ADVANCED INFORMATION SECURITY

2 MARKS
1. Explain DRM (Digital Rights Management): DRM is a set of
technologies and techniques used to control access, usage, and
distribution of digital content, such as music, videos, and documents. It
typically involves encryption and access controls to prevent unauthorized
copying, sharing, or piracy of digital assets.
2. What is the need for DRM: The primary need for DRM is to protect the
intellectual property rights of content creators and distributors. It helps
prevent unauthorized access, copying, and distribution of digital content,
ensuring that creators can control how their content is used and
monetized.
3. Physical Security: Physical security refers to the measures and
precautions taken to protect physical assets, such as buildings,
equipment, and personnel, from unauthorized access, damage, theft, or
harm. This can include the use of locks, surveillance systems, access
controls, and security personnel.
4. Define TACACS: TACACS (Terminal Access Controller Access-Control
System) is a network security protocol that provides centralized
authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) services. It is
commonly used for managing user access to network devices like routers
and switches.
5. Define Single Sign-On (SSO): Single Sign-On is an authentication
process that allows a user to access multiple applications or services
with a single set of login credentials. Once authenticated, the user is
granted access to various systems without the need to log in separately
for each application.
6. Define ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload): ESP is a protocol within
the Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) suite that provides data
confidentiality, integrity, and authentication for packets in a network. It
encapsulates the payload of the packet, encrypts it, and optionally
authenticates it.
7. Explain ODBC (Open Database Connectivity): ODBC is a standard
interface that allows applications to access and interact with various
database management systems (DBMS) using a common set of
commands. It enables database-independent communication between
the application and the database.
8. What is Internet Key Exchange (IKE): IKE is a protocol used in IPsec
VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) to establish a secure and authenticated
communication channel between two devices. It helps in negotiating and
exchanging cryptographic keys used for encryption and authentication.
9. Define SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle): SDLC is a systematic
process used by software developers to design, develop, test, and deploy
software applications. It typically involves stages such as planning,
analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
10. Explain Steganography: Steganography is the practice of
concealing one piece of information within another in such a way that it
is difficult to detect or decipher. In the context of digital media, it often
involves hiding messages or files within images, audio, or video files.
11. Authentication Header: Authentication Header (AH) is a protocol
within the IPsec suite that provides data integrity, authentication, and
optional anti-replay protection for IP packets. It ensures that the data
has not been tampered with during transmission.
12. Data Dictionary: A data dictionary is a centralized repository of
metadata that provides information about the data used in a database or
information system. It includes definitions of data elements, their
characteristics, relationships, and other relevant information to support
data management and understanding.
13. Secure Hardware: Secure hardware refers to the use of
specialized, tamper-resistant, and resilient physical components in
computer systems to enhance overall system security. This includes
secure hardware elements such as trusted platform modules (TPMs),
hardware security modules (HSMs), and secure enclaves to protect
against physical attacks and unauthorized access.
14. Security: Security, in the context of information technology, is the
protection of computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized
access, attacks, damage, or disruption. It encompasses various measures
and protocols to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
information.
15. Access to Asset: Access to an asset refers to the ability of an
authorized user or system to interact with and use a particular resource,
which can include data, files, systems, or physical assets. Access control
mechanisms are implemented to manage and regulate access to these
assets.
16. Expand PAP: PAP can be expanded as "Password Authentication
Protocol." It is a simple authentication protocol used in network security,
 where a username and password are exchanged between a client and a
server. However, PAP is considered less secure compared to more
advanced authentication protocols.
17. Explain Single Sign Tool: There isn't a standard term like "Single
Sign Tool." It seems like there might be a misunderstanding. However, if
you meant "Single Sign-On (SSO) tool," it would refer to software or
systems that enable and manage the single sign-on authentication
process, allowing users to access multiple applications with a single set
of credentials.
18. Expand SSL: SSL expands to "Secure Sockets Layer." It is a
cryptographic protocol designed to provide secure communication over a
computer network. SSL ensures data encryption, integrity, and
authentication between a client and a server, commonly used to secure
web communications, and has been succeeded by TLS (Transport Layer
Security).
19. Tunneling Mode: Tunneling mode in networking refers to the
encapsulation of one network protocol within the packets of another
protocol for secure transmission. In the context of VPNs (Virtual Private
Networks), tunneling modes, such as "IPsec tunnel mode," involve
encrypting the entire original IP packet and placing it within another IP
packet for secure data transfer.
20. Software maintenance is difficult – Do you agree: The
agreement or disagreement with the statement depends on various
factors. While software maintenance can be challenging due to evolving
requirements, bug fixes, and technological changes, good software design
practices, documentation, and efficient development methodologies can
mitigate these challenges.
21. Life time of keys: The lifetime of keys refers to the duration for
which cryptographic keys are considered valid and secure for use.
Managing key lifetimes is crucial in security protocols to minimize the
risk of compromise. Periodic key rotation is often implemented to
enhance security.
22. Drug Codes: Drug codes can refer to alphanumeric identifiers
assigned to pharmaceutical products for tracking, inventory
management, and regulatory compliance. These codes may include
information about the drug's manufacturer, batch number, expiration
date, and other relevant details
23. Sharing on the Internet: Sharing on the internet involves the
exchange and distribution of digital content, information, or resources
 over the internet. This can include sharing files, documents, images, and
multimedia through various online platforms, social media, or
collaborative tools.
24. Operating System: An operating system (OS) is software that
manages computer hardware and provides services for computer
programs. It serves as an intermediary between the user and the
computer hardware, facilitating the execution of applications and
managing system resources.
25. IPC (Inter-Process Communication): IPC refers to mechanisms
and techniques that enable communication and data exchange between
different processes or applications running on a computer. It allows
processes to share information and coordinate their activities.
26. Kerberos: Kerberos is a network authentication protocol designed
to provide secure authentication over non-secure networks. It uses a
trusted third-party authentication server to verify the identities of users
and services, preventing unauthorized access to resources.
27. Single Sign Tool: If you meant "Single Sign-On (SSO) tool," it
would refer to software or systems that facilitate the implementation of
single sign-on authentication, allowing users to access multiple
applications with a single set of credentials.
28. IKE (Internet Key Exchange): IKE is a protocol used in IPsec
VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) to establish a secure and authenticated
communication channel between two devices. It assists in negotiating
and exchanging cryptographic keys used for encryption and
authentication.
29. Public Key: A public key is part of a key pair used in asymmetric
cryptography. It is publicly shared and used for encryption or
verification. Messages encrypted with the public key can only be
decrypted by the corresponding private key, providing a secure means of
communication.
30. Sports Bookmaking Codes: Sports bookmaking codes likely refer
to alphanumeric identifiers or symbols used in the sports betting
industry to represent various sports, teams, events, or betting options.
These codes help standardize and organize information for bookmakers
and bettors.
31. Define Control Access: Control access refers to the management
and regulation of entry or usage of a physical or digital resource. It
involves implementing measures to ensure that only authorized
 individuals or systems are allowed access to specific areas, data, or
services, while unauthorized access is prevented or restricted.
32. Define PAP (Password Authentication Protocol): PAP is a simple
authentication protocol used in computer networking. It involves the
exchange of a username and password between a client and a server,
typically in plaintext. PAP is considered less secure compared to more
advanced authentication protocols.
33. Define MS-CHAP (Microsoft Challenge Handshake
Authentication Protocol): MS-CHAP is a Microsoft-developed
authentication protocol used in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) for
establishing secure connections. It provides a challenge-response
mechanism, enhancing security compared to PAP. MS-CHAP is
commonly used for VPN (Virtual Private Network) connections.
34. Explain Cryptology: Cryptology is the study of techniques and
methods related to securing communication and information through
cryptography (encoding or encrypting information) and cryptanalysis
(decoding or decrypting encoded information). It encompasses both the
development of secure communication methods and the analysis of
cryptographic systems.
35. SPI (Security Parameter Index): SPI is an identifier used in IPsec
(Internet Protocol Security) to distinguish between different security
associations. A security association is a set of agreed-upon security
parameters between two network entities, often used in VPNs. The SPI is
a value in the IPsec header that helps routers and security gateways
determine which security association to apply to incoming packets.
36. XML (eXtensible Markup Language): XML is a markup language
designed to store and transport data. It uses a set of rules for encoding
documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-
readable. XML is widely used for data exchange between different
systems, and it forms the basis for many web-based data formats such
as RSS, SOAP, and XHTML.

6 MARKS
14. Requirements for DRM Scheme:
 Encryption: DRM schemes typically require strong encryption
algorithms to protect the digital content from unauthorized access and
piracy.
  Authentication: Secure authentication mechanisms are needed to verify
the identity of users and devices attempting to access the protected
content.
 Access Controls: Granular access controls are essential to define and
enforce permissions on who can access, modify, and share the content.
 Watermarking and Tracking: DRM systems often use techniques like
digital watermarking to trace and identify the source of unauthorized
distribution.
 License Management: The DRM scheme should include a robust license
management system to issue, track, and revoke licenses for accessing
the content.
 User Authentication: Secure methods for user authentication to ensure
that only authorized users can obtain licenses and access protected
content.
15. Steps to Prevent Illegal File Sharing on the Internet:
 Implement DRM: Utilize Digital Rights Management systems to control
access and usage of digital content.
 Educate Users: Raise awareness about copyright laws and the
consequences of illegal file sharing.
 Use Watermarking: Embed invisible watermarks in files to trace their
origin and deter unauthorized sharing.
 Legal Measures: Enforce legal consequences for copyright infringement,
including lawsuits against individuals or entities engaged in illegal file
sharing.
 Collaborate with ISPs: Work with Internet Service Providers to monitor
and block illegal file sharing activities on their networks.
 Deploy Network Monitoring Tools: Implement tools to monitor network
traffic and identify patterns associated with illegal file sharing.
16. Implementing Identity Access Management (IAM):
 Define Objectives: Clearly outline the goals and objectives of
implementing IAM within the organization.
 Inventory Assets: Identify and classify digital and physical assets,
determining their criticality and access requirements.
 Establish Policies: Develop IAM policies outlining access levels,
authentication methods, and authorization processes.
 Implement IAM Solutions: Deploy IAM tools and solutions to manage
user identities, access permissions, and authentication processes.
 Enforce Least Privilege: Follow the principle of least privilege, ensuring
that users have the minimum necessary access to perform their job
functions.
 Regular Audits: Conduct periodic audits to review and update access
permissions, ensuring compliance with security policies.
17. Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP): EAP is a framework that
defines various authentication protocols and methods, providing a standard
 way for network devices to exchange authentication data. It enables secure
communication in wireless networks and VPNs. Some key points:
 Flexibility: EAP allows the use of different authentication methods,
including passwords, digital certificates, smart cards, and biometrics.
 Tunneling: EAP can be used within a secure tunnel (e.g., EAP over TLS)
to protect authentication information during transmission.
 Compatibility: EAP is widely supported, making it a versatile choice for
securing various network access scenarios.
18. Security Parameter Index (SPI):
 Definition: SPI is a unique identifier used in IPsec to distinguish
between different Security Associations (SAs).
 Role: It is used in conjunction with the destination IP address and the
security protocol (AH or ESP) to ensure that the correct SA is applied to
incoming packets.
 Dynamic Assignment: In dynamic scenarios, SPIs are assigned during
the negotiation of the IPsec connection, helping in the establishment of
secure communication.
19. Types of Keys:
 Symmetric Keys: Involves a single, shared key for both encryption and
decryption. Fast and efficient but requires secure key distribution.
 Asymmetric Keys: Utilizes a pair of public and private keys for
encryption and decryption. Offers secure key exchange but can be
computationally more intensive.
 Session Keys: Temporary keys generated for a specific communication
session to enhance security.
 Master Keys: Keys used to generate other keys, often used in key
management systems.
20. Tunneling vs. Transport Mode:
 Tunneling Mode: Involves encrypting the entire original IP packet and
placing it within another IP packet. Used in VPNs to secure
communication between networks.
 Transport Mode: Encrypts only the payload (data) of the IP packet while
leaving the original header intact. Commonly used for end-to-end
communication between individual devices
1. Note on Physical Security: Physical security involves measures and
precautions taken to protect physical assets, personnel, and resources from
unauthorized access, damage, theft, or harm. Key elements include access
controls, surveillance systems, locks, alarms, and environmental controls.
Physical security is critical for safeguarding not only tangible assets like
buildings and equipment but also for protecting the overall integrity and
functionality of an organization.
2. Expand PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) and Explain its
Importance:
 Expansion: PAP stands for Password Authentication Protocol.
  Importance:
 PAP is a simple authentication protocol used in network security,
where a username and password are exchanged between a client
and a server.
 It is essential for providing basic authentication but is considered
less secure compared to more advanced protocols like CHAP or
EAP.
 PAP's importance lies in its simplicity and widespread support,
making it suitable for scenarios where a higher level of security is
not a primary concern.
3. Note on Transport Mode: Transport mode is a configuration in IPsec (Internet
Protocol Security) where only the payload (data) of the IP packet is encrypted,
leaving the original header intact. This mode is commonly used for end-to-end
communication between individual devices. It provides a balance between
security and efficiency, encrypting the data without encapsulating the entire
original packet. Transport mode is suitable for securing communication
between hosts within a network.
4. Data Dictionary and its Importance (at least 6):
 Definition: A data dictionary is a centralized repository that stores
metadata, providing information about data elements, their definitions,
relationships, and attributes within a database or information system.
 Importance:
1. Data Standardization: Ensures consistency in data
representation and formatting.
2. Enhanced Data Quality: Facilitates accurate and reliable data by
defining and validating data elements.
3. Improved Data Management: Streamlines data governance and
management processes.
4. Efficient Data Retrieval: Enables faster and more efficient
querying and retrieval of data.
5. Facilitates Collaboration: Acts as a reference for developers,
analysts, and stakeholders to understand the structure and
meaning of data.
6. Supports Documentation: Serves as comprehensive
documentation for database design and structure.
5. Best Practices to Secure Keys:
1. Use Strong Encryption: Employ robust encryption algorithms for key
protection.
2. Secure Key Storage: Store keys in secure, tamper-resistant hardware or
dedicated key management systems.
3. Regular Key Rotation: Periodically change keys to mitigate the risk of
compromise.
4. Limit Key Access: Restrict access to keys only to authorized personnel
or systems.
 5. Monitor Key Usage: Implement logging and monitoring systems to track
key usage and detect suspicious activities.
6. Regular Audits: Conduct periodic audits to assess the security posture
of key management practices.
6. Elucidate on User Access Rights:
 Definition: User access rights refer to the permissions and privileges
granted to individuals or system entities to access and perform
operations on computer resources.
 Elaboration:
 Access rights define what actions users can perform on files,
directories, databases, or network resources.
 Common access rights include read, write, execute, modify, and
delete permissions.
 User access rights are crucial for enforcing the principle of least
privilege, ensuring users only have the minimum necessary
permissions to perform their job functions.
 Proper management of access rights enhances security, prevents
unauthorized access, and protects sensitive information.
 Access rights are often managed through access control lists
(ACLs) or role-based access control (RBAC) systems.
 Regular reviews and audits of user access rights are essential to
maintain an effective and secure access control system.
Note on ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload):

 Definition: ESP is a protocol within the IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) suite
that provides data confidentiality, integrity, and optional authentication for
packets in a network.
 Purpose:
 Encryption: ESP encrypts the payload of the IP packet, ensuring
confidentiality and preventing eavesdropping.
 Integrity: It includes mechanisms to detect any tampering or alteration
of the data during transmission.
 Authentication: ESP can optionally provide authentication to verify the
origin of the data.
 No Header Encryption: Unlike AH (Authentication Header), ESP does
not encrypt the entire original IP header.
 Use Cases: ESP is commonly used in VPNs to secure communication between
network devices, providing a secure and private channel over the internet.

Importance of Configuration Management:

1. Consistency: Ensures consistency in system configurations across different

environments, minimizing errors and improving reliability.
2. Change Control: Facilitates the management of changes by providing a
structured approach to document, assess, and implement modifications.
3. Traceability: Enables tracking of changes, helping to identify the cause of
issues and facilitating audits.
4. Efficiency: Reduces downtime and increases efficiency by quickly restoring
systems to a known and stable state after incidents or changes.
5. Compliance: Supports regulatory compliance by documenting and enforcing
configuration standards.
6. Collaboration: Enhances collaboration among teams by providing a
standardized approach to managing configurations.

Note on Cryptography:

 Definition: Cryptography is the science and art of securing communication

and information through the use of codes and ciphers.
 Key Components:
 Encryption: Transforming plaintext into ciphertext to secure
information.
 Decryption: Reversing the encryption process to retrieve the original
plaintext.
 Key Management: Handling the generation, distribution, storage, and
disposal of cryptographic keys.
 Applications:
 Confidentiality: Protecting data from unauthorized access.
 Integrity: Ensuring data remains unaltered during transmission.
 Authentication: Verifying the identity of communicating parties.
 Non-repudiation: Preventing parties from denying their actions.

Steps to Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP):

1. Initiation: The process begins with the initiator sending a challenge request to
the responder.
2. Challenge Response: The responder generates a random value (challenge) and
combines it with a shared secret. The result is sent back to the initiator.
3. Authentication: The initiator receives the response, combines it with the
shared secret, and checks if it matches the expected value. If so, authentication
is successful.
4. Periodic Challenges: CHAP may involve periodic challenges to ensure ongoing
authentication throughout the communication session.

Process of Remote Access with RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In

User Service):
1. User Initiates Connection: The remote user initiates a connection to the
network, typically through a Virtual Private Network (VPN) or dial-up.
2. Access Request: The access server receives the user's access request and
sends a RADIUS access request message to the RADIUS server.
3. Authentication: The RADIUS server authenticates the user by checking the
credentials against its database or forwarding the request to an authentication
server.
4. Authorization: Upon successful authentication, the RADIUS server determines
the user's access rights and privileges.
5. Accounting: RADIUS records accounting information, including session
duration and data usage, for billing and auditing purposes.
6. Access Granted/Denied: Based on authentication and authorization results,
the RADIUS server sends an Access-Accept or Access-Reject message to the
access server.
7. Connection Establishment: If access is granted, the remote user is allowed to
establish a connection to the network.

Discussion about Tunneling and Transport Mode:

 Tunneling Mode:
 Involves encrypting the entire original IP packet and placing it within
another IP packet.
 Commonly used in VPNs to secure communication between networks.
 Provides a higher level of security, as both the header and payload are
encrypted.
 Transport Mode:
 Encrypts only the payload (data) of the IP packet while leaving the
original header intact.
 Suitable for end-to-end communication between individual devices.
 Balances security and efficiency, as it encrypts data without
encapsulating the entire original packet.

Explanation about the Lifetime of Keys:

 The lifetime of keys refers to the duration during which cryptographic keys are
considered valid and secure for use.
 Importance:
 Security: Regular key rotation enhances security by limiting the window
of vulnerability.
 Compliance: Many security standards and protocols recommend or
require periodic key updates for compliance.
 Risk Mitigation: Changing keys reduces the risk of compromise due to
prolonged exposure.
  Cryptographic Algorithms: Different cryptographic algorithms may
have specific recommendations for key lifetimes.

Discussion about Key Management:

 Definition: Key management involves the generation, distribution, storage,

and disposal of cryptographic keys in a secure and organized manner.
 Key Components:
 Key Generation: Creating strong and random cryptographic keys.
 Key Distribution: Securely sharing keys between communicating
parties.
 Key Storage: Safely storing keys to prevent unauthorized access or loss.
 Key Revocation: Disabling or replacing keys that may have been
compromised or are no longer needed.
 Key Rotation: Periodic changing of keys to enhance security.
 Importance:
 Confidentiality: Protects sensitive information from unauthorized
access.
 Integrity: Ensures that data remains unaltered during transmission.
 Authentication: Verifies the identity of communicating parties.
 Non-repudiation: Prevents parties from denying their actions

 10 MARKS
1. Process of Controlling Access to Assets:
 Identification: Users are identified uniquely within the system, often
through usernames, employee IDs, or other identifiers.
 Authentication: Users must provide proof of their identity through
credentials, such as passwords, biometrics, or smart cards.
 Authorization: Once authenticated, users are granted specific access
rights based on their roles, responsibilities, and permissions.
 Access Control: Mechanisms are in place to enforce access rights,
limiting users to the resources and actions they are authorized to
perform.
 Monitoring and Auditing: Continuous monitoring and auditing of user
activities ensure compliance with access policies and prompt detection of
suspicious behavior.
 Review and Update: Access controls are regularly reviewed and updated
to align with organizational changes, ensuring the principle of least
privilege.
2. Common Authentication Protocols:
 Password Authentication Protocol (PAP): Basic protocol exchanging
usernames and passwords in plaintext.
  Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP): Uses a challenge-
response mechanism for secure authentication.
 Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP): Framework supporting various
authentication methods in a flexible manner.
 Kerberos: Provides secure authentication for clients and servers in a
network environment.
 Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML): Standard for exchanging
authentication and authorization data between parties.
 OAuth (Open Authorization): Protocol enabling secure authorization for
applications accessing user data.
3. IPSec Building Blocks:
 Authentication Header (AH): Provides data integrity, authentication, and
optional anti-replay protection.
 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP): Ensures confidentiality, integrity,
and optional authentication for IP packets.
 Security Associations (SAs): Sets of policies and keys that define the
security parameters for communication.
 Key Management Protocols: Facilitate the secure exchange and
management of cryptographic keys.
 Internet Key Exchange (IKE): Establishes SAs and negotiates
cryptographic keys between communicating peers.
 Security Policies: Define the rules and conditions for securing network
traffic.
4. Auditing Features and Logs:
 Log Generation: Systems generate logs to record events, activities, and
changes.
 Event Logging: Captures information on login attempts, resource access,
configuration changes, and system activities.
 Auditing Policies: Define rules for what events to log and under what
conditions.
 Log Analysis: Regularly analyze logs for anomalies, security incidents,
and compliance monitoring.
 Alerts and Notifications: Configure alerts for specific events to prompt
immediate response.
 Archiving and Retention: Store logs securely for compliance, forensics,
and historical analysis.
5. Criminal Codes System Analysis (at least five):
 Identity Theft (18 U.S. Code § 1028): Criminalizes fraudulent activities
related to obtaining and using another person's identity.
 Unauthorized Access to a Computer (18 U.S. Code § 1030): Addresses
unauthorized access, computer trespass, and cybercrimes.
 Wire Fraud (18 U.S. Code § 1343): Pertains to fraud involving electronic
communication, such as phishing scams.
  Computer Espionage (18 U.S. Code § 1831): Deals with unauthorized
access to computer systems for economic espionage.
 Fraud and Related Activity in Connection with Access Devices (18 U.S.
Code § 1029): Focuses on crimes involving credit card and access device
fraud.
6. Classical Encryption Technique with an Illustration:
 Caesar Cipher: A substitution cipher where each letter in the plaintext is
shifted by a fixed number of positions down the alphabet.
 Illustration: Shifting each letter in the word "ENCRYPT" by 3 positions
results in "HQFUHW."
7. User Access Rights:
 Definition: User access rights define the permissions and privileges
granted to individuals or system entities.
 Components:
 Read Access: Permission to view or read data.
 Write Access: Permission to create or modify data.
 Execute Access: Permission to run or execute programs.
 Delete Access: Permission to remove or delete data.
 Administrative Rights: Privileges to configure system settings,
manage users, and control access policies.
 Principle of Least Privilege: Users are granted the minimum access
necessary to perform their job functions.
8. Procedure of Authenticating in Wireless Networks:
 Step 1: User Initiates Connection: The user initiates a connection request
to the wireless network.
 Step 2: Access Point (AP) Authentication: The wireless device
authenticates with the access point using a pre-shared key (PSK) or
another authentication method.
 Step 3: User Authentication: The user provides credentials, such as a
username and password, to authenticate with the network.
 Step 4: Key Exchange: After successful authentication, keys for secure
data exchange are exchanged using protocols like WPA2 or WPA3.
 Step 5: Secure Connection: Once keys are established, the user gains
access to the wireless network with a secure connection.
9. Process of Random Number Generation:
 Seed Generation: A seed value is generated using unpredictable sources
like system entropy or hardware randomness.
 Algorithm Application: The seed is input into a pseudo-random number
generator (PRNG) or a true random number generator (TRNG) algorithm.
 Random Number Output: The algorithm produces a sequence of random
numbers based on the seed.
 Use in Cryptography: Random numbers are crucial in cryptographic
applications, such as key generation and initialization vectors.
 Periodic Re-seeding: To maintain randomness, the generator may be
periodically re-seeded with new values.