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Introduction to Thermal Power Plants

• Definition: Thermal power plants convert heat energy into mechanical energy and
then into electrical energy.
• Energy Sources:
1. Renewable: Solar, wind, hydro, biomass.
2. Non-Renewable: Coal, nuclear, natural gas.
• Key Features:
o Coal is the primary energy source in India, with reserves estimated to last for
200 years.
o Thermal power is reliable but contributes to pollution (CO₂, CO emissions).

Classification of Power Plants

1. Based on Fuel Used:

o Steam Power Plants: Use coal.
o Gas Turbine Plants: Use natural gas or fuel oil.
o Diesel Power Plants: Use diesel.
o Nuclear Plants: Use radioactive materials like uranium.
o Hydro-Electric Plants: Use flowing water.
2. Based on Load:
o Base Load Plants: Operate continuously (e.g., nuclear plants).
o Peak Load Plants: Operate during demand spikes (e.g., gas turbines).
3. Based on Mobility:
o Stationary: Permanent setups (e.g., hydro plants).
o Mobile: Portable plants used during emergencies.
4. Based on Organization:
o Central Power Plants: Serve general public demand.
o Captive Power Plants: Serve industrial needs (e.g., Reliance).

General Layout of Modern Thermal Power Plants

Thermal power plants consist of the following circuits:

1. Coal and Ash Circuit:

o Components: Coal handling plant, crushers, conveyors, ash handling system.
 oFunction: Manages coal delivery, storage, and ash disposal.
2. Air and Flue Gas Circuit:
o Components: Air preheater, economizer, superheater, chimney.
o Function: Handles air supply for combustion and flue gas removal.
3. Feed Water and Steam Circuit:
o Components: Boiler, economizer, turbine, condenser, feedwater pump.
o Function: Manages water-to-steam conversion and recycling.
4. Cooling Water Circuit:
o Components: Cooling tower, condenser, circulating water pump.
o Function: Removes heat from the system, cooling the working fluid.

Main Components of a Thermal Power Plant

1. Boiler:
o Converts water to steam using heat from coal combustion.
o Includes economizer, superheater, reheater, and air preheater for efficiency.
2. Steam Turbine:
o Converts high-pressure steam into rotational mechanical energy.
3. Condenser:
o Converts exhaust steam back into water by cooling.
4. Generator:
o Converts mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.
5. Coal Handling Plant:
o Handles the supply, crushing, and storage of coal.
6. Ash Handling Plant:
o Collects and disposes of ash produced during combustion.

High-Pressure Boilers

• Used for efficient and rapid generation of steam at high pressure.

• Types:
1. Lamont Boiler:
▪ Uses forced circulation via a pump.
▪ Suitable for moderate pressure.
2. Loeffler Boiler:
▪ Uses superheated steam to evaporate feedwater, avoiding salt
deposition.
3. Benson Boiler:
▪ Operates at supercritical pressure, eliminating the need for a drum.
▪ High efficiency due to absence of latent heat loss.

Advantages:

• Increased efficiency (40-42%).

• Compact design.
• Reduced scale formation.
Working Principles of Specific Boilers

1. Lamont Boiler:
o Uses forced circulation for water.
o Economizer preheats the feedwater.
o Steam generated is separated in the drum and further superheated before being
sent to the turbine.
2. Loeffler Boiler:
o Uses steam from the turbine to heat feedwater in the evaporator drum.
o Solves salt deposition issues seen in other boilers.
o Suitable for high-salt-content feedwater.
3. Benson Boiler:
o Operates at supercritical pressures (225 bar).
o Eliminates steam-water distinction, solving bubble formation issues.
o Highly compact and efficient.

Site Selection for Thermal Power Plants

Key factors include:

1. Coal Availability: Ensures a steady fuel supply.

2. Water Supply: Required for steam generation and cooling.
3. Ash Disposal Facilities: Manage large quantities of ash (20-40% of coal weight in
India).
4. Land: Minimum 300 acres for a 100 MW plant.
5. Transport: Accessibility for equipment and coal delivery.
6. Environmental Impact: Avoid dense populations to minimize pollution.

Efficiency Improvement in Thermal Power Plants

1. Reheating:
o Increases efficiency by reducing steam moisture content and improving
turbine performance.
2. Regeneration:
o Uses extracted steam to preheat feedwater, reducing the boiler’s heating load.
3. Superheating:
o Converts steam to superheated state for increased energy transfer efficiency.

Comparison of Rankine and Carnot Cycles

 Feature Carnot Cycle Rankine Cycle
Heat Addition Isothermal Isobaric
Efficiency Theoretical maximum Lower but practical
Implementation Impractical in real-world setups Widely used in thermal plants

The Rankine cycle incorporates practical considerations like non-ideal components and
irreversibilities, making it feasible for real-world applications.

Summarized Explanation of Key Topics

1. Basics of Thermal Power Plants

• Definition: A power plant converts energy from natural sources (coal, gas, water,
etc.) into mechanical and electrical energy.
• Types of Energy Sources:
o Renewable: Solar, wind, hydropower.
o Non-renewable: Coal, nuclear, fossil fuels.
• Importance of Thermal Plants:
o Significant in countries like India due to abundant coal reserves.

2. Classification of Power Plants

• Based on Fuel:
o Steam, diesel, gas turbine, nuclear, hydroelectric.
• Based on Load:
o Base load plants (steady generation) and peak load plants (demand spikes).
• Based on Organization:
o Central (public) and captive (private/industrial).

3. General Layout of Thermal Power Plant

• Four Main Circuits:

1. Coal and Ash Circuit: Handles coal preparation, transportation, and ash
disposal.
2. Air and Flue Gas Circuit: Manages air preheating and flue gas removal.
3. Feed Water and Steam Circuit: Includes economizers, boilers, turbines.
4. Cooling Water Circuit: Uses cooling towers and condensers.

4. Main Components

• Boiler: Generates steam; includes economizer, superheater, reheater.

• Steam Turbine: Converts steam heat energy into mechanical energy.
• Condenser: Cools and condenses exhaust steam.
• Generator: Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

5. Site Selection

• Factors: Coal and water availability, ash disposal facilities, land size, transport, skilled
labor.
6. Present Status

• India is the third-largest electricity producer, with reliance on coal and increasing
renewable energy integration.

7. High-Pressure Boilers

• Features: Forced water circulation, better heat transfer, higher efficiency.

• Examples: Lamont, Loeffler, and Benson boilers.

Important Questions with Brief Answers

1. What are the types of energy sources?

o Renewable (solar, wind) and non-renewable (coal, nuclear).
2. What are the classifications of power plants based on load?
o Base load plants (continuous supply) and peak load plants (handle demand
fluctuations).
3. What is the function of a steam turbine?
o Converts heat energy of steam into rotational mechanical energy.
4. Why is site selection critical for a thermal power plant?
o Ensures resource availability, operational efficiency, and reduced
environmental impact.
5. Name the four circuits in a thermal power plant layout.
o Coal and Ash, Air and Flue Gas, Feed Water and Steam, Cooling Water.
6. What are the advantages of high-pressure boilers?
o Compact design, high efficiency, reduced scale formation, and faster steam
generation.
7. Explain the working principle of a Lamont Boiler.
o Uses forced water circulation by a pump; generates steam in a continuous
loop.
8. How does a Benson boiler address thermal resistance issues?
o Operates at supercritical pressure to eliminate bubble formation.

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Yes it would be of lot help also draft questions which could be asked for 10 marks and their
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Draft Notes with Key Points and Longer Answer Questions

Below are concise notes for the key topics along with 10-mark questions and their detailed
answers. The notes are structured for quick reference and revision, with highlighted terms
and simple explanations.

1. Basics of Thermal Power Plants

• Definition: Converts energy (coal, water, etc.) into mechanical and electrical energy.
• Types of Energy Sources:
o Renewable: Solar, wind, hydropower; inexhaustible.
o Non-renewable: Coal, nuclear; exhaustible.
• Significance: Key role in power generation for industrial and domestic use.

2. Classification of Power Plants

• Based on Fuel:
o Steam, diesel, gas turbine, nuclear, hydroelectric.
• Based on Load:
o Base Load Plants: Operate continuously; e.g., nuclear, thermal.
o Peak Load Plants: Handle demand spikes; e.g., gas turbines.
• Based on Organization:
o Central Plants: Public utilities (e.g., NTPC).
o Captive Plants: Private/industrial use (e.g., Reliance Industries).

3. General Layout of a Modern Thermal Power Plant

• Four Circuits:
1. Coal and Ash Circuit:
▪ Coal transport, handling, and ash disposal.
2. Air and Flue Gas Circuit:
▪ Preheating air, flue gas removal via chimney.
3. Feed Water and Steam Circuit:
▪ Boiler, economizer, superheater, and turbine.
4. Cooling Water Circuit:
▪ Condenser, cooling tower to cool used steam.

Diagram Suggestion: Include a labeled layout diagram of the thermal power plant with
circuits.

4. High-Pressure Boilers
 • Types:
o Lamont Boiler: Uses forced circulation with a centrifugal pump; suitable for
moderate pressure.
o Loeffler Boiler: Uses superheated steam to evaporate feedwater, solving salt
deposition issues.
o Benson Boiler: Operates at supercritical pressure to eliminate bubble
formation.
• Advantages:
o High efficiency (up to 42%), compact design, rapid steam generation, reduced
scale formation.

5. Site Selection for Thermal Power Plants

• Key Factors:
1. Coal Availability: Proximity to coal mines reduces transport costs.
2. Water Supply: Large quantities needed for cooling and steam generation.
3. Land: Minimum 300 acres for a 100 MW plant, with future expansion space.
4. Transport Facilities: For coal and heavy machinery.
5. Environmental Impact: Avoid densely populated areas to minimize
pollution.

Long-Answer Questions (10 Marks)

Q1. Explain the working of a steam power plant with a schematic diagram.

Answer:
A steam power plant works on the Rankine Cycle and consists of the following steps:

1. Coal and Ash Handling:

o Coal is transported, crushed, and fed into the boiler.
o Ash is collected and disposed of.
2. Boiler:
o Water is heated and converted to steam using coal combustion.
o Includes economizer, superheater, and reheater for efficiency.
3. Steam Turbine:
o High-pressure steam drives the turbine blades, converting heat energy into
mechanical energy.
4. Condenser:
o Exhaust steam is condensed back into water using cooling water.
5. Generator:
o Mechanical energy from the turbine is converted into electrical energy.

Diagram: Draw and label a schematic layout of the plant, highlighting components like the
boiler, turbine, and condenser.
Q2. Discuss the site selection criteria for a thermal power plant.

Answer:
The site selection for a thermal power plant is influenced by the following factors:

1. Coal Availability:
o Plants require ~1500 tons/day of coal; proximity to mines reduces transport
costs.
2. Water Supply:
o Large quantities of cooling and makeup water are needed (~50,000 tons/hour
for a 100 MW plant).
3. Ash Disposal:
o Ash content in Indian coal ranges from 20-40%. Adequate land is needed for
disposal.
4. Land:
o 300-500 acres required for a 100 MW plant, including space for future
expansion.
5. Transport Facilities:
o Proximity to railway lines or ports ensures easy transport of coal and
machinery.
6. Environmental Impact:
o Site should minimize pollution in residential areas.
7. Load Center:
o Located near industrial or urban centers to reduce transmission losses.

Q3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of high-pressure boilers?

Answer:
Advantages:

• Higher efficiency (40-42%) due to better heat utilization.

• Compact design requires less floor space.
• Eliminates scale formation and overheating risks due to high water velocity.
• Rapid steam generation suits varying load conditions.

Disadvantages:

• Higher initial cost due to advanced design and materials.

• Complex maintenance and repair requirements.
• Needs skilled operators for safe handling.

Q4. Compare Lamont, Loeffler, and Benson boilers.

Answer:
 Feature Lamont Boiler Loeffler Boiler Benson Boiler
Forced circulation Uses superheated steam for Operates at
Principle
using a pump feedwater evaporation supercritical pressure
High efficiency, Eliminates latent heat,
Advantages Avoids salt deposition
moderate cost compact
Salt deposition in High operating
Disadvantages Complex design
tubes pressure (235 bar)

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Here’s an expanded list of 10-mark questions along with detailed answers to help you prepare
effectively:

Q5. Explain the classification of power plants with examples.

Answer:
Power plants are classified based on the following criteria:

1. Type of Fuel Used:

o Steam Power Plants: Use coal or oil (e.g., NTPC Korba).
o Gas Turbine Power Plants: Use natural gas (e.g., Kayamkulam Power
Station).
o Nuclear Power Plants: Use uranium or thorium (e.g., Kudankulam Nuclear
Plant).
o Hydroelectric Power Plants: Use water (e.g., Bhakra Dam).
2. Nature of Load:
o Base Load Plants: Operate continuously, like thermal or nuclear power
plants.
o Peak Load Plants: Handle demand spikes, like gas turbines or pumped
storage.
3. Mobility:
o Stationary Plants: Permanently located (e.g., hydroelectric dams).
o Mobile Plants: Used for temporary or emergency purposes.
4. Nature of Organization:
o Central Plants: Supply power to the grid (e.g., NTPC plants).
o Captive Plants: For industrial use (e.g., Reliance’s captive plant).
Q6. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of thermal power plants.

Answer:
Advantages:

1. Abundant Fuel Availability: Coal reserves ensure reliable operation.

2. Cost-Effective: Cheaper to establish compared to nuclear or renewable plants.
3. Continuous Power Supply: Base load plants meet consistent demand.
4. Flexible Location: Can be built near load centers.

Disadvantages:

1. Environmental Impact: High CO2 emissions and ash production.

2. Low Efficiency: Heat losses reduce overall efficiency (~30-40%).
3. Resource Intensive: Requires large quantities of coal, water, and land.
4. Maintenance: High wear and tear due to moving parts.

Q7. Explain the working principle of high-pressure boilers and their

applications.

Answer:
Working Principle:

• High-pressure boilers operate by using forced water circulation to enhance heat

transfer and increase steam production.
• Water is heated under pressure, often exceeding 160 bar, converting it into
superheated steam.
• Components like economizers and superheaters improve thermal efficiency.

Applications:

• Power Generation: Produces high-pressure steam for turbines.

• Industrial Use: Used in chemical and process industries for heating and power.
• Marine Applications: Compact designs fit on ships for steam propulsion.

Q8. Compare renewable and non-renewable energy sources.

Answer:

Feature Renewable Energy Non-Renewable Energy

Derived from naturally Finite resources formed over
Definition
replenishable sources millions of years
 Feature Renewable Energy Non-Renewable Energy
Solar, wind, hydropower,
Examples Coal, oil, natural gas, uranium
biomass
Environmental High pollution, contributes to
Minimal pollution, eco-friendly
Impact global warming
Availability Unlimited and sustainable Limited, depletes over time
High initial investment, low Cheaper initially, costly
Cost
running cost environmental damage
Reliability Weather-dependent (solar, wind) Consistent supply

Q9. Explain the function and components of the feedwater and steam circuit
in a thermal power plant.

Answer:
Function:
The feedwater and steam circuit circulates water and steam through the boiler, turbine, and
condenser for continuous power generation.

Components:

1. Economizer: Preheats feedwater using residual flue gas heat.

2. Boiler: Generates steam by heating water at high pressure.
3. Superheater: Raises the temperature of steam above saturation to improve efficiency.
4. Steam Turbine: Converts steam energy into mechanical energy.
5. Condenser: Cools the exhaust steam to water, enabling recycling.
6. Feedwater Pump: Circulates water through the circuit.

Q10. Discuss the environmental challenges posed by thermal power plants.

Suggest mitigation measures.

Answer:
Challenges:

1. Air Pollution: Emission of CO2, SO2, and NOx contributes to global warming and
acid rain.
2. Water Usage: High demand for cooling and steam generation depletes local water
resources.
3. Ash Disposal: Ash can contaminate soil and water, leading to ecological imbalance.
4. Land Use: Requires large areas, often leading to deforestation or displacement.

Mitigation Measures:

1. Emission Control: Install flue gas desulfurization (FGD) units and electrostatic
precipitators.
2. Efficient Combustion: Use supercritical and ultra-supercritical boilers.
 3. Ash Management: Convert ash into construction materials.
4. Renewable Integration: Combine with solar or wind to reduce dependence on coal.

Q11. What are the main factors influencing site selection for thermal power
plants?

Answer:

1. Fuel Availability: Proximity to coal mines reduces transport costs.

2. Water Supply: Access to large water bodies for cooling and steam.
3. Land Requirements: Sufficient area for plant, ash disposal, and future expansion.
4. Transport Facilities: Accessibility to railways or roads for equipment and coal.
5. Environmental Impact: Distance from populated areas to minimize pollution.
6. Load Center: Near demand centers to reduce transmission losses.
7. Ash Disposal Facilities: Adequate space for managing large volumes of ash.

Q12. Explain the Rankine cycle and its importance in thermal power plants.

Answer:
Definition: The Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that converts heat into mechanical
energy using water/steam as the working fluid.

Steps:

1. Isentropic Expansion: High-pressure steam drives the turbine.

2. Isobaric Heat Rejection: Steam is condensed into water in the condenser.
3. Isentropic Compression: Water is pumped back to the boiler.
4. Isobaric Heat Addition: Water is heated in the boiler to generate steam.

Importance:

• Forms the basis of operation for thermal power plants.

• Improves efficiency by adding components like superheaters and reheaters.

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Q.1 What is the basic principle behind steam generation in a thermal power plant? Q.2 What
are the different types of high-pressure boilers used in thermal power plants and explain any
one with neat sketch. Q.3 Explain the concept of superheated steam and its advantages in
thermal power plants. Q.4 What is the Carnot cycle, and why is it important in the study of
thermal power plants? Q.5 Explain the four stages of the Carnot cycle with the help of a
temperature entropy diagram. Q.6 Why is the Carnot cycle considered an idealized process,
and what are the practical limitations in applying it to real-world thermal power plants? Q.7
What is the Rankine cycle, and how is it applied in thermal power plants? Q.8 Describe the
key processes involved in the Rankine cycle, including the role of each component (boiler,
turbine, condenser, and pump). Q.9 How does the Rankine cycle differ from the Carnot cycle
in terms of practical implementation? Q.10 Explain how reheating, and regeneration are used
to improve the efficiency of the Rankine cycle. Q.11 Explain the layout of the water and
steam circuit in a thermal power plant. Q.12 Explain the layout of the air and flue gas circuit
in a thermal power plant. Q.13 Explain the layout of the coal and ash circuit in a thermal
power plant. Q.14 Explain the layout of the cooling water circuit in a thermal power plant.
Q.15 Draw the general layout of modern steam power plant and label all major components
& enlist function of each component. Q.16 Explain with neat sketch construction and
working of Benson Boiler. Q.17 Draw a line diagram of a Benson boiler. State the main
difficulties experienced in the La Mont boiler and how it is prevented? Q.18 Explain with
neat sketch construction and working of Loeffler boiler. Q.19 Explain Loeffler boiler with a
schematic. State the difficulty experienced in La-Mont and Benson boiler. How is it solved?
Mention its advantages. Q.20 Explain with neat sketch construction and working of Lamont
Boiler. Give me long answers of these questions based on the

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Here are detailed answers to your questions based on the content provided in your lecture
notes:

Q1. What is the basic principle behind steam generation in a thermal power
plant?

Answer:
The basic principle behind steam generation in a thermal power plant is conversion of heat
energy into mechanical energy through the Rankine Cycle.

1. Coal Combustion: Coal or other fuels are burned in a boiler to generate heat.
2. Water Heating: The heat energy converts water into high-pressure steam.
3. Steam Expansion: The steam expands in a turbine, causing it to rotate and convert
thermal energy into mechanical energy.
4. Condensation: The steam is condensed back into water in a condenser, completing
the cycle.
This continuous process ensures efficient power generation while recycling water for
repeated use.

Q2. What are the different types of high-pressure boilers used in thermal
power plants? Explain any one with a neat sketch.
Answer:
The commonly used high-pressure boilers are:

1. Lamont Boiler
2. Loeffler Boiler
3. Benson Boiler
4. Velox Boiler

Lamont Boiler (Example):

• Construction:
o Consists of a steam drum, water tubes, economizer, and superheater.
o A centrifugal pump circulates water through the tubes.
• Working:
o Feedwater enters the economizer, where it is preheated using exhaust flue
gases.
o The water is then pumped into the evaporator tubes where it is heated further.
o The resulting steam-water mixture enters the drum; steam is separated and
sent to the superheater.
o The superheated steam is directed to the turbine for power generation.

Diagram: Include a labeled schematic of the Lamont boiler.

Q3. Explain the concept of superheated steam and its advantages in thermal
power plants.

Answer:
Superheated Steam: Steam that is heated beyond its boiling point at a constant pressure,
without increasing moisture content.

Advantages:

1. Improved Efficiency: Reduces steam density, enhancing turbine efficiency.

2. Reduced Corrosion: Prevents water droplets from damaging turbine blades.
3. Increased Power Output: Higher thermal energy increases energy conversion rates.
4. Better Workability: Ideal for high-pressure and high-temperature applications in
power plants.

Superheated steam is critical in ensuring efficient operation and longevity of power plant
components.

Q4. What is the Carnot cycle, and why is it important in the study of thermal
power plants?
Answer:
The Carnot cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle providing the maximum possible
efficiency for a heat engine operating between two temperature limits.

Importance:

1. Efficiency Benchmark: Acts as a reference for evaluating real-world engine

performance.
2. Understanding Limitations: Highlights the role of temperature differences in
determining efficiency.
3. Guiding Design: Inspires improvements in real cycles, such as the Rankine cycle.

Though idealized, the Carnot cycle underpins the theoretical limits of heat-to-work
conversion.

Q5. Explain the four stages of the Carnot cycle with the help of a
temperature-entropy diagram.

Answer:
The four stages of the Carnot cycle are:

1. Isothermal Expansion (Heat Absorption):

o Heat is added to the system at a high constant temperature.
o Gas expands, increasing entropy.
2. Adiabatic Expansion:
o No heat exchange; system does work on surroundings.
o Temperature decreases as entropy remains constant.
3. Isothermal Compression (Heat Rejection):
o Heat is released at a low constant temperature.
o Entropy decreases.
4. Adiabatic Compression:
o No heat exchange; surroundings do work on the system.
o Temperature increases with constant entropy.

Diagram: Plot a temperature-entropy (T-S) diagram labeling these processes.

Q6. Why is the Carnot cycle considered an idealized process, and what are the
practical limitations in applying it to real-world thermal power plants?

Answer:
Idealized Process:

• Assumes reversible processes with no energy losses due to friction, heat transfer
inefficiencies, or irreversibilities.
• Requires perfect insulation for adiabatic processes.
Practical Limitations:

1. Irreversibilities: Real processes involve friction, turbulence, and energy losses.

2. Material Constraints: High temperatures and pressures needed are difficult to
achieve.
3. Heat Exchange: Perfect isothermal heat transfer is impractical.
4. Complexity: Implementation would be too costly and inefficient for practical use.

Hence, simpler cycles like the Rankine cycle are used despite lower efficiencies.

Q7. What is the Rankine cycle, and how is it applied in thermal power plants?

Answer:
Rankine Cycle: A thermodynamic cycle that converts heat into mechanical energy using
water/steam as the working fluid.

Stages:

1. Isentropic Compression: Feedwater is pumped to high pressure.

2. Isobaric Heat Addition: Water is converted to steam in the boiler.
3. Isentropic Expansion: High-pressure steam expands in a turbine to perform work.
4. Isobaric Heat Rejection: Exhaust steam is condensed back into water.

In thermal power plants, the Rankine cycle forms the basis of operation, utilizing boilers,
turbines, and condensers for efficient power generation.

Q8. How does the Rankine cycle differ from the Carnot cycle in terms of
practical implementation?

Answer:

Feature Carnot Cycle Rankine Cycle

Process Ideal, reversible Realistic, includes irreversibilities
Heat Addition Isothermal Isobaric
Efficiency Higher theoretical efficiency Lower but practical efficiency
Components Requires perfect insulation Utilizes boilers, turbines, condensers

The Rankine cycle is preferred in real-world applications due to simpler design and better
compatibility with available materials and technologies.

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Describe the key processes involved in the Rankine cycle, including the role of each
component (boiler, turbine, condenser, and pump). Q.9 How does the Rankine cycle differ
from the Carnot cycle in terms of practical implementation? Q.10 Explain how reheating, and
regeneration are used to improve the efficiency of the Rankine cycle. Q.11 Explain the layout
of the water and steam circuit in a thermal power plant. Q.12 Explain the layout of the air and
flue gas circuit in a thermal power plant. Q.13 Explain the layout of the coal and ash circuit in
a thermal power plant. Q.14 Explain the layout of the cooling water circuit in a thermal
power plant. Q.15 Draw the general layout of modern steam power plant and label all major
components & enlist function of each component. Q.16 Explain with neat sketch construction
and working of Benson Boiler. Q.17 Draw a line diagram of a Benson boiler. State the main
difficulties experienced in the La Mont boiler and how it is prevented? Q.18 Explain with
neat sketch construction and working of Loeffler boiler. Q.19 Explain Loeffler boiler with a
schematic. State the difficulty experienced in La-Mont and Benson boiler. How is it solved?
Mention its advantages. Q.20 Explain with neat sketch construction and working of Lamont
Boiler. give me longer answers to these questions as well according to content provided

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Q8. Describe the key processes involved in the Rankine cycle, including the
role of each component (boiler, turbine, condenser, and pump).

Answer:
The Rankine cycle consists of four key thermodynamic processes, each facilitated by specific
components in a thermal power plant:

1. Isentropic Compression (Pump):

o Process: The feedwater pump increases the pressure of the condensate (water)
from the condenser to the boiler pressure.
o Role of Pump: Ensures the continuous flow of water to the boiler and raises
its pressure for the heat addition process.
2. Isobaric Heat Addition (Boiler):
o Process: High-pressure water is heated in the boiler, where it is converted into
dry, saturated, or superheated steam.
o Role of Boiler: Acts as the heart of the cycle, using coal or other fuels to
generate heat and convert water into steam.
3. Isentropic Expansion (Turbine):
o Process: The high-pressure steam expands in the turbine, converting thermal
energy into mechanical energy to drive a generator.
o Role of Turbine: Converts steam energy into mechanical rotational energy,
which is then used to produce electricity.
4. Isobaric Heat Rejection (Condenser):
o Process: The exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed into water by
cooling it in the condenser.
 o Role of Condenser: Ensures efficient recycling of water and prevents
wastage.

Conclusion: These processes form a closed-loop cycle, maximizing energy efficiency by

recycling the working fluid.

Q9. How does the Rankine cycle differ from the Carnot cycle in terms of
practical implementation?

Answer:
The Rankine cycle is a practical adaptation of the theoretical Carnot cycle. The differences
include:

Feature Carnot Cycle Rankine Cycle

Includes irreversibilities such as friction
Process Ideal and fully reversible
and heat losses.
Heat Occurs at constant temperature
Occurs at constant pressure (isobaric).
Addition (isothermal).
Heat
Occurs at constant temperature. Occurs at constant pressure.
Rejection
Requires perfect insulation and Utilizes practical components like boilers,
Components
ideal systems. turbines, and condensers.
Efficiency Higher theoretical efficiency. Lower but achievable efficiency (~40%).
Impractical due to material and
Feasibility Widely used in thermal power plants.
design limitations.

Conclusion: The Rankine cycle sacrifices theoretical efficiency for practical applicability,
making it the preferred choice for power generation.

Q10. Explain how reheating and regeneration are used to improve the
efficiency of the Rankine cycle.

Answer:
1. Reheating:

• Concept: Steam is expanded in the turbine in two stages, with reheating in between.
• Process: After partial expansion in the high-pressure turbine, the steam is returned to
the boiler, reheated to its original temperature, and expanded again in the low-
pressure turbine.
• Advantages:
o Increases work output by reducing moisture content in the low-pressure
turbine.
o Improves turbine efficiency and prevents blade corrosion.
2. Regeneration:

• Concept: Extracting some steam from the turbine to preheat the feedwater before it
enters the boiler.
• Process: Feedwater heaters are used to transfer heat from extracted steam to the
feedwater.
• Advantages:
o Reduces heat required in the boiler.
o Enhances cycle efficiency by reducing entropy generation.

Conclusion: Reheating and regeneration collectively increase the thermal efficiency of the
Rankine cycle, making it more energy-efficient and economical.

Q11. Explain the layout of the water and steam circuit in a thermal power
plant.

Answer:
The water and steam circuit in a thermal power plant involves the continuous movement of
water and steam through the following components:

1. Economizer:
o Preheats feedwater using waste heat from flue gases.
2. Boiler:
o Converts water into steam at high pressure and temperature.
3. Superheater:
o Further heats the steam above its saturation temperature to improve efficiency.
4. Steam Turbine:
o Steam expands and converts thermal energy into mechanical energy.
5. Condenser:
o Cools and condenses the exhaust steam back into water.
6. Feedwater Pump:
o Pumps water from the condenser to the economizer and boiler.

This closed-loop circuit ensures maximum utilization of water and energy.

Q12. Explain the layout of the air and flue gas circuit in a thermal power
plant.

Answer:
The air and flue gas circuit manages air supply for combustion and removal of flue gases:

1. Air Preheater:
o Heats incoming air using residual heat from flue gases, improving combustion
efficiency.
2. Boiler Furnace:
 o
Combustion of fuel occurs here, producing heat and flue gases.
3. Economizer and Dust Collectors:
o Extracts heat and filters particulates from the flue gases.
4. Chimney:
o Discharges flue gases into the atmosphere.

The circuit ensures efficient combustion and compliance with environmental standards.

Q13. Explain the layout of the coal and ash circuit in a thermal power plant.

Answer:
The coal and ash circuit involves handling coal for combustion and managing ash disposal:

1. Coal Handling:
o Wagon Tippler: Unloads coal from railway wagons.
o Crusher House: Reduces coal to the required size.
2. Coal Storage:
o Stores crushed coal for uninterrupted operation.
3. Coal Feeding:
o Transports coal to the boiler furnace using conveyors.
4. Ash Handling:
o Collects and disposes of ash from the furnace and economizer.

This circuit ensures a steady supply of coal and efficient ash disposal.

Q14. Explain the layout of the cooling water circuit in a thermal power plant.

Answer:
The cooling water circuit facilitates the cooling of exhaust steam:

1. Condenser:
o Cools the steam from the turbine, converting it back into water.
2. Cooling Tower:
o Removes heat from water using atmospheric air.
3. Water Pump:
o Circulates water between the condenser and cooling tower.
4. Make-Up Water:
o Replenishes water lost due to evaporation.

This circuit is critical for maintaining the thermal efficiency of the power plant.

Would you like diagrams for these layouts and additional detailed explanations for the other
questions?
4o

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Q.15 Draw the general layout of modern steam power plant and label all major components
& enlist function of each component. Q.16 Explain with neat sketch construction and
working of Benson Boiler. Q.17 Draw a line diagram of a Benson boiler. State the main
difficulties experienced in the La Mont boiler and how it is prevented? Q.18 Explain with
neat sketch construction and working of Loeffler boiler. Q.19 Explain Loeffler boiler with a
schematic. State the difficulty experienced in La-Mont and Benson boiler. How is it solved?
Mention its advantages. Q.20 Explain with neat sketch construction and working of Lamont
Boiler. give me longer answers to these questions as well according to content provided

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ChatGPT

Q15. Draw the general layout of a modern steam power plant and label all
major components. Enlist the function of each component.

Answer:

General Layout:

A modern steam power plant consists of the following main components:

1. Coal and Ash Circuit:

o Coal Storage Yard: Stores coal to ensure a continuous fuel supply.
o Coal Crusher: Reduces coal size for efficient combustion.
o Ash Handling Plant: Removes and disposes of ash generated during
combustion.
2. Air and Flue Gas Circuit:
o Air Preheater: Preheats air for combustion using residual flue gas heat.
o Boiler: Burns coal to generate heat, producing flue gases.
o Chimney: Releases flue gases safely into the atmosphere.
3. Water and Steam Circuit:
o Economizer: Preheats feedwater using exhaust flue gases.
o Boiler: Converts water into steam at high pressure.
o Steam Turbine: Converts steam energy into mechanical energy.
o Condenser: Cools exhaust steam back into water for reuse.
4. Cooling Water Circuit:
o Cooling Tower: Removes heat from water.
o Circulating Water Pump: Pumps water between the condenser and cooling
tower.

Diagram: Draw and label the general layout of a thermal power plant.
Q16. Explain with a neat sketch the construction and working of the Benson
Boiler.

Answer:

Construction:

The Benson boiler is a supercritical boiler with the following components:

1. Economizer: Preheats feedwater before it enters the evaporator tubes.

2. Radiant Evaporator Tubes: Convert water to steam.
3. Convection Evaporator Tubes: Complete the steam generation process.
4. Convection Superheater: Superheats steam before it enters the turbine.
5. Pump: Circulates water through the system at supercritical pressure (~225 bar).

Working:

1. Water is pumped to supercritical pressure, removing the distinction between water

and steam.
2. The high-pressure water is preheated in the economizer and evaporated in the radiant
and convection evaporator tubes.
3. The superheated steam is then sent to the turbine for power generation.
4. The absence of a steam drum eliminates thermal stress and improves efficiency.

Diagram: Include a labelled sketch of a Benson boiler.

Q17. Draw a line diagram of a Benson boiler. State the main difficulties
experienced in the LaMont boiler and how it is prevented.

Answer:

Line Diagram:

Include a line diagram showing key components such as the economizer, evaporator tubes,
superheater, and pump.

Difficulties in LaMont Boiler:

1. Salt Deposition: Salt deposits form on the inner walls of the tubes, reducing heat
transfer efficiency.
2. Thermal Stress: Uneven heating causes thermal stress and potential tube failure.

How Benson Boiler Solves These Issues:

1. No Bubble Formation: Operates at supercritical pressure, eliminating the steam-

water distinction and preventing salt deposition.
2. Elimination of Drum: No steam drum, reducing thermal stress.
Q18. Explain with a neat sketch the construction and working of the Loeffler
Boiler.

Answer:

Construction:

The Loeffler boiler includes the following components:

1. Radiant and Convection Superheaters: Generate superheated steam.

2. Evaporating Drum: Produces saturated steam.
3. Steam Circulating Pump: Circulates steam to the evaporator.
4. Economizer: Preheats feedwater.

Working:

1. A high-pressure pump circulates feedwater through the economizer.

2. The feedwater is converted into saturated steam in the evaporating drum.
3. Saturated steam is superheated in the radiant and convection superheaters.
4. About one-third of the steam drives the turbine, while two-thirds return to the
evaporating drum to evaporate more feedwater.

Diagram: Include a labeled schematic of the Loeffler boiler.

Q19. Explain Loeffler boiler with a schematic. State the difficulty experienced
in LaMont and Benson boilers. How is it solved? Mention its advantages.

Answer:

Schematic:

Include a diagram showing the evaporating drum, superheaters, economizer, and steam
turbine.

Difficulties in LaMont and Benson Boilers:

1. LaMont Boiler: Salt deposition in water tubes.

2. Benson Boiler: High material costs for handling supercritical pressure.

How Loeffler Boiler Solves These Issues:

1. Prevents salt deposition by evaporating feedwater with superheated steam instead of

direct heating.
2. Allows operation at high pressure without material constraints.
Advantages:

1. Handles high salt concentration in feedwater.

2. Compact design suitable for land and marine applications.
3. Efficient heat transfer through superheated steam.

Q20. Explain with a neat sketch the construction and working of Lamont
Boiler.

Answer:

Construction:

The Lamont boiler includes:

1. Steam Drum: Separates steam from water.

2. Economizer: Preheats feedwater.
3. Centrifugal Pump: Circulates water through the boiler tubes.
4. Superheater: Increases the temperature of the generated steam.

Working:

1. Water is preheated in the economizer and sent to the steam drum.

2. The centrifugal pump circulates water through the evaporator tubes.
3. The mixture of water and steam returns to the drum, where steam is separated.
4. The steam is superheated and sent to the turbine.

Diagram: Include a labeled sketch of a Lamont boiler.

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