otherwise negatively impact the perfor-
(b) Updating the antivirus software and other necessary
mance.
security updates pushed by the software manufactur-
 Keyboards shall be cleaned with a soft brush regularly
and we should avoid eating anything near computer screen. er/provider.
 Monthly maintenance:
 We should handle laptops and other accessories care-
fully when travelling to another place, especially in (a) Cleaning the external peripherals like keyboard,
padded case or preferably a bag. mouse, screen to get rid of the dust and debris.
 We should plug the device with the adapters provided (b) Updating computer’s operating system, drivers, and
by the original equipment manufacturer. software applications.
 We should clean the ports and connectors with a soft- (c) Cleaning up storage space by deleting temporary files
brush to avoid any connectivity issues. and delete files in the recycle bin.
 We should not overcharge the battery since it reduces  Yearly maintenance:
the battery life. (a) Cleaning the interiors of a computer or laptop includ-
 We should clean the screens and monitors with soft ing the fans, power supply, and motherboard.
cloth and a mild cleaning liquid or water. (b) Checking for any firmware updates.
 Screens should not be touched with fingers or any (c) Replacing old peripherals with a new one.
sharp objects. ØØData Backup: It is the process of making a copy of
 Wipe the mouse regularly with a damp cloth. important files, documents, and other data and storing
 CPU cabinet should be cleaned from outside and inside it on an external device or cloud storage to prevent data
as well. loss in case of system failure or hard disk failure.
10 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

ØØSecurity Breach: It occurs when an unauthorised  Strong passwords: Typically a combination of letters,
person or entity obtains sensitive or confidential numbers, and symbols is considered a strong password.
information or performs malicious acts that harm the At the same time, updating them regularly may prove
system. helpful to protect the data from unauthorised access.
 Reason: It can occur as a result of a variety of factors  Data encryption: A conversion of the plain text into
such as weak passwords, phishing attacks, malware in- an undecipherable form is termed as data encryption
fections, and unpatched software vulnerabilities. which ensures that data is unreadable.
ØØThreats to Computer: There are numerous ways in  Cautious while surfing the internet: We should be
which our computers' security can be compromised, aware of using a standard browser with built-in secu-
resulting in the leakage of personal information. Some rity features to prevent against malicious websites and
of them are discussed further below: links.
 Theft: It refers to the theft of data or hardware.  Using antivirus and anti-malware software: We can
(a) Physical: When a person's personal computer, laptop, use either built-in antivirus software or any other third-
or other peripherals are stolen. party application with a reputable market standard.
(b) Identity: When an individual’s identity is hacked and KEY TERMS
misused for illegal purposes.
1. Computer Maintenance: It refers to the process
(c) Software piracy: When a software is stolen and dis-
of cleaning and updating computer hardware
tributed in an unauthorised manner then it is termed
and software on a regular basis to ensure efficient
as software privacy.
operation.
 Virus: A computer virus is a malicious program de-
signed to infiltrate a computer system. 2. Computer Viruses: They are malicious software
(a) Worms: These are self-replicating programs that program which can replicate themselves and spread
spread across a network or the internet, frequently from one computer to another.
causing harm by consuming bandwidth or gaining 3. Data Encryption: It refers to process of converting
control of a system. data into a code which can be read only by someone
(b) Trojan horses: These programs appear to be legitimate who has the decryption key or password.
software, but they contain malicious code that can
harm or compromise a system. MNEMONICS
 Internet Scams: Internet scams are schemes that use the For Computer Security:
internet to deceive and defraud individuals or businesses. “SAFE”
ØØData Protection: It refers to prevention of the data S: Secure your system
against unauthorised access, theft, or loss. Some A: Avoid public Wi-Fi
measures which can prevent from data protection are F: Frequently update software
discussed here: E: Enable two-factor authentication



Unit-IV
CHAPTER-4
Entrepreneurial Skills-II
TOPIC-1 E ntrepreneurship
Concepts Covered:
 Entrepreneurship  Needs of customer and society  Job creation  Wealth sharing  Qualities of an Entrepreneur  Function
of an Entrepreneur
ØØWage-employed: People who serve for another
Revision Notes person or organisation and get paid for their work.
ØØEntrepreneurship: It is a form of self-employment ØØEntrepreneurship and Society: Entrepreneurs
in which one runs an enterprise to meet the needs establish a market in which everyone earns, thereby
of others with the available resources while also contributing to the growth of the area and society.
looking for ways to improve the business in order Entrepreneurs help the society in following ways:
to make profit.
 Fulfilling Customer Needs: Entrepreneurs attempt
ØØEntrepreneurs: Individuals who create, manage,
to meet people's needs by creating and selling prod-
and develop new business endeavours with the ucts that are in high demand.
aim of fulfilling ceratin needs of the customers and  Using Locally Available Materials: Entrepreneurs
gaining profitability are referred to as entrepreneurs. usually use locally available materials to keep prod-
ØØSelf-employed: People who establish a business to uct prices low.
meet the needs of others.  Helping Society: Some entrepreneurs work to pro-
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 11
tect the environment, while others donate funds to of managing and leading their company.
construct schools and hospitals and other philan-  Financial Management: They must manage cash
thropic causes. flow, develop and monitor budgets, and keep track
 Job Creation: Entrepreneurs seek more people to as- of revenue and expenses.
sist them as their company grows. As a consequence  Risk Taking: Entrepreneurs are willing to take fi-
of this, more people will have jobs. nancial risks in order to achieve their objectives.
 Wealth distribution: As entrepreneurs expand their  Creativity: Entrepreneurs are often distinguished
businesses, the people working for them also grow. by their ability to think creatively and outside the
So, more people have money to spend. box.
 Lower Price of Products: As the competition devel-
KEY TERMS
ops among a number of entrepreneurs, the price of
the product goes down, which eventually benefits 1. Entrepreneurship: It refers to the process of
the consumers. establishing, managing, and growing a new business
to achieve success and profitability.
ØØQualities of an Entrepreneur:
2. Entrepreneurs: It refers to the individuals who
 They are passionate about what they do.
create, manage, and develop new business ventures
 They are constantly experimenting with new busi-
with the goal of attaining success and profit.
ness concepts.
3. Job Creation: It refers to the act of creating new job
 They are adaptive.
opportunities in a specific industry or geographical
 They have faith in their skills and in themselves and
region.
hence are self motivated.
 They are innovative and look outside the box when
it comes to business concepts.
MNEMONICS
 They put in a lot of effort.
 They try and grab every opportunity that they get Key factors in successful entrepreneurship:
to benefit their business. "CREATE"
ØØFunctions of an Entrepreneur:
C: Creativity R: Risk-taking
 Decision Making: They are in charge of making
decisions, hiring employees, and overseeing day-to- E: Entrepreneurial mind set
day operations. A: Adaptability T: Tenacity
 Business Management: Entrepreneurs are in charge E: Execution

TOPIC-2 Myths and Career Options

Concepts Covered:
 Myths about entrepreneurship  Entrepreneurship as a career option

low, rather they take a calculative risk for something

Revision Notes that they feel will yield them high profits.
ØØMyths about Entrepreneurship: A myth, also known ØØEntrepreneurship as a Career Option:
as a misconception, is a false belief or opinion about  Career: A career is a lifelong path of work.
something. The myths in an entrepreneurship are:  Processes involved after choosing entrepreneurship
 Misconception 1(Every business idea needs to be as a career:
unique or special): Some businesses can be devel- l Enter: When an entrepreneur begins, he or she is
oped in a novel way that sets them apart from their simply entering the market to run a business.
rivals without the need for an original idea. l Survive: Survival refers to how likely a business is to
 Misconception 2 (A person needs a lot of money continue operating and remaining in the market for
to start a business): Some large-scale businesses re- an extended period of time.
quire a significant amount of capital. However, not l Grow: An entrepreneur considers expanding his or
every business requires a large investment to get her business once it has reached a certain level of
started. stability.
 Misconception 3(A person having a big business  Government has recognised the importance of en-
is an entrepreneur): A person is an entrepreneur if trepreneurship as a career option for youth and
they are operating a business to satisfy a customer taken several steps to promote this option amongst
need. Most businesses start out modestly. Hard youth.
work and creativity help the business to grow.  Courses on entrepreneurship are available in vari-
 Misconception 4(Entrepreneurs are born, not ous educational institutions.
made): An entrepreneurial mind set is the first step  Youth are looking towards the entrepreneurs as
in becoming one. We must have faith in our ability their role models.
to achieve anything. The initial step is to come up  Alumni of various institutions are involving them-
with an original idea that we want to work on. selves as mentors to the students of their alma ma-
 Misconception 5 (Entrepreneurs are high risk-tak- ter.
ers): Entrepreneurs are neither high risk takers nor
12 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

KEY TERMS MNEMONICS

1. Survival: It refers to the ability of a business to The risk taken by entrepreneurs:
continue its operations and remain in the market for "BIG-ROAR"
an extended period of time. BIG
2. Growth: Growth in entrepreneurship refers to the R: Risk O: Often
process of expanding a business in terms of size, A: Assumed R: Required
revenue, market share, and profitability.
3. Capital: The financial resources, assets, or
investments used to start, run, or grow a business
are referred to as capital.



Unit-V
CHAPTER-5
Green Skills-II
being of a community, region, or country. In other
Revision Notes words, the process by which low-income countries
ØØSustainable Development: It is development that meets improve their living conditions to become high-
the needs of the present without compromising the income countries.
ability of future generations, ensuring a balance between ØØSustainable Agriculture: It comprises of
economic growth, safeguarding the environment, and environmentally friendly farming practices that
social well-being. enable the raising of livestock or agricultural crops
ØØEconomic Development: It refers to a long term without endangering people or the ecosystem.
effort to improve the economic health and well-
ØØProblems related to Sustainable Development:

Food Water Fuel

l The amount of fertile land needed to l We are polluting rivers l Trees are being cut down for
grow crops is decreasing, soil nutrients and ponds by dumping use as fuel , leading to extreme
are getting depleted and chemicals are garbage into them, weather conditions in many
spoiling the soil. However the demand leading to no clean places, affecting the people
of food crops is increasing. water for our use. living there.
ØØSustainable Development can be achieved by: ØØTargets: The 17 SDGs were created with the
 By curbing unnecessary use of resources and im- intention of addressing significant issues that affect
proving the conservation of resources. businesses, governments, and society.
 By encouraging the recycling and reusing of waste
Goal 1 No Poverty
materials.
 Making use of renewable resources by applying sci- Goal 2 Zero Hunger
entific management methods. Goal 3 Good Health and Well-Being
 By undertaking large-scale afforestation.
Goal 4 Quality Education
 Planting grasses, plants and trees between concrete
buildings. Goal 5 Gender Equality
 Using environment friendly material or biodegrad- Goal 6 Clean Water and Sanitation
able material. Goal 7 Affordable And Clean Energy
 Utilization of environmental friendly technologies
Goal 8 Decent Work And Economic Growth
based on efficient use of resources.
 Minimising the use of resources. Goal 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
 Changing the basic habits and personal attitude re- Goal 10 Reduced Inequalities
garding the thin line between necessities and luxuries. Goal 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities
 Caring for all forms of life on earth
ØØSustainable Development Goals: A global call to Goal 12 Responsible Consumption And Production
eradicate poverty, safeguard the environment, and Goal 13 Climate Action
guarantee that everyone lives in peace and wealth. Goal 14 Life Below Water
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
which consists of the Sustainable Development Goal 15 Life On Land
Goals (SDGs), was launched at the United Nations Goal 16 Peace, Justice And Strong Institutions
Sustainable Development Summit in New York in Goal 17 Partnerships For The Goals
September 2015.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 13
ØØSustainable Development Initiatives: For example, Ministry of Railway in Varansi and
 Mr. Avasth Hegde, an entrepreneur and innovator Raibareilly where they introduced clay pots
from Mangalore, replaced the plastic bags with 100 ‘Kulhads’ to replace plastic and paper cups and to
percent biodegradable bags that dissolve in hot wa- bring taste of tradition.
ter and decompose in the natural environment. The three major advantages of Kulhads are:
 Mr. Narayana Peesapaty created edible cutlery out
of grain, substituting the previously used plastic Reduce cutting of trees to make paper cups
spoons, forks, and so on. They can be consumed or,
if discarded, will decompose naturally.
 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: This initiative, which was
launched in 2014, seeks to make India clean and
free of open defecation. It includes building toilets,
waste management, and behavioural change cam- Job creation for potters, which contributes
paigns. to economy
ØØSustainable Processes:
 Organic farming: A farming method that relies on
biological nutrients made primarily from plant and
animal wastes as well as nitrogen-fixing cover crops.
Modern organic farming has many ecological ad- Reduce plastic waste
vantages and was created in response to the damage
that synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides in ØØOur role towards sustainable development
conventional agriculture were causing to the envi-
As we are aware United Nations has formed 17 SDGs
ronment.
for sustainable development for major problems of
 Vermicomposting: Vermicomposting is a scientific
various countries like removing poverty and hunger,
way of producing compost through the use of earth-
provide health and quality education, protecting life
worms. They can often be found in soil, where they
on land and in the water etc. These goals are made
feed on biomass and excrete it in digested form.
for all countries to protect air, water and soil from
 Rainwater harvesting: In order to retain rainwater
pollution and supply clean water and air to the
for later use, runoff from buildings and other im-
people.
pervious surfaces is collected during rainwater har-
vesting. This usually involves collecting rain from a Similarly we have also certain responsibilities
roof. The rain will collect in gutters that channel the towards sustainable development. Some of them
water into downspouts and then into some sort of are as follows:
storage vessel ØØQuality Education

Out Role in Sustainable Development For sustainable development education is one of the
An individual can contribute to Sustainable most important factors. Children should be educated
Development Goals in so various ways such as by and go to school and take care of themselves as well
wasting less food, helping people around you, not as do jobs in future. Education prepares a child as a
wasting water, creating new job opportunities for responsible citizen.
the people, avoiding products that are harmful to Some steps can be taken for quality education they
the environment, recycling, and buying energy- are as follows:
efficient appliances, etc.
As the human population grows the consumption
of natural resources is also increasing day by day.
As the population increases more food, energy, and
water is required. When more crops are grown, the
soil’s nutrients are consumed and slowly the soil
becomes unusable. Similarly, other natural resources
are also consumed such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
Here are some examples of which pollute air, land,
and water.
1. Factories give out smoke that pollutes the air.
2. Garbage collected from homes is dumped into
landfills. Untreated garbage can lead to disease
and an unhealthy environment.
3. Sewage from the cities is dumped into the seas
and lakes making water polluted and unsafe for
marine life.
We use natural resources but not returning anything
to nature. We are using them and not doing anything
hence our future generation has to survive without
some of them as they are limited.
We can take some initiatives to handle such
situations.
14 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

ØØClear Water and Sanitation KEY TERMS

Clean water for drinking and sanitation is necessary 1. Sustainable Development: It is the practice of meeting
for human beings. Citizens needs to put their the needs of the present without compromising the
efforts to build toilets and create awareness towards ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
sanitations. Everyone should take some measurable 2. Economic Development: It refers to an economy's
steps to promote cleanliness and avoid pollution. long-term, sustained growth aimed at improving the
ØØAffordable and Clean Energy living standards and well-being of its citizens.
For clean energy we should use some renewable 3. Renewable Resources: Resources that are naturally
resources in place of non-renewable resources. replenishable in a reasonably short amount of time,
Such as using solar power using sun does not cause usually during the course of a human lifetime.
pollution and it does not required non-renewable 4. SDGs: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
resource coal. We should make efforts to use more are a group of 17 global objectives intended to
solar power and generate more energy from it. eradicate poverty, safeguard the environment, and
promote peace and prosperity for all. They were
Another good example us bio gas as an alternative adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in
for natural gas. 2015.
ØØDecent work and economic growth 5. Organic Farming: A method of farming that avoids
• Study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically
and family modified organisms and makes use of natural
• Work hard and contribute to society procedures and methods like crop rotation,
composting, and biological pest control.
• Learn and develop skills so that we get add value 6. Vermicomposting: The process of converting organic
in our community waste into nutrient-rich compost by using worms.
ØØReduce inequalities
1. Be helpful to others
MNEMONICS
2. Be friendly with everyone
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
3. Include everyone while working or playing "I HOPE We Can"
4. Help others whether they are of any gender, from I: Innovation (Goal 9) Inequality (Goal 10)
any community, or status or belongs to any cast H: Hunger (Goal 2) Health (Goal 3)
or class O: Ocean (Goal 14)
P: Poverty (Goal 1) Peace (Goal 16)
Partnership (Goal 17)
E: Education (Goal 4) Energy (Goal 7)
Economic Growth (Goal 8)
Ecosystem (Goal 15)
W: Women (Goal 5) Water (Goal 6)
C: Cities (Goal 11)
Consumption (Goal 12)
Climate Action (Goal 13)



PART-B
UNIT-1 DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION (ADVANCED)
CHAPTER-1
Apply Styles in the Document
Paragraph styles: It controls paragraph’s appearance,
Revision Notes 
such as text alignment, tab stops, line spacing, and bor-
ØØStyle: A style is a set of formatting tools. These ders, and character formatting.
tools can be applied to the text such as font color,  Character styles: It includes the font styles and font
size, and font style to change the appearance of the size, or bold and italic formats.
text. Styles makes the document more consistent,  Table styles: It is used to apply predefined formats
attractive and readable. to tables and table elements in a text document.
ØØStyle Categories: The following are the categories of  Frame styles: These are used to format images and
Styles available in Libre Office: text frames such as text wrap, borders, backgrounds,
 Page styles: It includes margins, headers and foot- and columns.
ers, borders and backgrounds.  List styles: These are used to select, format, and po-
sition numbers or bullets in lists.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 15
 Cell styles: It includes fonts, alignment, borders, ØØWays to apply paragraph styles:
background, number formats and cell protection. Paragraph styles can be applied in several ways:
 Drawing styles: It includes line, area, shadowing,  Using the Styles deck on the Sidebar
transparency, font, connectors, dimensioning, and  Using the Styles menu on the Menu Bar
other attributes.  Using the Right-click context menu
 Presentation styles: It includes attributes for font,  Set Paragraph Style drop-down list at the left end of
indents, spacing, alignment, and tabs. the Formatting toolbar and the Formatting (Styles)
ØØApply Styles toolbar
Style can be applied in many ways:  Set Paragraph Style drop-down list at the top of the
 Using the Style in Sidebar Properties deck of the Sidebar
 Using the tools in Formatting Toolbar  Using the Formatting (Styles) toolbar
 Using Fill Format mode  Fill Format Mode icon on the Styles deck on the
Sidebar
ØØSteps to use the Styles deck on the Sidebar
1. Place the cursor in the paragraph
2. Double-click the name of the style in the Paragraph Styles tab of the Styles pane.

3. The selected style is applied to the paragraph.

4. Select any paragraph style from Submenu.
ØØSteps to use the Styles menu
1. To apply a paragraph style, place the cursor in the paragraph
2. Click Styles → [name of paragraph style] on the Menu bar.
16 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

3. The selected style is applied to the paragraph.

ØØSteps to use the context (right-click) menu
1. Right-click anywhere in a paragraph to open the context menu.
2. Choose a Paragraph. The submenu will appear.

3. The submenu includes some commonly used paragraph styles.

4. Select any Paragraph style from submenu.
ØØUsing Fill Format Mode
You can use Fill Format Mode to apply a style to many paragraphs in a document quickly without having to go
back to the Styles deck and double-click each time. This method is useful for formatting different paragraphs,
words, or other objects with the same style.
ØØSteps to use the Fill Format method
1. Open the Styles deck on the Sidebar and select a style.
2. Click the Fill Format Mode icon.

3. To apply on a paragraph, page, or frame style, hover the mouse over the paragraph, page, or frame and click.
4. Repeat step 3 until you have made all the changes for that style.
5. To quit Fill Format mode, click the Fill format icon again or press the Esc key.
ØØRemoving paragraph styles
To remove the character style formatting from some text, or change the character style to a different style,
follow the given below steps:
1. Select the text.
2. On the Styles pane in the Sidebar, click the Paragraph Styles icon.
3. Click the Default Paragraph Style.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 17

ØØUsing Drag-and-drop to create a style

1. Open the Styles pane.
2. Select the style.
3. Select the object on which you want to base the style and drag it to the Styles deck. The following window
appears.

4. In the Create Style dialog, type a name for the new style and click OK to save the style.
ØØCreating New Styles From Selections
To Create a New Style from a Formatted Selection follow the given below steps:
1. Choose View -> Styles to open the Styles pane in the Sidebar.
2. Click the icon at the top of the Styles deck for the style category of the new style.
3. Click in the document where you want to copy the style from, for example, in a paragraph to which you ap-
plied manual formatting.
4. Click the Style actions menu icon at the top right corner of the Styles deck and choose New Style from Selec-
tion from the submenu.
18 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

5. Enter a name for the new style.

6. Click OK.

ØØLoad style from template or another document

You can load styles from another document or template into the current document.

Follow the given below steps to load the style:

1. To open the Load Styles dialog box, click on View-→ Styles. The Styles pane opens in left.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 19

2. Click on the Styles actions button and select the Load Styles From Template.

The Load Styles from Template window appears as shown below.

20 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

3. Select the desired template.

4. The style from the selected template will be copied to your current document.


CHAPTER-2
Insert and Use Images in Document
Revision Notes
ØØInserting an image file using Drag and drop method
To insert image using drag & drop method, follow given steps:
(1)Open a file explorer window and locate the image that you want to insert.
(2)Drag the image into the document and drop it where you want it to appear in the document.

ØØInserting Image using Insert Image dialog

To insert image using Insert Image dialog, follow the given steps:
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 21
(1)Place the cursor in the document where you want to insert the image.
(2)Choose Insert ---> Image on the Menu bar or click the Insert Image icon on the Standard toolbar.

(3)On the Insert Image dialog, locate the file to be inserted, and select it.
22 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

(4) Click on open button.

ØØImage gets inserted
ØØInserting Image using Copy and paste
To use copy and paste method, follow the given steps:
(1)Open both the source document and the target document.
(2)In the source document, select the image to be copied.
(3)Press Ctrl+C to copy the image.
(4)Switch to the target document.
(5)Place the cursor where the image is to be inserted.
(6)Press Ctrl + V to insert the image.
ØØImage gets inserted
ØØInserting an image from the Gallery
To insert an object from the Gallery into a document, follow the given steps:
(1)Click the Gallery icon on the Sidebar.
(2)Select a theme in the list provided.

(3)Select an object with a single click.

(4)Drag and drop the image into the document, or right-click the object and choose Insert in the context menu.
ØØModifying images
When you insert a new image, you may need to modify it to meet the requirements. You can resize, crop,
rotate or delete images as described below:
 Resizing an image
To fit the image into the document, you may have to resize it.
(1)Click the image to show the sizing handles.
(2)Position the cursor over one of the sizing handles.

(3)Click and Hold left button of mouse and drag to resize the image.
(4)Release the mouse button when done.
 Cropping images
When you need only a part of the image, you can cut the unwanted parts using the crop tool.
(1)To use the Crop tool, right-click the image and select Crop in the context menu. Cropping handles appear at
the corners and mid-points of the sides of the image.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 23

(2)Drag a handle to cut off part of the image.

(3)Click outside the image to stop cropping.
 Rotating or flipping an image
To rotate an image 90 or 180 degrees, or flip it vertically or horizontally, right-click the image and select Rotate
or Flip option in the context menu, then choose the desired result.
 You can rotate images using either of these methods:
1. Select the image and click the Rotate icon on the Image toolbar or right click and select Rotate or Flip --->
Rotate.

2. Click the angle to which you want to rotate the image.

ØØThe image gets rotated.
ØØDeleting an image
To delete an image, click it to show the resizing handles, then press the Delete key.
ØØDrawing Objects
In Writer you can create lines, rectangles, squares and various types of geometric shapes just by dragging and
dropping.
 Creating drawing objects
To create drawing objects first, display the Drawing toolbar by clicking View --- > Toolbars ---> Drawing.
24 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

The Drawing toolbar may appear at the bottom or left side of the workspace.
 To use a drawing tool:
(1)Click in the document where you want the drawing to be anchored.
(2)Select the tool on the Drawing toolbar. The cursor changes to a drawing functions pointer.
(3)Move the cross-hair pointer to the position in the document where you want the image to appear and then
click-and-drag to create the drawing object. Release the mouse button.

(4)To cancel the selected drawing function, press the Esc key or click the Select icon on the Drawing toolbar.
Setting or changing properties for drawing objects
You can now change the properties such as fill color, line type and weight, anchoring, etc of the drawing object
using the Drawing Object Properties toolbar.
To set the properties for a drawing object follow the given below steps:
1. Select the selection Tool, from the Drawing Toolbar.
2. On the Drawing Object Properties toolbar, click the icon for each property and select the value that you want
for that property.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 25

ØØResizing a drawing object

To resize a drawing object, follow the given below steps:
(1)Select the object.

(2)Click one of the eight handles around it and drag it to its new size.
ØØThe object will be scaled up or down.
ØØGrouping drawing objects
Grouping drawing objects makes it easier to handle several objects as a single entity, while preserving their
relative sizes and positions.
To group drawing objects, fallow the given steps:
(1)Select one object, then hold down the Shift key and select the other objects that you want to include in the
group. The bounding box expands to include all the selected objects.
26 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

(2)With the objects selected, hover the cursor over one of the objects and choose Format ---> Group ---> Group
on the Menu bar.
ØØThe objects will be grouped.
ØØPositioning images within the text
When you add an image to a text document, you need to position it with respect to the text and other images.
Positioning is controlled by four settings:
1. Arranging Images: Arrangement refers to the placement of an image on an imaginary vertical axis. Arrange-
ment controls how images are stacked upon each other or relative to the text.
The arrangement options are available in the Format tab as shown below:

2. Alignment of Images: Alignment refers to the vertical or horizontal placement of an image in relation to the
chosen anchor point.
The alignment options are available on the standard tool bar as shown below:

3. Anchoring Images: Anchoring refers to the reference point for the images. This point could be the page or
frame where the object is, a paragraph, or even a character. An image always has an anchor point.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 27
The Anchor option is present in Format tab.

4. Text wrapping: Text wrapping refers to the relation of images to the surrounding text, which may wrap around
the image on one or both sides, be overprinted behind or in front of the image, or treat the image as a separate
paragraph or character.
The text wrapping options are available on the standard tool bar as shown below:


CHAPTER-3
Create and Use Template
Revision Notes
ØØTemplate: A template is a sample document that you use to create other documents. For example, you can
create a template for company reports that has your company’s logo on the first page. When you create new
documents from this template will all have your company’s logo on the first page.
A template can contain text, graphics, a set of styles, and user-specific setup information such as measurement
units, language, the default printer, toolbar and menu customization, etc.
ØØCreating a document and setting up as a default:
Steps to create a document from a template:
1. Open the Templates dialog using one of the following methods:
 Choose File ---> New ---> Templates or File ---> Templates ---> Manage Templates on the Menu bar.
28 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

OR
 Press the key combination Ctrl+Shift+N.
OR
 Click the arrow next to the New icon on the Standard toolbar and select Templates. The Templates window
appears:
2. Now select the type and category of template that you want to use.
3. Select template and click Open.
ØØA new document based on the selected template opens in Writer and set as a default Template. You can then
edit and save the new document.
ØØCreating a template
You can create templates in two ways:
1. By saving a document as a template
2. By using a wizard.
ØØCreating a template from a document
Steps to create a template from a document:
1. Open a new or existing document.
2. Add the text that you want to display in the document you create from the new template.
3. Select any style that you want to use in the new template.

4. On the Menu bar, choose File ---> Templates ---> Save as Template.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 29
The Save as Template dialog opens.
5. Select a category and type the name.

6. Click Save.
ØØEditing a template

You can edit a template’s styles and content.

Steps to edit a template:
1. Open the Templates dialog by pressing the Ctrl+Shift+N key combinations.
2. In the Templates dialog, select the template that you want to edit.
3. Right-click on the template to open the context menu and then click Edit.

The template opens in Writer.

4. Make changes as per your requirement.
5. Now to save your changes, select File ----> Save.
Updating a Template <H1> you can update a template by the following:
ØØChanging to a different Template <H2>:

After applying any changes to the document, you need to update the document.
Steps to update the document:
(1)Select Update Selected Styles from the Styles tab to apply the changed styles in the template to the document.
30 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

ØØRenaming a template
You can also rename a template. To do so, follow the steps given below.
1. Select the template.
2. Right-click on the selected template.
3. Select Rename in the context menu.

4. In the dialog that opens, type a name in the “Enter New Name” text box and click OK.
ØØDeleting a template
To delete the template, follow the steps given below:
1. Select the template to delete.
2. Right-click to open the context menu of the template and click Delete.
A message box appears and asks you to confirm the deletion.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 31

3. Click on Yes to delete the template.


CHAPTER-4
Create Table of Contents
Revision Notes
ØØTables of Contents
The Table of contents feature allows to build an automated table of contents from the headings in your
document. The entries for the table are automatically generated as hyperlinks. Whenever changes are made to
the text, those changes are applied automatically in the table of contents when it is next updated.
ØØHierarchy of Headings
You can define the hierarchy of headings in your document if your document contains multilevel headings.
There are different types of heading levels available in Libre Office Writer.
ØØSteps to apply the Hierarchy of Headings:
1. Create a document containing multiple headings.
2. Now, click on the Chapter Numbering option in the Tools tab. The Chapter Numbering window appears:

3. Then, define the heading level and paragraph style.

4. Click OK to finalize the settings.
32 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

ØØCreating a Table of contents

Steps to create a table of contents:
(1)Create a document, using the following paragraph styles for different heading levels: Heading 1, Heading 2,
and Heading 3.
(2)Click in the document where you want the TOC to appear.
(3)Choose Insert → Table of Contents and Index → Table of Contents, Index or Bibliography.

(4) Click OK.

ØØCustomizing a Table of Contents and applying Character styles:
You can customize the table of contents to suit the style and requirements of your document. Sometimes, you
want to change the appearance of an elements also so by using Character Styles. You can change its appearance.
Follow the given below steps to customize a table of contents
1. Click in the document where you want the table of contents to appear.
2. Now, select Insert---- > Table of Contents and Index---- > Table of Contents, Index or Bibliography to open
the Table of Contents, Index or Bibliography dialog.
The Table of Contents, Index or Bibliography dialog has five tabs as shown. Each tab has different character-
istic of the TOC structure and appearance.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 33
l Set the attributes of the TOC in the Type tab.
l Set the style of paragraph in the Styles tab.
l Format the entries in the Entries tab.
l To put the TOC into more than one column use the Columns tab.
l To add color or an image to the background of the TOC, select the Background tab.
3. Now select the preview box, located on the right-hand side of the dialog, to check how the TOC will appear.
4. After making all your changes, click OK to apply them.
ØØDefining Index Entries
Follow the given below steps to define the entries:
1. Select the text in your document that you want to use as an index entry.
2. Choose Insert - Table of Contents and Index - Index Entry, and do one of the following:
l To change the text that appears in the index, type the text that you want in the Entry box.
l Select Apply to all similar texts.
l To add the entries to a custom index, click the New User-defined Index icon.
3. Enter the name of the index, and then click OK.
ØØEditing a Table of Contents
Follow the given below steps to edit the table of contents:
1. To edit an existing TOC, right-click anywhere in the TOC.
Choose Edit Index in the context menu.

3. The Table of Contents, Index or Bibliography dialog opens.

4. Now, you can edit and save the TOC.
ØØUpdating a Table of Contents
1. Right-click anywhere in the TOC; in the context menu, choose Update Index.
34 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

The table of contents will be updated.

ØØDeleting a Table of Contents
To delete the TOC from a document
l Right-click anywhere in the TOC.
l Choose Delete Index in the context menu.



UNIT-2 ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET (ADVANCED)

CHAPTER-5
Analyse Data Using Scenarios and Goal Seek
Revision Notes
ØØConsolidating data: The Consolidate tool allows to combine the data that is spread across one or more sheets.
This tool is useful to quickly summarize a large, scattered set of data for analysis.
ØØSteps to consolidate data:
1. Open the worksheet containing the data to be consolidated.
2. Select Data —> Consolidate on the Menu bar to open the Consolidate dialog.
3. Click on the Source data ranges field, then type a reference to a source data range, a named range, or select it
with the mouse.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 35
4. Click Add. The selected range is added to the Consolidation ranges list.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 to add additional source ranges.
6. To delete an entry in the Consolidation ranges list, select it and click Delete. The deletion is carried out without
further confirmation.
7. Click on the Copy results to field, then type a reference to the first cell of the target range or select it with your
mouse. You can also select a named range from the drop-down list to the left of the field.
8. Click OK to consolidate the ranges.
Group is used to create an outline of the selected data and can group rows and columns together so that one
can collapse (-) to hide it or expand (+) it using a single click on it.
Select the data to be grouped, click on Data>Group and Outline. Then choose Rows to group the data on the
basis of rows or columns to group it on the basis of columns.
ØØSubtotals: The Subtotal command allows to automatically create groups and use common functions like SUM,
COUNT, and AVERAGE to summarize the data.
ØØCreating Subtotals:
1. Open your worksheet.
2. Select, or click in a single cell in the range of cells that you want to calculate subtotals for, and then choose Data
—> Subtotals.

3. In the Subtotals dialog select:

 In the Group by list, select the column by which the subtotals are to be grouped.
 In the Calculate subtotals for box, select the columns containing the values that you want to create subtotals
for.
 In the Use function box, select the function that you want to use to calculate the subtotals.
4. Click OK, the rows are grouped and the subtotals are calculated.
ØØScenarios:

ØØScenarios are named cell ranges that you can use to check the answers of “what-if ” questions about the data.
You can create multiple scenarios for the same calculation set, then quickly swap between them to view the
outcomes of each. This tool is useful to check the effects of different conditions on your calculations.
ØØUsing "what if" Scenarios:
Let us take an example to get the Interest paid on the Principal for a fixed Rate of Interest for a number of time
period. To do so, let us use the Scenario tool by using the following steps:
1. Create a table in a spreadsheet as shown below.
36 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

2. Select the table.

3. Enter the formula to calculate the interest in B4.
4. Click on Tools Tab and, Select ‘Scenarios’ option from the Tools tab.
5. In ‘Create Scenarios box’ give scenarios name.

6. Now for other scenarios, change the Principal amount and repeat same steps (2 - 5).
7. The interest for both the scenarios will be calculated.

Using "what if" Tools:

Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 37
ØØMultiple Operations Tool:
Like scenarios, the Multiple Operations tool is used to perform what-if analysis on the calculations. It uses one
or more formulas to create a matching range of solutions. Since each solution relates to one or more variable
values, both the variable and solution ranges can be shown in a table.
ØØApplying Multiple Operations
1. Create the following table.

2. Enter the alternative values to calculate as shown below.

3. Select Multiple Operations form the Data tab.

4. The Multiple operations dialog box appears.

In Multiple Operations, select the formulas, and select values to be changed.
38 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

5. Now, click on OK to get the interest based on different principal.

ØØGoal Seek:
The Goal Seek tool is used to determine an input value based on the predefined output values. It is another
what-if analysis that is used to obtain the input value for the defined output.
ØØApplying Goal Seek:
1. Create a worksheet as shown below:

2. Place the cursor in the cell containing the interest, and select Tools —> Goal Seek. The Goal Seek dialog appears.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 39
3. Place the cursor in the Variable Cell. In the sheet, click in the cell that contains the value to be changed, in this
example it is the cell with the Principal.
4. Enter the expected output of the formula in the Target Value text box. In this example, the value is 15,000.
5. Click OK.

6. A dialog appears informing you that the Goal Seek was successful. Click Yes to enter the result in the
cell with the variable value.

ØØUsing Solver
A solver is used to solve equations with multiple variables by using the goal-seeking method.
 You can choose whether the value in the target cell should be a maximum, a minimum, or approaching a given
value.
 The initial variable values are inserted in a rectangular cell range that you enter in the By changing cells box.
 You can define a series of limiting conditions that set constraints for some cells. For example, you can set the
constraint that one of the variables or cells must not be bigger than another variable, or not bigger than a given
value.
1. Create a table as shown below:

1. Select the Solver from the Tools tab. The following dialog box appears.
40 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

2. Now enter the values for the Target cell, Optimizing result to and By changing cells fields.
3. Click on the Solve button to check the result.

CHAPTER-6
Link Spreadsheets Data
Revision Notes
ØØCreating sheets: When you open a new spreadsheet, a workbook is created which is named as Sheet1 by
default. You can specify a different name also. You can insert more sheets in a workbook.
ØØWays to insert new sheets : You can insert a number of sheets in a workbook. There are several ways to insert
a new sheet. Following are the various ways to insert new sheets.
 Left-click a sheet tab and select Sheet → Insert Sheet on the Menu bar. Calc displays the Insert Sheet dialog.
 Select Sheet → Insert Sheet at End on the Menu bar. Calc displays the Append Sheet dialog.
 Select Sheet → Insert Sheet from File on the Menu bar.
 Right-click on a sheet tab and select Insert Sheet in the context menu.
 Left-click in the empty space at the right end of the line of sheet tabs. Calc displays the Insert Sheet dialog box.
ØØInserting a new sheet
To insert a new sheet, follow the given below steps:
1. Right click on a Sheet tab, and a dialog box appears.

2. Choose the position for the new sheet.

3. Type the name for the sheet.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 41

4. Click OK to insert the sheet.

ØØInserting sheets from a different spreadsheet
Steps to insert a sheet from a different spreadsheet, follow the given below steps:
1. Right click on the Sheet tab. Select Insert Sheet option. The Insert Sheet dialog appears.
2. On the Insert Sheet dialog, choose the From file option.
3. Click Browse, select the file using the file browser dialog.

4. Click on Open.
A list of the available sheets in that file appears in the adjacent list box. Select the sheet to import.
ØØReferencing: Reference can be used for the following:
 In different formulas or function to take the values for computation or calculation.
 To display the value of the particular cells.
 To carry forward data from one worksheet to another.
42 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

ØØWays to create referencing: There are two ways to creating references:

1. Using keyboard
2. Using mouse
ØØUsing keyboard: Follow the given below steps to create referencing:
1. Enter the data into the worksheet for the master sheet as shown below:

2.Insert a new worksheet. A sheet with Sheet2 is created. Here, you can change the name of the sheet also.
3.Then in the new worksheet place the cursor where you want to display the total of marks in Sheet2.
4.Then type the following formula: =SUM($Sheet1.C2:C6).
5.Now, press Enter.
ØØThe values will be calculated and displayed as shown below:

ØØUsing mouse
To create reference using mouse follow these steps:
1. Create your master sheet.
2. Click on + symbol in the bottom right corner of the worksheet or Insert Sheet in the sheet tab to insert a new
worksheet.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 43

3. Place the cursor where you want to create a reference in Sheet2.

4. Type the equals to (=) symbol and type SUM to calculate the total of marks given in Sheet1.
5. Select the cells from the Sheet1 whose values are to be calculated. And switch to the Sheet2 then close the
bracket.

6. Press the Enter key.

ØØThe values will be calculated.
ØØWorking with hyperlinks: Hyperlinks are used in Calc to jump to a different location from within a spreadsheet
and can lead to other parts of the current file, to different files, or even to web pages.
ØØTypes of Hyperlinks: Hyperlinks stored within a file can be either relative or absolute.
l Relative Hyperlink: A relative link may consist of only a file name.
l Absolute Hyperlink: An absolute link is a hyperlink containing a full address of the target file which includes
parent folder name, sub folder name and the file name.
44 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

ØØCreating a Hyperlink in Spreadsheet

To create a hyperlink follow the given steps:
1. Place the cursor where you want to display the link text.
2. Click on Insert –> Hyperlink option from Links group.
3. Insert Hyperlink dialog box will appear. Select appropriate option from dialog box and click on OK button.

ØØLinking to external data: You can insert data from another document into a Calc spreadsheet as a link using
the External Data dialog and using the Navigator.
ØØUsing the External Data dialog: The External Data dialog inserts data from an HTML, Calc, CSV (Comma-
Separated Values), or Micro soft Excel file into the current sheet as a link.
To insert a link to external data using the External Data dialog box, follow the given below steps:
1. Open the Calc document where the external data is to be inserted.
2. Select the cell where the upper left cell of the external data is to be inserted.
3. Choose Sheet → External Links on the Menu bar. The External Data dialog appears.

4. Type the URL of a web resource that is to be used as a data source, or type the address of a source file.
5. If you selected an HTML file as the data source at step 4, Calc displays the Import Options dialog. On this
dialog you can choose the import language of the site. Select Automatic to let Calc import the data directly
6. If you selected a CSV file as the data source at step 4, Calc displays the Text Import dialog.
7. Click OK on the Text Import dialog and select CSV_all in the Available Tables/Ranges area of the External Data
dialog.
8. If you selected a Calc or Micro soft Excel file as the data source at step 4, Calc populates the Available Tables/
Ranges area of the External Data dialog with the list of range names and database ranges that are defined in
the source file. Select the range names and database ranges that you want to insert and click on OK.
9. Now, click OK to close the External Data dialog and insert the linked data.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 45
ØØLinking to registered data sources: You can access a variety of databases and other data sources and link them
into your spreadsheets. To do this, first you need to register the data source with LibreOffice.
Steps to register a data source of .odb format:
1. Select Tools → Options → LibreOffice Base → Databases on the Menu bar. A dialog box appears.

2. Click the New button to open the Create Database Link dialog.

3. Enter the location of the Database file, select a Database file from the drop-down list, or click Browse to open
a file browser and select the database file.
4. Type a name to use as the Registered name for the database and click OK. The database is added to the list of
registered databases.

CHAPTER-7
Share and Review a Spreadsheet
Revision Notes
ØØSharing spreadsheets: Sharing a spreadsheet allows several users to open the same file for editing at the same
time.
The spreadsheet needs to be saved on a shared drive, server, or website.
Following are some conditions that should be met:
 The shared file needs to reside in a location which is accessible by all who wants to access the file.
 The file permissions should be set so that people can create, delete, and change the files.
46 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

ØØSettingup a spreadsheet for sharing

With the spreadsheet open, choose Tools > Share Spreadsheet on the Menu bar to enable or disable sharing.

To enable sharing, select the checkbox at the top of the dialog and click OK.

If the spreadsheet has been saved previously, a message appears stating that you must save it to activate
shared mode; click Yes to continue. If the spreadsheet has not been saved previously, the Save As dialog opens.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 47

After saving, the text “(shared)” is shown on the Title bar, after the title.
Tools > Share Spreadsheet on the Menu bar can also be used to switch a spreadsheet from shared to unshared.
However, this means that other users can no longer edit it. Instead, you may wish to save a copy of the shared
spreadsheet using another name or path, thus creating a copy of the shared spreadsheet, and then switch the
copy to unshared.
ØØOpening a shared spreadsheet
When you open a shared spreadsheet, a message appears stating that some features are not available in this
mode.

After reading it, click OK to remove the message and open the document. You can select the option to not
show the warning again.
ØØSaving a shared spreadsheet
When you save a shared spreadsheet, if it has not been modified and saved by another user since you opened
it, it is saved as usual.
48 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

If the spreadsheet has been modified and saved by another user since you opened it, one of the following will
occur:
 If the changes do not conflict, the document is saved, the message “Your spreadsheet has been updated with
changes saved by other users” appears, and any cells modified by the other user are shown with a red border.
 If the changes conflict, the Resolve Conflicts dialog appears. You must decide for each conflict which version
to keep, yours or the other person’s. When all conflicts are resolved, the document is saved. While you are
resolving the conflicts, no other user can save the shared document.
 If another user is trying to save the shared spreadsheet and resolve conflicts, they see a message that the file is
locked due to a merge in progress. They can cancel the Save command and retry saving later.

When you successfully save a shared spreadsheet, the document shows the latest version of all changes saved
by all users.
ØØRecording changes
To record changes, open the spreadsheet and make sure that the Edit > Track Changes > Record menu item
has a check mark next to it, indicating that change recording is active.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 49
ØØAdding comments to changes
Calc automatically adds to any recorded change a comment that describes what was changed. Reviewers and
authors can add their own comments to explain their reasons for the changes or provide any other helpful
insights.
To add a comment to a change:
(1)Make the change to the spreadsheet.
(2)Select the cell with the change.

(3)Choose Edit > Track Changes > Comment on the Menu bar. A small dialog opens. Type your comment and
click OK.

After you have added a comment to a changed cell, you can see the change and the comment by hovering the
mouse pointer over the cell.
ØØEditing comments on changes
(1)Select the cell with the change comment that you want to edit.
(2)Right click and select the Edit Comment option.
50 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

(3)Edit the comment and click OK.

ØØFormatting Comments
ØØYou can change the background color, border style, transparency, and other attributes of a comment.
(1)Right-click on the cell containing the comment marker, and choose Show Comment in the context menu.

(2)Click on the comment itself. The Formatting tool bar changes to show many of the comment formatting op-
tions.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 51
Now you can format your comment box as per your choice.
(3)When done, click outside the comment to deselect it. To hide the comment again, right click on the cell and
choose Hide Comment in the context menu.
ØØReviewing Changes - Viewing, Accepting or Rejecting Changes
When you receive a document with changes, you can accept or reject the changes as per your wish.
(1)Open the edited document.
(2)Select Edit > Track Changes > Manage on the Menu bar.

The Manage Changes dialog box appears.

(3)You can go through the changes at this time and accept or reject all changes as per your requirement.
ØØMerging Documents
Sometimes you need to make a single document from multiples edited documents. You can review all the
comments in one document from different people and check their comments, rather than one review at a time.
For this purpose, you can merge documents in Calc.
To merge documents, follow the given below steps:
(1)Open the original document.
(2)Select Edit > Track Changes > Merge Document on the Menu bar.
(3)A file selection dialog opens. Select a file you want to merge and click Open.
52 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

(4)After the documents merge, the Manage Changes dialog opens, showing changes by more than one reviewer.
If you want to merge more documents, close the dialog and then repeat steps 2 and 3.

Now all of the changes are combined into one document and you can accept or reject the changes. Changes
from different authors appear in cells outlined in different colors.
ØØComparing documents
Sometimes reviewers may not record the changes they make. Calc can find the changes by comparing
documents.
In order to compare documents, you need to have the original document and the one that is edited. To compare
them:
(1)Open the edited document that you want to compare with the original document.
(2)Select Edit > Track Changes > Compare Document.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 53

(3)An open document dialog appears. Select the original document and click Open.
(4)Calc opens the Manage Changes dialog showing the changes identified.

Calc finds and marks the changes as follows:

 All data that occurs in the edited document but not in the original is identified as inserted.
 All data in the original document that is not in the edited document is identified as deleted.
 All data that is changed is marked as changed.
Here, you can accept or reject changes.

CHAPTER-8
Use Macros in Spreadsheet
Revision Notes
ØØMacro : A macro is an action or a set of actions that you can run as many times as you want. In other words, a
macro is a set of commands or keystrokes that are recorded for later use. You can use macros to automate both
54 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

simple and complex tasks. Macros are very useful when you have to repeat the same task in the same way. The
simplest way to create a macro is to record a series of actions.
ØØAdvantages of Macro
(1)It automates the repetitive takes.
(2)Macros reduce the possibility of human errors and time.
ØØUsing the Macro Recorder
You can record a set of commands using a macro.
To record a macro, follow the given steps:
 Open the document for which you want to record a macro.
 Choose Tools - Macros - Record Macro.

 Perform the actions you want to be recorded in the document. For example, here we will change the name
kayra to Kiaan.
Press the Escape key to deselect an object, as the macro recorder currently does not record this action by mouse
click.
 Click Stop Recording.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 55
 The Macro dialog appears, in which you can save and run the macro.
If you want to abort the recording without saving a macro, click the Close button of the Recording dialog.
 To save the macro, first select the object where you want the macro to be saved in the Save macro in list box.
 If you want the macro to be saved into a new library or module, click the New Library or New Module button
and enter a name for the library or module.
 Enter a name for the new macro in the Macro name text box.
 Click Save option.
ØØCreating a Simple Macro
Use the following steps to create a library which will contain your macro:
(1)Go to Tools > Macros > Organize Macros > Basic to open the LibreOffice Basic Macros dialog.

(2)Click Organizer to open the LibreOffice Basic Macro Organizer dialog and select the Libraries tab.

(3)Set the Location from the drop-down to My Macros and Dialogs, which is the default location.
(4)Click New to open the New Library dialog.
(5)Enter a library name and click OK.
(6)On the LibreOffice Basic Macro Organizer dialog, select the Modules tab. In the Module list, expand My Mac-
ros and select your library.
56 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

(7)A module named Module1 already exists and can contain your macro. If you wish, you can click New to create
another module in the library.
(8)Select Module1, or the new module that you created, and click Edit to open the Integrated Development En-
vironment (IDE).

The IDE is a text editor and associated facilities that are built into LibreOffice and allow you to create, edit, run,
and debug macros.
(9)When a new module is created, it contains a comment and an empty macro named Main, which does nothing.
(10) Add the new macro either before Sub Main or after End Sub. Listing 2 shows the new macro has been added
before Sub Main.
(11) Click the Compile icon on the Macro toolbar to compile the macro.

(12) Place the cursor in the HelloMacro subroutine and click the Run icon on the Macro toolbar, or press the F5
key, to run the HelloMacro subroutine in the module. A small dialog will open with the word “Hello” dis-
played. If the cursor is not in a subroutine or function, a dialog will open; select the macro to run.
(13) Click OK to close this small dialog.
(14) To select and run any macro in the module, click the Select Macro icon on the Standard toolbar or go to Tools
> Organize Macros > Basic.
(15) Select a macro and then click Run.
ØØUsing Macro as a Function

Calc can call macros as Calc functions. Use the following steps to create a simple macro:
(1)Create a new Calc document named Calc Test Macros.ods.
(2)Use Tools > Macros > Organize Macros > Open Office Basic to open the Open Office Basic Macros dialog.
The Macro from box lists available macro library containers.
(3)Click Organizer to open the Open Office Basic Macro Organizer dialog.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 57

Click the Libraries tab.

(4)Select the document to contain the macro.

(5)Click New to open the New Library dialog.
58 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

(6)Enter a descriptive library name and click OK to create the library.

(7)The new library name is shown in the library list, but the dialog may show only a portion of the name.
(8)Select your macro and click Edit to edit.
(9)Here you can do your modifications as per your need.

ØØUsing a macro as a function

Macro can be used as a in built functions in open office calc like sum(), average(). Function is a line of code that
accepts values and returns result after calculation.
Example: Function to find area of a square.
Function square(optional x)
square = x * x
End Function
Steps using macro as a built-in function in Calc:
(1)Click Tool tab and select macro.
(2)Now select organize macro and click open office basic.
(3)In open office basic macro press organizer button.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 59

(4)Now type the function.

ØØMacros to Work like Built in Functions
Although Calc finds and calls macros as normal functions, they do not really behave as built-in functions. For
example, macros do not appear in the function lists. You can make macros to behave like built in functions by
writing various Add-In programs.
ØØPassing Arguments to a Macro
Here is an example of a macro that calculates the sum of its arguments that are positive. It will ignore arguments
that are less than zero.
Example: PositiveSum( ) function calculates the sum of its positive arguments
Function PositiveSum(Optional x)
Dim TheSum As Double
Dim iRow As Integer
Dim iCol As Integer
The Sum = 0.0
If NOT IsMissing(x) Then
If NOT IsArray(x) Then
If x > 0 Then TheSum = x
Else
For iRow = LBound(x, 1) To UBound(x, 1)
For iCol = LBound(x, 2) To UBound(x, 2)
If x(iRow, iCol) > 0 Then TheSum = TheSum + x(iRow, iCol)
Next
Next
End If
End If
PositiveSum = TheSum
End Function
Explanation:
(1)The argument x is Optional. When an argument is not Optional and the function is called without it, Calc
outputs a warning message every time the macro is called. If Calc calls the function many times, then the error
is displayed many times.
(2)The function IsMissing checks that an argument was passed before it is used.
(3)The function IsArray checks to see if the argument is a single value, or an array. Forexample, =PositiveSum(7)
or =PositiveSum(A4). In the first case, the number 7 is passed as an argument, and in the second case, the
value of cell A4 is passed to the function. In both these cases, IsArray returns the value False.
(4)If a range is passed to the function, it is passed as a two-dimensional array of values; for example,
=PositiveSum(A2:B5). The functions LBound and UBound are used to determine the array bounds that are
used. Although the lower bound is one, it is considered safer to use LBound in case it changes in the future.
60 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

ØØSorting Columns using Macros:

Arrangement of data in an order is called sorting. Data can be arranged in two ways ascending or descending
order. Open office provides two types of sorting:
(1)Single Column Sorting
(2)Multiple Column Sorting
With macro we can also sort data in ascending or descending order. These are the steps to sort data using
macro:
(1)Click tools tab and select macro.
(2)Now press record macro.
(3)Select the table for sorting.
(4)Click data tab and select sort option.

(5)In sort criteria dialogue box, select the column and sorting order.
(6)Press OK button.

UNIT-3 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
CHAPTER-9
Appreciate the Concept of Database Management System
and a list of employees and customers in banks, etc.
Revision Notes are the examples of a database. Given below is an
ØØData & Information: Data is a collection of raw or example of a student database that shows how data
unorganized facts that requires to be processed to is stored in tabular form in a database.
make it meaningful. It mainly consists of characters,
words, numbers or symbols that do not mean much Roll Name Class Address Mobile No.
on their own. However, when the data is processed, No
organized and structured in a specific manner to 101 Suhana 10 New 8569456245
make it meaningful, it is called Information. Delhi
A computer makes use of various applications and 102 Aadil 10 Agra 7895642583
formulas to convert data into information. Example
103 Kritika 10 New 9564856241
of data and information Data – 0, 32
Delhi
Information – The freezing and boiling point of wa-
ter in Degree Celsius is 0 and 32 respectively. ØØFeatures of Database:
ØØDatabase: A Database is an organized collection of  It stores and create data in the form of tables.
data. It allows you to store large amount of related  It is very easy to use and understand.
data in the form of tables. Data in each table is stored in  It can easily handle a large number of records stored
rows and columns. A telephone directory, a dictionary in the tables.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 61
 Data stored in a database will remain stored perma-  Data integrity: Data integrity refers to the overall
nently until and unless it is deleted from the system accuracy, completeness, and reliability of data.
manually. Database Management System arranges the
 It allows multiple users to use the database simulta- information in well-managed and synchronized
neously. form to make data handling very easy thus provide
ØØApplications of Database: Let us look at some of the data integrity.
areas where database applications are widely used  Data Consistency: Data consistency ensures that
to store, manage and retrieve data. there is no data mismatch and conflict. All data ap-
 Schools: It can be used to store the student records pears the same for all the users viewing the data-
with their personal information and parent’s details. base. Moreover, any changes made to the database
It can also be used to keep a record of the fee and are immediately reflected to all the users and there
result details. is no data inconsistency.
 Airlines: It is used to maintain a record of passenger  Backup and Recovery: Database Management Sys-
details, flight schedule, reservation or cancellation tem takes care of backup and recovery of data. The
status. users don't need to backup data periodically because
 Hospitals: It helps to maintain a record of patient’s this is taken care of by the DBMS.
medical history and the treatment provided for the  No Data Redundancy: Data redundancy refers to
same. the occurrence of same data in two or more places
 Banks: It helps to store and retrieve customer ’s within a database. DBMS allows to prevent the in-
account information such as withdrawals, deposits, put of duplicate items in the database. For e.g. – If
payments and loans. there are details of the same employees in two dif-
 Telecommunication: It helps to keep a record of the ferent rows, then one of the duplicate data will be
calls attended, missed call, duration and monthly deleted.
bills. ØØElements of a Database: The basic elements used in
ØØAdvantages of Database Management System a database.
(DBMS)  Tables: A table is an organized collection of data or
 Data Security: As the number of users increases, the information. It is made up of rows and columns. Ev-
data transfer also increases thus increasing the risk ery column represents a field and every row repre-
of data security. A Database Management System sents a record in the table.
(DBMS) provides a platform for data privacy and  Fields: A record is made up of individual pieces of
security policies to improve Data Security. Only information. Each piece of information in a record is
authorized users are allowed to access the database stored under a column called a field.
using a username and password.  Records: Each row in the database table is called a
record. A table consists of many records.
Fields

Reg. Phone
Name DOB Address
No. Number
12011 Anuj Mahajan 02/02/2011 3rd New Lane, Colaba 25796517
Princess Street, Marine
12012 Ashish Verma 12/23/2010 24567890
Lines
29/2 Oyster, Cuffe
12013 Imran Sheikh 7/18/2010 24455678
Parade

Records
Elements of a database
ØØDatabase Management System (DBMS) DBMS is a ØØTypes of Database: There are various types of DBMS
software application used to create and manage a as given below:
database. It provides tools to store, add, modify and  Relational database
delete data, search for specific data, and generate  Object oriented database
printed reports of data. It acts as an interface between  Hierarchical database
the database and the application software that use  Network database
the database. It makes data entry and retrieval ØØRelational Database: A relational database is based
highly efficient and accurate. A DBMS can thus be on the relational data model, which stores data
defined as a program that manages databases easily, in the form of rows and columns. In a relational
efficiently and accurately. database, a row is called a tuple, and column is
Example: Microsoft Access, OpenOffice Base, SQL called an attribute and a table is called a relation.
Server and Oracle Example of Relational databases are MySQL, Micro-
62 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

soft SQL Server, Oracle, etc. values for each record is normally set as the primary
ØØKeys in a database: Keys plays a vital role in a key.
relational database. They are used to identify the ØØForeign Key: A foreign key is a column in a table
rows and columns in a table. Keys are also used to that acts as the primary key in another table. Hence,
establish relationship between different tables. the foreign key is useful in establishing the link
 Types of Keys: There are mainly Eight different between two tables.
types of Keys in DBMS with different functionality: For Example, RegNo in a STUDENT relation can act
1. Super Key as a foreign key to AdmNo in ADMISSION relation.
2. Primary Key ØØComposite Key: There may be a table that might
3. Candidate Key not have a single column/attribute that can uniquely
4. Alternate Key identify all the records of a table. In order to uniquely
5. Foreign Key identify rows of a table, combination of two or more
6. Compound Key columns/attributes can be used. It is known as
7. Composite Key composite key.
8. Surrogate Key For example, in employee relation, an employee
ØØPrimary Key: A primary key is a field in a table may work on multiple projects simultaneously.
whose values uniquely identify each record in a So the primary key will be composed of all three
table. It does not allow blank values or duplicate attributes, namely Emp_ID, Emp_job, and Proj_ID
values. in combination. These attributes together act as a
For example, consider a ‘Student_details’ table that composite key.
stores values such as registration number, name,  Relational Database Management System: A
date of birth, address and phone number. In this Relational database management system (RDBMS)
table, two students in a school can have the same is a database management system (DBMS) that is
name, but they cannot have the same registration based on the relational model as introduced by E.
number. F. Codd in 1970. It is used to maintain relational
Therefore, we need to make the registration number databases. RDBMS uses SQL queries to access the
as the primary key. data in a relational database.
A field that will always have unique and non blank

CHAPTER-10
Create and Edit Tables using Wizard and SQL Commands
Revision Notes
ØØRDBMS: Data in a relational database is stored in the form of relations. The RDBMS database uses relations
(tables) to store data. A table is a collection of related data stored in rows and columns.
ØØDatabase Objects: The following are the database objects which are used to create, edit and manipulate data
stored in a database.
 Tables: A table is the main component of a database management system. A table like a spreadsheet software
uses rows and columns to present the data. In other words, a table is a collection of data arranged in the form
of rows and columns.
 Queries allow you to display only selected data from the tables based on certain conditions.
 Forms A form is a user-friendly interface that provides users the facility to interact with the data in tables . A
form has an attractive interface that accepts data from the user and allows the user to view the data stored in
a table.
 Reports allow you to print data based on a table or a query in a particular format in a presentable manner, so
that conclusions can be drawn from it.
ØØCreating a Database
Steps to create a database:
1. Open LibreOffice Base. A Database Wizard will get open.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 63

2.Select “Create a new database” and click Next.

3.The next dialog will ask about registering the database. Click Yes. And select “Open the database for editing”.
4.You can also select “create tables using the table wizard” to create a table in the newly created database.
5.Click Finish.
6.Once you click on Finish, Base will ask you to save the database. Type the name and click on the Save button.
LibreOffice Base database file format is *.odb, which is ODF Database File.
ØØYour database will be created and a window will open as shown below:

table1.odb-LibreOffice Base

ØØTerms in database :
Table: In a database, a table is information arranged in rows and columns. A table may have a few rows and
64 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

columns, or it may have hundreds of rows and columns. Tables typically have a primary and a foreign key to
help identify important pieces of information quicker when using queries.
Field: A database field is a set of data values, of the same data type, in a table. It is also referred to as a column
or an attribute.
Record: In a database, a record is a grouping of fields within a table that reference one particular object.
ØØData Types
A data type is used to specify the type of data that can be entered in a particular field for a record. It could be
text (alphanumeric values), number (decimal or numeric values) and date and time (date values). A field with a
number data type will not allow you to enter text values. You have to select the correct data type for each field,
depending on what type of value you will enter for that field. The common data types used in LibreOffice
along with their descriptions are given below:
 Memo [LONG VARCHAR]: It is used to store a large amount of text, such as a description field.
 Text [VARCHAR]: It is used for a short string of text, such as names or addresses.
 Yes/No [BOOLEAN]: It allows to enter Boolean values yes or no.
 Time [TIME]: It is used to store the hours, minutes, and seconds. The format of the date can be set in the table
design view.
 Date [DATE]: It is used for storing calendar dates. The format of the date can be set in the table design view.
 Decimal [DECIMAL]: It is used to define the fields that carry decimal values.
ØØCreating a Table using Table Wizard

After creating a database, you can create tables in the database. After creating a database do the following:
ØØClick on Use Wizard to Create a Table.

table1.odb-LibreOffice Base

Use Wizard to Create Table... Choose from a selecon of business and personal
table samples, which you customize to create a
table.

ØØThe table wizard will open.

Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 65

ØØStep 1:
Select Fields
I. Select the category from the Category section. For example, here we have selected Personal. The Sample
tables drop-down list changes to a list of personal sample tables.
II. Select the sample table from the Sample tables option.
III. The Available fields area changes to a list of available fields for this table.
IV. Now, select the fields from the Available Fields. The selected fields will be shown in the Selected.
V. Now, click Next.
ØØStep 2:
Set types and formats
ØØIn this step, select the data type for each of the field that you have selected in the last step.

After defining the data type, click on Next.

66 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

ØØStep 3:
Setting Primary Key

1. Make sure, the option Create a primary key option is checked.

2. Select the field from the Use an existing field as a primary key.
3. Check Auto value if it is not already checked. Click Next.
ØØStep 4:
Create a Table
1. Type the desired name for your table.
2. Now, click on Finish.
Now, Table gets created with the desired name.

CHAPTER-11
Perform Operations on Tables
Revision Notes
ØØA Tables are used to present the data in an organize manner where data is stored in the form of rows &
columns. In Base, data is stored in the form of tables and you can perform various types of operations on these
tables such as inserting data, editing data, deleting data, sorting data, etc. You can also create relationships
between two tables.
In the previous chapter, you have learnt to create tables and now we will learn to perform operations on a
table.
ØØInserting data in the table
Follow the given below steps to insert data in a table:
 Open your database in which your table exists.
 Open the table.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 67

 Now type your data. Using the tab key move to the next column.
 You can add as many rows as you want.
ØØEditing records in the table
After inserting data in a table, you may need to edit the data in case some information has been changed.
Follow the given below steps to edit the data in a table.
1. Open your database.
2. Now open your table.
3. Click on the Edit menu and choose the Edit Data option.

4. The table will be displayed in the edit mode.

5. Now edit your data. And click on the Save button to save the changes.
ØØDeleting records from the table
There are many ways to delete the records in a table.
1. Open your table.
2. Select the record that has to be deleted. And press the Delete key.
OR
Click on the Edit menu and choose the Delete option.
68 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

OR
Right Click on the record and choose the Delete Rows option.
ØØSorting data in the table
Sorting refers to the arrangement of data. You can arrange the data in ascending or descending order. In base,
you can sort the data using single field and multiple fields.
Sorting data using single field
Follow the given below steps to sort the single field in a table
1. Open your table.
2. Select the column whose data needs to be sorted.
3. On the Table Data toolbar, select either Sort in Ascending Order or Sort in Descending Order as per your re-
quirement.

ØØData will be sorted as per your choice.

ØØSorting data using multiple field
Follow the given below steps to sort multiple fields in a table
1. Open your table.
2. Click on the Sort button on the Table Data toolbar.
The Sort Order dialog box opens.
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 69

3. Select the field names and their order either ascending or descending.
4. Click on OK.
ØØThe data will be sorted according to your choice.
ØØReferential integrity
Referential integrity is used to maintain accuracy and consistency of data in a relationship (two related
tables). In Base, data can be linked between two or more tables with the help of primary key and foreign key
constraints. Referential integrity refers to the rule that a foreign key must have a matching primary key. It
prevents to insert the duplicate records.
Referential integrity helps in the following:
 Adding records to a related table if there is no associated record available in the primary key table.
 Changing values in a primary key field if any dependent records are present in an associated table.
 Deleting records from a primary key table if there are any matching related records available in associated
table(s).
ØØRelationship
A relationship in Base refers to an association between two or more tables. Relationships between tables helps
in saving time as there is no need to enter the same data in another tables. If there is a large amount of data
that you need to display in a table, in that case, you can store data in more than one table. To display the data
from more than one table as a single table, you must create relationships between the tables. Relationship can
be established by matching the fields with the same name in different tables. For example, you can create a
relationship between two tables, if one field serves as a primary key in one table and the same field serves as
a foreign key in the second table.
ØØTypes of Relationship
There are mainly three types of relationships that you can establish between two tables.
1. One to One
2. Onto to Many or Many to One
3. Many to Many
ØØOne to One: In this type of relationship a record in a table can have only one matching record in another table.
One-to-One relationship can be established when two tables are related by a single row.
ØØOne to Many: In this relationship, one record in one table is associated with many records in the second table.
This type of relationship can be established where one record in a table matches with many records in another
table. For example, a same employee can do multiple tasks in an organisation or a students is doing many
activities in a school.
ØØMany to Many: In this type of relationship, many records of a table matches with many records of another
table. This type of relationship can be established when many records in a table are associated with many
records in another table.
ØØCreating a Relationship
Follow the given below steps to create a relationship between two tables.
1. Open your database.
2. Select two tables.
3. Click on the Tools menu and choose the Relationship option.
70 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

The Add Tables dialog box appears.

4. Now, select a table from the dialog box and click on the Add button. The selected table is added in a relation-
ship.
5. Similarly, select the another table and click on the Add button.

6. Click on the close button to close the Add Tables dialog box.
7. Drag the primary key of a table and drop to the same field in the another table.
The relationship is created.
8. Click on the Save button in the File menu to save the relationship.
ØØField properties
In design view there are different properties of fields according to the data type set for each field.
zzNumeric Data Type Properties
 Auto Value: if it sets to yes then field will get the auto numeric values.
 Length: By default length of the field is 10 but the size of the field can be set to maximum length in this prop-
erty.
 Default Value: A default value can be set for a field if user does not provide any value while entering the val-
ues in the table.
 Format example: This property is used to set the format of the data entered in the field such as 91-222-333.
ØØCharacter Data Type Properties
 Entry Required: if it sets to yes then it you must enter the value in the field which means that field cannot be
left blank.
 Length: By default length of the field is 10 but the size of the field can be set to maximum length in this prop-
erty.
 Default Value: A default value can be set for a field if user does not provide any value while entering the val-
ues in the table.
 Format example: This property is used to set the format of the data entered in the field such as 91-222-333.

Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 71

CHAPTER-12
Retrieve Data Using Query
Overview: This step displays the overview of your
Revision Notes 
query. You can display the query result or modify
ØØDatabase query: the query. Click on Display query button to preview
A database query helps you to perform searching the result. Finally, click on the finish button to show
for the records in the database and displaying the the result.
searched data. It can be run on multiple tables as ØØCreation of query using design view
well. You can filter the results using criteria and wild Follow the given below steps to define a query in
card characters. In other words, a query is a database design view:
object that retrieves data from the database table.  Open your database and select Queries from the ob-
Queries are used to display and analyses data in a ject pane window. A new window appears to add
database. The information that is returned by the tables for your query.
query is stored in a separate table. This table is called  Select the table and click on Add Tables option.
Query Table.  Now come to fields row at the bottom given table
ØØDefining query and choose whatever field you need to display in
the query results.
Queries in Open Office Base can be defined using
 If you want to use any alias for your fields type
the following ways:
name exact below the field name.
 Using Query Wizard
 The next option is table, this is not mandatory when
 Using Design View
you are working with a single table.
 Using SQL View
 After then move down to the next row to sort your
ØØQuery creation using wizard
records. Just select go to the row where you want to
A wizard is a step by step process to create a query. It sort the records and select it.
is the easiest way to create a query. Follow the given  Next is function, whenever you want to perform
below steps to create a query using the wizard. calculation or want to use some functions you can
1. Open your database and select Queries from object select this option.
pane.  Next row is Criterion, which is very important
2. Click on Use Wizard to Create Query option from to display the records according to the criteria.
the Tasks window. Here you can use the comparison operators like
Now Query Wizard will open. This query wizard >,<,>=,<=,= or != etc.
has the following steps.  Then number of criteria you can add as per the re-
 Field Selection: This step allows to select the re- quirements.
quired fields from the table. Select the table and click  Now finally save your query and view the results.
on the required fields then click on the > button. ØØ Editing a query
Click on Next to go to the next step. Sometimes you may need to edit your query. Follow
 Sorting Order: In this step, the records are sorted. the given below steps to edit a query:
There are four options to sort the records with dif- 1. Select your query in Database Objects pane.
ferent fields. Select the column name and choose the 2. Right click on the query and select Edit.
order Ascending or Descending order. Then click on 3. The selected query gets open in the Query Design
next to go to the next level. View.
 Search Conditions: In this step, you can select the 4. Make changes in your query.
data based on specific conditions or criteria like 5. Now execute the query by clicking on the Run Que-
match all fields for all records or match any of the ry button.
following then select the field and conditions such The query will get executed.
as is equal to, is not equal to, is smaller than, is great- 6. Now click on the Save button to save the query.
er than, is equal or less than, is equal or greater than, ØØApplying criteria in a query
like, not like, is null, is not null and enter the value. You can apply criteria to a query to fetch the specific
After specifying the conditions, click on Next. information from the table. You can specify the
 Detail or summary: It will show the detail or sum- criteria in the Query Design View. You can specify
mary of your query. Click on Next. the criteria for a single field, multiple fields and also
 Grouping: This option is used to group the records using wildcards. Let us learn these in detail:
according to specific values. By default this option is ØØCriteria For A Single Field
disabled. To apply criteria on a single field, follow the given
 Grouping Conditions: If you have grouped your
steps:
data, then in this step you can define the grouping  In the Database Object pane, select your query.
conditions.  Right Click on the selected query and choose Edit.
 Aliases: This option allows you to define the alias
 The selected query gets open in Query Design View.
names for your selected fields. Type the name in the  Specify the criteria in the Criteria Row.
box and click on Next.  Run the query by clicking on the Run Query button.
72 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

 Now, you will get the records according to the crite- ØØGrouping of data
ria specified earlier. Sometimes you may want to group the data in
ØØCriteria For Multiple Fields logical groups to apply various functions on groups.
You can apply criteria to multiple fields also. To In Base, the group function is used to group the
apply criteria on multiple fields, follow the given data. For example, you have an employee table and
below steps: you want to count the total number of employees
 In the Database Object pane, select your query. in each city. In this case, you can apply the group
 Right Click on the selected query and choose Edit. function in city field and count the number of
 The selected query gets open in Query Design View. employee in each city.
 Specify the criteria for more than one fields in the ØØStructured Query Language (SQL)
Criteria Row. SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating
 Run the query by clicking on the Run Query button. and retrieving data in databases. It is mainly designed
 Now, you will get the records according to the crite- for maintaining the data in relational database
ria specified earlier. management systems. It is a special language used
ØØCriteria Using Wildcards by data professionals for handling structured data.
A wildcard character is a special character used to You can easily create and manipulate the database,
substitute one or more characters in a string. There access and modify the table rows and columns, etc.
are many wildcard characters. These characters are SQL commands are classifies as the following:
used with the LIKE operator. Let us learn about
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
these wildcard characters in detail: 2. Data Manipulation Language(DML)
ØØWildcard Characters
ØØDDL Commands
Symbol Description Example Data Definition Language helps you to define the
% Represents zero or bl% finds bl, black, database structure or schema.
more characters blue, and blob Following are the five DDL commands in SQL:
 CREATE Command
_ Represents a single h_t finds hot, hat,
 DROP Command
character and hit
 ALTER Command
[] Represents any single h[oa]t finds hot  TRUNCATE Command
character within the and hat, but not  RENAME Command
brackets hit 1. Create Command: CREATE is a DDL command
^ Represents any h[^oa]t finds hit, used to create databases, tables, triggers and other
character not in the but not hot and database objects.
brackets hat Syntax:
CREATE Database Database_Name;
- Represents any single c[a-b]t finds cat Example:
character within the and cbt Create Database Books;
specified range a. Creating a Table
Examples: Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name
WHERE CustomerName Finds any values that (
LIKE 'a%' starts with "a" column_Name1 data_type ( size of the column ) ,
WHERE CustomerName Finds any values that column_Name2 data_type ( size of the column) ,
LIKE '%a' ends with "a" column_Name3 data_type ( size of the column) ,
...
WHERE CustomerName Finds any values that column_NameN data_type ( size of the column )
LIKE '%or%' have "or"in any position );
WHERE CustomerName Finds any values that Example
LIKE '_r%' have "r" in the second CREATE TABLE Student
position (
Roll_No Int ,
ØØPerforming calculations
First_Name Varchar (20) ,
In Base, you can perform calculations on Numerical Last_Name Varchar (20) ,
and Data data types. The arithmetic operators such Age Int ,
as +,-./,*,% are used to perform mathematical Marks Int ,
operations. To perform calculations do the following: );
1. Open the Query Design Window. 2. Drop Command: DROP is a DDL command used
2. Choose the fields. to delete/remove the database objects from the SQL
3. Type the expression in the bottom of the window. database. We can easily remove the entire table,
For example, to display the name of employee and view, or index from the database using this DDL
salary that is incremented by 2000, the query will be: command.
Select “emp_name”, “salary” +2000 from employee Syntax: DROP DATABASE Database_Name;
4. Run the query by clicking on the Run Query button. Example: DROP DATABASE Books;
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 73
3. Alter Command: ALTER is a DDL command which ØØFollowing are the DML commands
changes or modifies the existing structure of the da-  Insert Command
tabase, and it also changes the schema of database This command is used to insert data into the row of
objects. a table.
Syntax: Syntax:
 ALTER TABLE name_of_table ADD column_name INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (col1, col2, col3,.... col
column_definition; N)
Example: ALTER TABLE Student ADD Father's_ VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);
Name Varchar(60); Example
 TRUNCATE Command INSERT INTO students (RollNo, FIrstName, Last-
TRUNCATE is another DDL command which de- Name) VALUES ('60', ‘Tina’, ‘Elson');
letes or removes all the records from the table. It also  Update Command
removes the space allocated for storing the table re- This command is used to update or modify the val-
cords. ue of a column in the table.
Syntax: Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE Table_Name; UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= val-
Example ue1,...column_nameN = valueN] [WHERE CONDI-
TRUNCATE TABLE Student; TION]
 RENAME Command Example
RENAME is a DDL command which is used to UPDATE students
change the name of the database table. SET FirstName = 'Nick', LastName= 'Sen'
Syntax WHERE StudID = 3;
RENAME TABLE Old_Table_Name TO New_Table_  DELETE Command
Name; This command is used to remove one or more rows
Example from a table.
RENAME TABLE Student TO Student_Details ; Syntax:
ØØDML Commands: DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];
Data Manipulation Language (DML) helps to Example:
modify the table by inserting, modifying, and DELETE FROM students
deleting its data. It is responsible for performing all WHERE FirstName = 'Nick';
types of data modification in a database.

CHAPTER-13
Create Forms and Reports Using Wizard
you click on Add Subform option to select fields for
Revision Notes the subform.
ØØForms in Base (iv) Get joined fields: This option also related to sub-
Basically, forms are used to collect data from the form and appears only when you select Add Sub-
user. It provides an interface to enter the data from form option.
the user side. In the database, forms help to store (v) Arrange Controls: This option allows to ar-
data into the database directly from the interface. range available form controls. It provides three op-
By using forms user can view, enter, and change the tions like:
data directly in the database. l Label placement: Align Left or Align right,
ØØCreating a form using the wizard l Arrangement of the main form as: Columnar – La-
To create a form using wizard follow the given steps: bels at Left, Columnar – Labels on Top, As Datasheet,
1. Click on Forms option available at the database ob- In blocks – Label Above
l Arrangement of subform – Columnar – Labels at
jects pane/window.
2. Now click on the option “Use wizard to create Left, Columnar – Labels on Top, As Datasheet, In
form…” in the tasks window. The form wizard will blocks – Label Above
appear. (vi) Set Data Entry: This option provides two options:
l The form is to be used for entering new data only.
3. This form wizard has 8 steps:
(i) Field selection: Select the field you want to display Existing data will not be displayed.
l The form is to display all data
on the form
l do not allow modification
(ii) Set up subform: This option allows to show
l do not allow deletion
the contents from the table with a separate form.
l do not allow the addition
There are two options available for this step:
(a) Subform based on the existing relation (vii) Apply Styles: This step allows to apply format-
(b) Subform based on manual selection of fields ting to the form. You can select a colour and border
(iii) Add subform fields: This option only comes when styles for the form.
74 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

(viii) Set Name: This option allows setting the name for (iv) Now the record that you have searched, will be
the form. You can give a new name, by default it will displayed on the screen.
show the table name in the box. After then you can ØØReports in Base
select one option like work with the form or modify A report is the final outcome of any computerized
the form. system. Suppose you are giving online order from
ØØAdding a Record any online shopping website after completion of the
When you complete all the steps of form wizard, payment and delivery you will get an invoice of the
you will get a form navigation toolbar at bottom of order. This invoice is one of the example of report.
the form window. In this form navigation, you will ØØFeatures of Reports
get Add New record icon. Click on it and you are  You summarize the data from the selected table in a
allowed to type a new record. Save the record. printed form.
ØØDeleting a Record  You can customize the report as and when required.
To delete the record, right click on the record and  You can add header and footer of your choice.
click on Delete option.  You can apply formatting as per your need.
ØØModifying Form  You can add controls as per the requirements.
Modifying form is a simple process. Click on the  You can select queries and tables to create a report.
record box whatever you want to modify and then ØØCreating a Report
save the record. To navigate through different OO base provides a way to create report using
records use form navigation control and modify it. wizard. As you know a wizard is step by step process
ØØChanging Label and background of creating objects in OO base.
The form created through the wizard is not allowing Follow the below given steps to create report using
to modify the labels directly, because the displayed the wizard.
label and text box showing the field value are (i) Select the Reports button from the object selection
grouped together by default. Ungroup them first window.
and then you can change it. Follow these steps: (ii) Click on Use wizard to create reports from the tasks
(i) Right-click on the displayed field value in the form. window. A new report window will appear with Re-
(ii) Choose Group > Ungroup. port Wizard.
(iii) Now click on the double click on the label. (iii) This Report Wizard has six major steps:
1. Field Selection: In this step, select the table and
(iv) Field label properties will open.
fields you want to display on the report.
(v) Find the label text and type your desired text. Now 2. Labelling Fields: This step provides customization
close the properties window. for a selected field label. You can change the field
(vi) Adjust the label accordingly. name as per need. Otherwise, it will display the
(vii) Save the form. field names as provided in the table.
In a similar manner you can change the background, 3. Grouping: If you need any group records, you can
just select the background as you want from the group them according to the grouping field and
properties. functions. Select the field to group records.
ØØSearching records using the form 4. Sort Options: It will generate the report in sorting
To search a record using form, follow these steps: order as selected by the user.
5. Choose Layout: There are certain built-in layouts.
(i) Click on Find Record button from the navigation
These layouts are pre-formatted layouts for your
toolbar. A new dialog box appears with the title “Re-
report. It provides options like Layout of data, Lay-
cord Search”.
out headers and footers and orientation – Portrait or
(ii) Type text you want to search in the search for op-
Landscape.
tion and in the box available at the front of Text.
6. Create Report: This is the last step of the Report
(iii) Select the fields whether all the fields or single field Wizard. Type the name for your report, otherwise,
from the box. Apply the desired settings and click on it will save as it with the selected table name. Then
search button. select Static or Dynamic report as per your need.

UNIT-4 MANAGING HEALTH AND SAFETY
CHAPTER-14
Maintain Workplace Safety
or death at work is the main objective of workplace
Revision Notes safety.
ØØWorkplace Safety: The law mandates employers ØØWorkplace Safety Tips
to keep their workers safe. When going to work
 Reduce Workplace Mental Stress
no body should be concerned about the safety.
 Use Tools and Machines Properly
Reducing the hazards of employee injury, sickness,
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 75
 Use Mechanical Aids ØØSafety Tips for Falls and Slips:
 Be Alert and Awake  Inform your supervisor straight quickly if you spot
 Use labels and signs anything that might cause you to trip or fall.
 Encourage Relax breaks for employees.  Eliminate messes and anything slick. To learn how to
ØØFire Hazard: In order to reduce the change of a fire utilise cleaning goods, ask your boss. Avoid cleaning
accusing at a workplace, planning and infrastructure products that can make the floor slick.
design are referred to as "fire safety".  Remove anything that might provide a tripping
ØØRisks from fire include: hazard, such as cords, wires, empty boxes, and
 Sparks of flames clutter, from lobbies, staircases, and pathways.
 hot things  Ensure that floor mats are laid level, not wrinkled or
 flammable substances coiled.
 Chemicals called "accelerators" that can speed up  When climbing and descending stairs, use the hand-
the spread of fires rails.
ØØFire Safety: The use of flame-resistant protective  Check that any ladder or stepladder opens all the
apparel, preventative measures, safe work practices, way before using it.
training in fire safety, and the use of fire-resistant  Verify the stability of the ladder legs on a level, non-
construction materials are all included in the slip surface and that ladder extensions are com-
concept of fire safety. pletely fastened.
 Remove any slick substances from a ladder's rungs,
The use of flame-resistant protective apparel,
preventative measures, safe work practices, training steps, or feet.
ØØElectrical Hazard: Modern living is impossible
in fire safety, and the use of fire-resistant construction
materials are all included in the concept of fire safety. without electricity, which is used in practically ev-
ery facet of our daily existence. However, if neces-
ØØPreventive Measures of Fire Safety:
sary safety precautions are not followed, it may also
1. Installing fire Alarms: All businesses are required be quite dangerous. Electrical dangers can result in
by law to install fire alarms. While some alarms may fatalities, severe burns, and other catastrophic inju-
go off automatically, if they're manual, make sure to ries. Raising understanding of electrical dangers can
teach staff members how to use them. assist reduce risk, increase risk, and help employees
2. Emergency plan: This should include information avoid damage.
on what staff members must do in the event of a fire,
ØØExamples of electrical hazard:
the kinds of warning systems in use, and evacuation
 Electric shock and burns from live wire contact
protocols.
 Fires from faulty wiring
3. Create fire escape routes: They must have visible
 Overloading circuits
signage, be well-lit, and direct visitors to a secure
 Leaving electrical parts exposed
location. To make sure your fire escape routes are
 Electrocution or burns from lack of PPE
successful, plan them in line with the local fire
 Explosions and fires from explosive and flammable
authority.
4. Designate a Specialised Person: A person or persons substances.
 Contact with overhead power lines
should be in charge of overseeing fire safety at your
 Electrical exposure to water
place of business and helping with evacuations in
ØØElectrical Safety: Workers who are exposed to
the case of a fire. They are referred to as fire wardens.
5. Knowledge of Fire extinguishers: Ensure that handling and maintaining electrically powered
everyone in charge of fire safety is aware of the equipment often follow electrical safety procedures.
many kinds of fire extinguishers that are available. They adhere to a set of rules to lessen electrical risks
6. Emergency lights: All emergency exits and escape and stop any potentially harmful consequences
routes need to be well-lit. Include illumination at all in the event of an occurrence. Failure to follow
entrances, along hallways, where there is a change electrical safety procedures can result in mishaps,
in floor level or direction, at stairwells, and adjacent near misses, or even fatalities.
to fire extinguishers and alarms. ØØSafety Measures
7. Employee Training: Your staff should be well  Avoiding electrical dangers is the greatest way to
trained that explains how to sound the alarm, who keep safe. Maintain a safe distance if you must oper-
the fire wardens are, where the escape routes are, ate close to an electrical danger or equipment that
how to evacuate, and where the assembly place is. uses more than 50V.
Without this information, fire crises run the risk of  Before you start your operations, make sure that all
getting worse. panel doors are closed and that there are no exposed
ØØFalls and Slips: You can trip or fall when you hook wires near your work area.
your foot on anything or lose your balance. You can  Before any work may be done on or near exposed,
also slide when you lose your balance. Some of the live electrical components, they must first be de-en-
typical causes of slips, trips, and falls include spills, ergized.
ice, snow, rain, loose mats, rugs, and stepladders.  You can help to guarantee everyone's safety at work
These falls and slips can cause injuries including by utilising all electrical equipment properly.
sprains, strains, bruises, bumps, fractures, scratches,  Workers need to be cautious when handling electri-
and cuts can result from bad illumination and clutter. cal cables.
76 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

 Never pull on the cable to unhook a plug; always  Scissors

pull on the plug head.  Tweezers
 Avoid overstretching or pressing electrical cables.  Adhesive tape
 Physical barriers should always be used to protect  Latex gloves
employees from any electrical hazards.  Resuscitation equipment such as resuscitation bag,
 When performing any work or maintenance airway, or pocket mask
overhead, beware of electrical lines. In most  Two elastic wraps
workplaces, there is the potential for live electrical  Splint
equipment and parts above the floor level, which are ØØCase studies of hazardous situation
only accessible with ladders or elevated platforms. Following are the examples of hazardous situation
 Electrical equipment that can cause ignition must when the safety steps are missing or are not fol-
not be used where flammable vapors, gases, or dust lowed properly.
are present. ØØCASE Study 1 : Hazards due to Chemicals
 When doing any work or maintenance overhead, be
From past 2 years Ramdeen worked in a chemical
aware of electrical wires.
factory where come types of Acids are being
 Physical barriers should always be provided to
manufactured. He is supposed to carry a sample of
safeguard personnel from any electrical dangers.
chemical in a special flask with a tight cap. He went
 Electrical equipment that might produce ignition
to take the sample from the dispenser and did not
must not be utilised when flammable vapours,
fixed the cap properly. While carrying the chemical
fumes, or dust are present.
back he slipped and because the cap was not fixed
ØØFirst Aid
and the chemical spilled over his neck, lower half
First aid is the term used to describe medical care of his face and one hand. The worker suffered from
that is often provided at the scene of the accident severe burns due to chemical burns.
and shortly after it happens. It frequently consists of
ØØCASE Study 2 : Hazards due to Electric shocks
a single, brief treatment and is carried out with little
help from technology or special expertise. A 43 year old gardener was electrocuted and lost
control over his limbs while watering the plants in
ØØExamples
a park where he worked. After investigating, it was
Cleaning small wounds, scrapes, or scratches; found that insulation of the electric wire from the
treating a minor burn; using bandages and dressings; night lamp was cracked and full 220 volt current
using over-the-counter medication; draining was live on the lamp pole. The park care taker had
blisters; removing debris from the eyes; massage; just watered the plants and the electric current was
and consuming fluids to ease heat exhaustion are all live in water while he watered the plants This meant
examples of first aid procedures. the wire was not inspected regularly. Otherwise, the
ØØUse of First Aid at Workplace damaged insulated wire should have been changed
First aid at work refers to the care provided to some- and replaced with a new safe to touch wire.
one who has experienced an accident, injury, or ØØCASE Study 3: Hazards due to Fire
illness. To assist coworkers at work, basic first aid A storekeeper was in a habit of throwing the
training is required. Before emergency services ar- plastic waste and packing waste in the back door
rive, first aid is administered by qualified persons. of his store. The housekeeping staff was in a habit
First Aid Kit of smoking cigarette during their break time. One
ØØThe First aid kit should include the following: week the pile of plastic and packing garbage was
 Gauze pads (at least 4 × 4 inches) not cleaned. One of the housekeeping staff just
 Two large gauze pads (at least 8 × 10 inches) threw the discarded cigarette in that garbage heap
 Box adhesive bandages (Band-Aids) of plastics and packing material. As the day was hot
 One package gauze roller bandage at least 2 inches and sunny, the garbage caught fire. By the time the
wide fire was noticed, fire flames engulfed the whole back
 Two triangular bandages area causing heavy damage to the store and the back
 Wound cleaning agent such as sealed moistened door area. The fire could have been prevented if the
towelettes storekeeper had taken appropriate garbage disposal
measures, restricting smoking in the premises.

CHAPTER-15
Prevent Accidents and Emergencies
or unanticipated consequences. In other words,
Revision Notes any disastrous circumstance or event that ends in
ØØAccidents harmful outcomes, injuries, fatalities, or any other
An accident is defined as an unexpected incident undesirable outcome.
that could occur suddenly and may have undesirable
Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, Information Technology, Class-X 77
ØØTypes of Accidents at the Workplace  Do the necessary arrangements for the treatment of
The following are different types of the accidents at injuries
the workplace:  Always stay alert
ØØFire  Pay attention to and follow emergency drills.

A fire is another accident type that does not happen ØØEmergency

frequently in every organization, although, it An unexpected circumstance that requires quick

does happen at work. Explosions and fire are both response is referred to as an emergency.
harmful and occasionally fatal. It causes huge Another definition of an emergency is a sudden
damages to organizations. The main causes of fire threat to human life or property that requires action
are: to stop before things get worse. An emergency is
 Faulty electrical equipment defined as anything that shuts down operations,
 Flammable and combustible materials poses a hazard to the public, consumers, or
 Lack of staff training employees, or harms the environment.
 Lack of resources and equipment in place ØØHandling Emergencies
ØØRoad Traffic accidents The emergency must be handled immediately to
An accident involving two or more automobiles on reduce or minimize the loss. Every organization
a public highway or road that leaves many people must have an emergency plan to minimize the loss
injured or dead. Because of the number of cars on and recover from it.
the roads and individuals trying to find other routes Tips to deal With Emergency Situations
to their destinations, traffic accidents can occur Even if handling an emergency scenario could be
everywhere in the world. challenging, it gets a bit easier if you know what to
ØØClinical Negligence do.
It refers to suffering or injury brought on by a  You should remain calm in every situation. In fact,
doctor's inadequate or nonexistent treatment. It anxiety might worsen the situation and make it dif-
might be bodily or emotional injury. ficult for you to think clearly.
ØØSports related accidents  Move to a safe location to avoid further damage to
Exercise and sports are essential for overall health, life and property.
yet sports and other physical activities frequently  Check if you or others got inured that require first
result in injuries. An injury sustained while aid treatment.
participating in sports, exercise, or other athletic  Call immediately to police, friends, relatives for help
activities is referred to as a sports injury.  Provide the accurate information to rescuers to help
ØØHandling Accidents them figure out the right treatment for the victims.
It's vital to manage workplace accidents. When it ØØTypes of emergency
does, it should be handled with extreme caution and The common types of emergencies are as following:
without placing blame on anybody or anything. The  Chemical Peels
following guideline should be followed to handle an  Extreme Heat waves
accident:  Droughts
 SOP (Standard Operating Procedures) should be  Pandemics
 Terrorists Attack
prepared by the concerned authority.
 Fire
 Banners and safety-related slogans should be dis-
 Natural Disaster like Flood, Thunderstorms
played in different areas
 Leakage of gas or chemical

CHAPTER-16
Protect Health and Safety at Work
Incoming water to the facility that may contain haz-
Revision Notes 
ards or contribute to the development of a hazard
ØØHazards within the plumbing fixtures
Hazards at work emerge when the surroundings can  Areas of low flow or stagnant water within the facil-
lead to disease, injury, or even death. Equipment, ity distribution system
toxic materials, unsafe working practices, and  location of specific infrastructure (e.g., hot and cold
human conduct are just a few of multiple aspects of water pipes too close together such that the hot wa-
the workplace that could create hazards. ter pipes raise the temperature of the cold water to
ØØSources of Hazards temperatures favorable for Legionella growth)
A place or circumstance that potentially result in  A poorly maintained or insufficient infrastructure,
a hazard is known as a hazard source. Hazardous such as TMVs, tempering valves, and backflow pre-
materials can come from, but are not limited to: vention devices, may contain hazards
78 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Class-X

 Incoming water to the institution that might be dan-  Using the emergency exit maps, leave the building.
gerous or could cause the facility's water distribu-  Help physically challenged people get to a safe place
tion system to become dangerous. and alert the emergency services.
ØØPreventive Measures  Make sure everyone has left the building.
Following are the preventive measures of hazards:  Avoid use the lifts.
 Only use a fire extinguisher if it's safe to do so and
 make sure that your personal hygiene poses no risk
to others in order to achieve the complete eradica- you've received the proper training.
 Personnel should gather in a secluded area indicat-
tion of all potential risks when working with others.
 Respond appropriately in the event of an accident,
ed on evacuation maps.
 Report dangerous circumstances.
damage, or injury.
 When faced with smoke, keep your distance. Before
 Look for crowds at your place of employment.
 Use established methods while being closely super-
opening, check for heat in closed doors.
 Till it is safe to enter again, stay away from the build-
vised when performing potentially hazardous job.
 Employ proper handling and movement practices.
ing.
ØØHealthy Living
 Observe hygienic practices.
 To deal with emergencies, put on protective cloth- Leading a healthy life can help you live longer and
ing. avoid sickness. A healthy life results from a healthy
 Handle spills and dispose of trash while using and lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle has a long-lasting effect
storing tools and supplies securely. on a person, which eventually results in a healthy
 Respond immediately and appropriately to situa- atmosphere at home and at work. An employee
tions, such as fires, security issues, and accidents. who is content and in good health will always work
 Use your knowledge and abilities till assistance as hard as he can.
comes. ØØTips for healthy living
ØØEvacuation Exercise: Exercise strengthens the bones, heart,
Every company has a responsibility to make sure and lungs, tones muscles, improves vitality, relieves
employees are trained on emergency protocols. This depression, and helps you sleep better.
may involve knowing where to find emergency Limit alcohol use: Drinking too much alcohol
exits, what to do in the event of a fire, earthquake, or changes many brain functions. Emotions, thinking,
other disaster, and the steps to take in order to leave and judgment are first to be affected. So, it should be
the building in an emergency. These site-specific in limit.
practices have to be covered in the training provided ØØUse of Drugs or Medications: Drugs and medicines
to all new hires. Regular exercises or reviews of affect people in different ways. Older people need
procedures are also essential to make sure that to be very careful about interactions when they are
everyone is capable of responding appropriately taking many medicines. Be very cautious or talk to
and safely in the event of a genuine emergency. your doctor before taking any painkillers.
ØØGeneral Evacuation Procedures
ØØStress Management: Stress is normal. It can be
The residents of the building have to be informed a great motivator and help in some cases. But too
of the existence of a fire or other life-threatening much stress can cause health problems such as
condition via fire and evacuation alarms. Everyone trouble sleeping, stomach upset, anxiety, and mood
needs to evacuate the building without delay after changes. You should learn to manage with stress.
hearing the alert. To protect everyone within the ØØObesity: Obesity is a serious health concern.
building in the case of a fire, the following actions Excess body fat can overwork the heart, bones, and
should be taken: muscles. It can also increase your risk for developing
 Set the fire alarm to go off. high blood pressure, stroke, varicose veins, breast
 Immediately dial emergency number and give de- cancer, and gallbladder disease.
tails. ØØDiet: Having a balanced diet is important to being in
 Help wounded individuals or alert first responders
good health. Choose foods that are low in saturated
to a medical emergency. and trans fat, and low in cholesterol.
