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Determinants 2

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Neeta Tyagi
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20 views30 pages

Determinants 2

Uploaded by

Neeta Tyagi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DETERMINANT

DETERMINANT
DETERMINANT
COFACTOR AND MINOR OF AN ELEMENT

 MINOR
• Minor of an element is defined as the minor determinant
obtained by deleting a particular row or column in which that
element lies.
a11 a12 a13
Let Mij= minor of element aij in D where i & j
D = a21 a22 a23
represents positions of row and column
a31 a32 a33 respectively
DETERMINANT
 COFACTOR
a11 a12 a13
D = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

Let Cij = cofactor of aij in D , Where Cij = (–1) i+j Mij


DETERMINANT
 EXPANSION/VALUE OF DETERMINANT
• The value of a determinant of order three in terms of ‘Minor’ &
‘Cofactor’ can be written as D = a11M11 – a12M12 + a13M13 or
a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13
• Similarly it can be done in 6 ways.
DETERMINANT
Example
If elements of second row of a determinant of order 3 are given by
a21 = 1, a22 = 2 & a23 = -3. And their corresponding minors are 2, 3 & -
1. Then find the value of determinant
DETERMINANT
INTRODUCTION

 SECOND ORDER DETERMINANT


• A determinant of the second order is denoted by the symbol

a1 b1
= D or where = a1b2 – a2b1
a2 b2
DETERMINANT
 THIRD ORDER DETERMINANT
• A determinant of the third order is denoted by the symbol
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c 2 = D or where = [a1(b2c3 – b3c2) + b1(c2a3 – c3a2)
a3 b3 c 3 + c1(a2b3 –a3b2)]
DETERMINANT
 THIRD ORDER DETERMINANT
b2 c 2 a2 c 2 a2 b2
• D is obtained by the manner a1 -b + c1
b3 c3 1 a3 c3 a3 b3
DETERMINANT
 SARRUS METHOD

a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c 2 = (a1b2c3 + a2b3c1 + a3b1c2) – (a1b3c2 + a2b1c3 +
a3 b3 c3 a3b2c1)

• Note that the product of terms in first bracket = product of terms


in second bracket
DETERMINANT
Example
If third order determinants are formed by using elements 1 or –1,
then find the maximum possible value of determinant.
DETERMINANT
 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞
• Sum of products of elements of any row (column) with their
corresponding cofactors is equal to the value of Determinant.
3
D =  aijCij etc. for i = 1,2,3
j=1
DETERMINANT
 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞
• Sum of products of elements of any row (column) with cofactors
of corresponding elements of any other row (column) is ZERO.
DETERMINANT
Example
Let aij = element of ith row and jth coloumn in determinant whose
𝟑 𝟑
value is Then find the value of 𝐚𝐢𝐣𝐂𝐢𝐣 , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐂𝐢𝐣 is cofactor of
𝐢 𝟏 𝐣 𝟏
aij in determinant.
DETERMINANT
NOTE
𝐚𝟏 𝐚𝟐 𝐚𝟑 𝐀𝟏 𝐀𝟐 𝐀𝟑
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐃 = 𝐛𝟏 𝐛𝟐 𝐛𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐃′ = 𝐁𝟏 𝐁𝟐 𝐁𝟑
𝐜𝟏 𝐜𝟐 𝐜𝟑 𝐂𝟏 𝐂𝟐 𝐂𝟑

where A1 , A2 , A3 ………, C1, C2, C3 are cofactors of a1,


𝐁𝟐 𝐁 𝟑
a2, a3,……..c1, c2, c3 respectively then prove that = 𝐚𝟏𝐃.
𝐂𝟐 𝐂𝟑
DETERMINANT
DETERMINANT
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS

P-1 : The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the


rows & columns are interchanged. (Transpose)
a1 b1 c1
Let D = a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
DETERMINANT
P-2 : If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be
interchanged, the value of determinant is changed in sign
only.

a1 b1 c1
Let D = a2 b2 c 2
a3 b3 c 3
DETERMINANT
P-3 : If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical /
proportional, then its value is zero.
a1 b1 c1
Let D = ka1 kb1 kc1 then it can be verified that D = 0.
a3 b3 c3
DETERMINANT
P-4 : If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied by
the same number, then the determinant is multiplied by
that number.
a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1
Let D = a2 b2 c 2 and D' = a2 b2 c.2
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c3
Then D'= KD
DETERMINANT
Example

xn x n+2 x 2n
If 1 xp p = 0, then p is given by -
x n+5 x p+6 x 2n+5

(A) xn (B) n + 1 (C) both A and B (D) none of these


DETERMINANT
P-5 : If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed
as a sum of ‘k’ terms, then the determinant can be
expressed as the sum of ‘k’ determinants.
a1 +x b1 +y c1 +z a1 b1 c1 x y z
a2 b2 c 2 = a2 b2 c 2 + a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
DETERMINANT
DETERMINANT
 SUMMATION OF DETERMINANTS

f(r) g(r) h(r)  f(r)  g(r)  h(r)


Let Dr = a1 b1 c1 Then ∑𝐧𝐫 𝟏 𝐃𝐫 = a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
DETERMINANT
Example

x y z x + 2y y + 2z z + 2x
Let Δ = y z x & Δ1 = y + 2z z + 2x x + 2y
z x y z + 2x x + 2y y + 2z

Δ1
then the value of is ( 0)
Δ
DETERMINANT
x + 2y y + 2z z + 2x
Δ1 = y + 2z z + 2x x + 2y
z + 2x x + 2y y + 2z

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 2𝑦 2𝑧 2𝑥
𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑦 + 2𝑧

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 2𝑦 2𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧 2𝑥
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 + 2𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 + 2𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑦
𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑦 + 2𝑧

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 2𝑦 2𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧 2𝑥
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 + 2𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 + 2𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑦
𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧
DETERMINANT
P-6 : The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to
the elements of any row (or column) the same multiples
of the corresponding elements of any other row (or
column).
a1 b1 c 1
Let D = a2 b2 c 2
a3 b3 c3
DETERMINANT
 SPECIAL DETERMINANTS

1 x x2
1 y y 2 =(x - y)(y - z)(z - x)
1 z z2

1 x x3
1 y y 3 =(x - y)(y - z)(z - x)(x + y + z)
1 z z3
DETERMINANT
 SPECIAL DETERMINANTS

1 x2 x3
1 y2 y 3 =(x - y)(y - z)(z - x)(xy + yz + zx)
1 z2 z3

a b c
b c a = -(a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc) (cyclic determinant)
c a b
DETERMINANT
 SPECIAL DETERMINANTS
• For the determinants where aij = –aji  i & j
(i) Diagonal elements are ZERO.
(ii) If the order of above determinant is ODD then its value is
ZERO.
DETERMINANT
 MISCELLENEOUS EXAMPLES
b a c
If a, b, c > 0, and distinct then find the sign of c b a
a c b

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