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CISCE-2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326 (2024) 012156 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012156

Current Safety Practices in the Construction Industry: A Case

Study Approach
Pooja Tripathi1*, Dr. Yash Kumar Mittal1
1
Department of Architecture and Planning, Malaviya National Institute of Technology,
Jaipur 302017, India

Email*: [email protected]

Abstract. Construction is a hazardous occupation due to the unique and complex nature of the
work involved and the repetition of certain field behaviors. Hazardous nature of the construction
environment can lead to delays, cost overruns and severe injuries to the workers. Injuries and
fatalities in the construction sector are higher than in any other industry. Unsuitable working
environments and workers' behaviors are the two significant reasons for accidental risk on the
construction sites. Proper workplace safety management practices are essential while performing
hazardous work activities. The conventional safety management practices in construction
projects primarily focus on reacting to risks rather than preventing them. Therefore, a proactive
approach emphasizing early risk identification and mitigation is crucial for enhancing project
success. Risk mitigation and proactive approach like safety planning, monitoring and evaluation
through inspection and technology adoption are some factors identified in the literature. This
study comprises of a case study approach to understand the current safety practices adopted on
building construction project in India. The study aims to highlight the findings by recognizing
different types of hazards, occupational injuries, proactive strategies in mitigating accidents on
the construction sites and identification of barriers to the limited adoption of safety measures on
the construction site. In the process of detailed comparison with the OSHA’s guideline, the
findings of the current study indicate that chosen construction site exhibits both positive and
negative aspects of safety precautionary measures. Positive and well-organized safety practices
are helpful in making strategies for maintaining safety standards on any construction project.
Future recommendations include digital technology-oriented safety measures for improving site
monitoring and safety management scenarios.

Keywords: Safety Management, Construction sites, Accidents, hazards, case study approach

1. Introduction

Increasing complexities, dynamic nature and hazardous construction projects result in countless
fatalities to all the countries. A higher number of accidents are the result of continuous demand for high-
rise or multi-story development project [1]. The construction sector is more vulnerable to risks when
compared to accident rates in other industries. According to research, over 474 million individuals suffer
from occupational illnesses and non-fatal accidents, while around 2.3 million employees die from work-
related accidents and diseases globally [2]. The fatality rate has increased from 15% to 19% globally in
the last five years [3].

Safety is termed as the absence of risk, hazard, or harm [4]. Risk is the likelihood that exposing oneself
to risk would result in a bad outcome. Risk depends on the likelihood that a risk source i.e, hazard
associated with an action or process may result in damage or injury [5] and Hazard is defined as a source,
circumstance, or event that has the potential to cause harm to people, property, the environment, or any
combination of these [6]. The continuous expansion of extensive infrastructure and high-rise projects,
complexity and rising injury cases on the sites have all contributed to developing safety management

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CISCE-2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326 (2024) 012156 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012156

systems [7]. Various research is focused on identifying the root cause of injuries. Lack of coordination
between the parties has been found to cause mishappening as projects get more complicated [8]. Various
reasons for accident causation have been identified by the authors like improper working environment,
inappropriate behavior of the workers, inappropriate safety culture in an organization and poor safety
documentation [3][9]. Hazardous working conditions are very dangerous on construction sites [10]. It
is difficult to effectively reflect the multiple complexities involved in real construction work due to the
inadequate and poor safety documentation on site. As a result, it is more challenging to find hidden
safety dangers and to timely convey critical information to the appropriate labor forces during building
projects [11]. Managing safety practices on sites at the proper time is helpful in mitigating accidents. To
understand safety measures, the present study uses field survey as a case study approach to identify
latest trends and currently adopted safety practices by construction practitioners to inhibit accidents and
injuries on construction sites.

Therefore, the goal of the study is to fill up the knowledge gaps by responding to the research questions:
a) What are the current safety practices used in building construction projects? b) What are the
challenges at construction sites that lead to safety concerns?

2. Methodology

The methodology of this research is displayed in Figure 1, including the processes and related techniques
adopted. The methodology consists of two main steps: one is literature review where detailed worldwide
issues and safety regulations are examined and the second step is field case study approach to analyze
the safety measures used on the construction sites and during building construction. Finally, conclusion
and future recommendation is discussed in the last section.

Figure 1. Flow chart of Research Methodology

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CISCE-2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326 (2024) 012156 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012156

3. Literature Review

3.1 Construction safety rules and regulations

Various countries have adopted significant legislation and rules to regulate construction safety and
advance the well-being of workers. Occupational Safety and Health Administrator (OSHA), Health and
Safety Regulations Act (HSE), Building Construction and Other Workers Act, 1996 (BOCW), ISO
18000 and Workers Compensation Act are some regulations used for managing worker wellbeing during
construction projects. In BOCW Act, the regulations for safety and health are aligned with the ILO
convention, where provisions are provided for health and safety precautions for construction workers
[12]. ISO 18000 is an international health and safety management system standard that identifies safety
risks and reduces potential accidents [13]. OSHA laws provide standardized guidelines for occupational
safety and health across the nation. The most common OSHA's rules are hazard assessments, worker
safety and health, working conditions, hazard communication, recordkeeping, fall protection, employee
rights, and sanctions [14][15]. HSE covers three significant parts for workers' safety i.e., risk assessment,
health and safety arrangements and safety assistance. Despite all these regulations and provisions, the
accident rate is increasing nationwide.

3.2 Worldwide construction safety issues

The study has primarily addressed the issues surrounding construction site safety issues and practices
for complex and multi-storey building projects. Fall from height accounts for 46% of all fatal incidents
involving construction workers [16]. High-rise buildings may be divided into four categories by the
National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS), which are 7–12 storeys, 13–24 stories, 25–49 floors,
and 50 stories and above [17]. As per the National Building Codes of India “any building 15m or above
in height shall be considered under high-rise building”[18]. According to a Mumbai Municipal
Corporation (BMC) proposal, a high-rise building is 30 meters or more in height [19]. Worldwide over
60,000 employees lose their lives annually due to workplace accidents on construction projects [20].
Researchers have identified that 7.5% of the worldwide labour force is employed in the Indian
construction industry, and 16.4% of all workplace fatalities occur on construction sites [21][22].
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics, there were 117 recordable incidents for every 10,000
employees in the construction industry [23]. According to the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), one out of every ten workers on construction sites has an accident and injury
each year. Accident is “an occurrence arising out of or in connection with work which results in fatal
injury or nonfatal injury” [24]. Injuries is not always the outcome of an accident, sometimes near miss
that has the potential to cause harm but does not result in injury, can also happen [25]. Injuries are
classified into major, minor and fatal, which ultimately leads to death. To minimize the accident rates
and injuries, understanding of the root cause of accidents is essential.

3.3 Factors contributing to risk and accidents

While analyzing the root causes of accidents, researchers have identified that unsuitable site conditions
and inappropriate human behaviour are the primary reasons for accidents [25][26]. Authors have pointed
out that falling from height, being struck by or against things, lifting and carrying, overextending,
machinery, electricity, fire, explosion, and transportation are the causes of accidents [27]. The report
from the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) highlighted that poor management
system, tight construction schedules, inadequate safety policies, low-skilled labour, lack of safety
education, lack of personal protective equipment, job site circumstances, fall from height, lack of safety
inspections, absence of safety signage and inappropriate working environment are the major contributors
for accident causation [25],[17],[28],[29]. Different types of risks are associated with different
construction activities like climbing scaffolding, machinery and tool usage, and electrical work.
Numerous initiatives like proper safety measures at construction sites are required to avoid such
tragedies and to manage the work environment. Adequate safety measures would undoubtedly reduce
construction costs and accidents at construction sites, while increasing productivity and profitability
[30].

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CISCE-2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326 (2024) 012156 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012156

3.4 Strategies to mitigate construction risks

Traditional safety management is focused on reactive rather than proactive strategies to prevent
accidents. Pre-planning for safety, safety orientation, safety training, and having a documented safety
policy are crucial elements in averting danger [27][31]. Good safety practices include incorporating
various safety guidelines and regulations during construction, safety training, signages, safety parks,
safety inspection, safety culture and maintaining safe behaviour [32][33]. By delivering proactive
information, such as safety images, the technology offers a unique method of safety monitoring [34].
Different safety training methods like videos and visual awareness can be conducted with the help of
the latest technologies like Building Information Modelling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR) and
Augmented Reality (AR) [11],[35][37]. The scope of the study is limited to understand the current safety
practices and identify the safety related issues while performing on-site construction activities.

4. Case Study
The location selected for the case study is Trillium data centre, sector 132, Noida, Uttar Pradesh. It is a
commercial high-rise building complex with one-level basement, eight floors and 0.55million sq.ft.
built-up area. Client of the project is AIPL Housing and Urban Infrastructure limited. The project's
General contractor is Krishna Buildestates Private Limited, an ISO 45001: 2018 certified company. The
cost of the project is 2280 million. The scheduled time to complete the project is 12 months. There are
388 unskilled labours, 427 semi-skilled labours and 478 skilled labours on the job-site. The following
safety practices on the construction site as precautionary measures are mentioned in Table 1 and
illustrated in Figure 2.

Table 1. Safety precautions implemented on the construction site

S.No. Safety measures used on the construction site
There are 4m high barricades all around the site, with one entry, one exit and one
1
emergency exit.
Vertigo test (height phobia) is conducted for each worker, before the execution of
2
height-related activities.
Dedicated safety park, where all the instruments and PPE kit related to occupational
3
health and safety are displayed for the workers.
First-aid room, and visual safety induction training rooms are available for any
4
causality.
5 Proper washrooms and drinking water facilities are available on the site.
Adequate safety signage in Hindi, English with pictorial forms is displayed
6
everywhere on the site.
The fire point and main electrical panel room are present and fully barricaded on the
7
site.
8 A job-specific PPE kit is provided to each employer.
9 Mist spray technology is deployed on the site to minimize dust exposure for workers.

Different signages displaying the accident intercommunication are used on the site like the accident
witness will immediately notify the accident chief and subsequently the emergency response
representative. The accident safety manager will finally take significant action on the scene. First aid is
administered to the victim on the site, after which the injured individual is transported to a nearby
hospital and, in the event of a fatality, the entire area is barricaded. Figure 2 shows the site pictures that
have been take during site visit about different safety measures used on the construction site.

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CISCE-2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326 (2024) 012156 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012156

Figure 2. Safety measures used on the construction site

After identifying the safety on site, the second step is to analyze the safety measures used during building
construction. The detailed list of preventive measures is explained in Table 2 and illustrated in Figure
3.

Table 2. Safety protocols implemented during building construction

S.No. Safety measures adopted during building construction
1 During excavation, shoring has been done to prevent soil sliding.
Two safe access to the building are fully covered from the top and side to minimize
2
injuries from falling objects.
3 Lift shafts are fully barricaded with guardrails and safety nets.
4 Staircases are equipped with temporary guardrail and mid-rail.
5 Stairwells are covered with safety nets on every alternate floors.
Two types of safety nets are installed on the façade of the building;
6 Horizontal safety net: to prevent worker’s and object’s fall
Vertical safety net: to prevent object fall during vertical activities
7 Double layered safety nets are installed.
Workers are using PPE kit (safety belt, helmet, shoes and gloves) during the
8
processing of different activities.
9 All the protruding rebars are covered with PVC caps.
10 Periphery of the slab is covered with guardrail and green fabric.

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CISCE-2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326 (2024) 012156 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012156

Figure 3. Safety measures used during building construction

4.1 Identified safety issues during on-site construction

Despite all the preventative measures, some major issues that have been identified during the site visit.
These problems might lead to significant, minor accidents and eventually ill-health for the construction
workers. These problems have been mentioned in Table 3.
Table 3. Identified safety concerns during construction activities
S.No. Safety issues during construction work
1 No proper working platform on scaffolding for workers during heighted activities.
No toe board on the working platform might result in a greater risk of falling objects
2
from height.
Scaffolding design is not as per the regulations and not appropriately using three
3
features proper railing, toe board and ladder.
4 Materials are not properly stored inside the building.
5 Construction nails are scattered on the floor.
6 Protruding left-out uncovered rebars from the walls and floors.
7 Workers are not following safety protocols.
8 No adequate budget allocation for safety management in the construction projects.
9 Application of advance technology like BIM, VR and AR are missing.

4.2 Proactive Safety practices as per regulations

As mentioned earlier in the literature survey about the regulatory guidelines of OSHA, BOCW Act, ISO
18000 and HSE, the study uses OSHA rules as a baseline for determining the safety practices utilized
on construction projects. In summary, most of the safety practices are aligned with the findings reported
in the reviewed literature and have been adopted by contractors and clients in their construction projects,
as explained in Table 4.

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CISCE-2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326 (2024) 012156 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012156

Table 4. Safety practices as per OSHA, 2020 regulation

S.No. Safety Practices Case Study
Provision of Safety officers and supervisors at
1 √
the construction site
2 Regular safety inspections and audits √
3 PPE kit provision √
4 Safety training √
Hazard reporting and incident investigation
5 √
spreadsheet on-site
6 Safety policy √
Passage way clear, proper site layout for -
7
machinery and equipment
8 Electric safety √
9 Fire extinguishers √
10 Ladder and scaffolding rules -
11 Floor holes and opening cover with standard
√
railing
12 Latest technology adoption -
13 Fall protection system √
14 Safety protocols for working at height √
15 Physical examination and mental evaluation of
√
workers

5. Result and Discussion

The challenges during safety management in the construction sector have been a significant source of
concern for both researchers and practitioners. Studies have revealed that unsafe acts and unsafe working
conditions account for more than 90% of accidents on construction job sites [36]. The accident rate has
not decreased despite the provision of safety regulations, i.e., OSHA, HSE, ISO 18000. Construction-
related injuries like minor, major and fatalities significantly impact the workers’ health and wellbeing.
The study identified that falling hazards, struck by flying objects, electric and fire hazards are significant
contributors to accidents. The field study helps in identifying the latest safety practices used on
construction sites. The barriers in putting safety procedures into practice at building sites have been
associated with workers' poor understanding of work processes, lack of policy execution, inadequate
funding for safety management, insufficient awareness of safety standards, and communication gaps
between managers and employees [38]. Numerous proactive techniques can be used to address the
challenges of risk and safety on construction projects. Proactive strategies with digital implications play
a vital role in managing safety on construction projects. Employee training and expertise are seen as
supportive aspects for safety improvement, which implies a willingness to provide opinions to increase
proficiency [39]. A growing body of research on safety in construction shows that BIM 4D, AR, VR,
and IOT are some of the leading technologies for managing and monitoring the site safety scenario
regularly [40]. Virtual design and simulation videos created with BIM 4D are beneficial for
comprehending job scheduling, worker awareness and training for connected tasks.

6. Conclusion
The study findings indicate that the chosen construction site exhibits effective safety practices like safety
education and training programs, site safety, meetings, and provision of personal protective equipment,
emergency first-aid systems, fall protection systems, and safety promotional activities. Additionally,
pro-active strategies like frequent site safety inspections and safety audits have been implemented on
the construction site. It is also recognized that the site lacks with latest technology adoption and adequate
layout design for equipment and machinery movement when comparing OSHA rules with safety
practices. Numerous accidents on the sites are also a result of careless behaviour by the workers. Several
approaches have been suggested as proactive strategies to overcome the safety challenges on
construction sites. The methods include safety training with the help of technological advancement of

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CISCE-2023 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326 (2024) 012156 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012156

BIM 4D, AR, VR used during different phases of the project, UAV’s for real-time safety monitoring
and inspection. The study is limited to understand workplace safety measures rather than behavioural
study of occupant. Future studies will focus on the difficulties in applying this tech-approach to real-
world projects and later on, preparing regulatory guidelines on how this method improves overall
construction site monitoring compared to conventional solutions.

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