$6.

1 Inverse
Trigonometric Functions

We will start with a basic refresher on functions and inverses of functions .

D- relation is a
process that matches input (domain) values to output (range) values
without restriction to the
matching :

Domain Range Pairs

2)
Notice the same input can
LA D (A)
give multiple outputs and

-#
, ,
( , 2)
B different inputs can
give
egg, the same output .

A function is a relation ( process) where each domain value is matched to exactly

one output value

Domain Range Pairs Notice that different inputs

( Aol) the output
can
give same .

( B 2)
,

(C) 2)
If we have the
graph of a relation
,
we can
easily determine if it is a function
using
the vertical line test
.

If the multiple points then the

any vertical
line
passes through graph at
, graph does
not describe a function .

Circle is not a function i

, i Parabola is a function as

" "° ""° " f l l

" "" the ""
P
""""ed with ✗ = "
'
"
"
'
"" ""

1
I
,

" "
: :
-

✗= a
A function if from
range)
value (
is one -
to -
one each output comes a
single , unique
input value ( domain) .

We can determine if function is to one the horizontal line test

a one
using
-
-
.

µ→y=a
Parabola is not one -
to -
one because
multiple points are associated with
the
output value
y=a .

c-
✓

An function function that the input to output of

inverse is a reverses
matching a

function .

If a function is one -
to -
one then the function has an inverse function .

,
Functions that are not one -
to -
one can sometimes still have an inverse function if we

can restrict the domain to an interval where :

①
the full of the function is
preserved
range
② the function is one -
to -

one on the interval

:-# ¥ .

2 2
✗ (manipulated)
y= y
✗
=

•
Domain :
tooooo) • Restricted Domain : [
0,00)
•

Range :[0,00) •

Range :[0,00)
•
not one -
to -

one •
one -
to -
one
Based on what know about the of it is not
we
graph sine a one to one
- -

function :

Remember for sin ( x)

y=
:
- .

a Domain : toga)
C- 1 I]
Range :
,

-
I
I
'

sin ( x)
y
-_

we can restrict the domain of the function sine intervals for inverse
many
on an
,

the interval [ Ha,"Ta ]

but
universally
-

we use .

¥÷
Domain :[
-

Ta "Ta ] ,

Range :[ -
I I ]
,
• - -
l
Def ☐ Inverse Sine

'
The function (x) ( sine inverse) of
-

the when the domain

y-s.in x)
sin is inverse (
y=
of restricted to [ Ha Ha]
-

sine is ,
.

[ +12 la]
' "
For (x) [-1,1] and
-

sin the domain is

range
-

is
g- , ,

[-1725/2]
" '
the (x) will be Etta "TaI
-

"
Since the to
range is ,
answers sin
angles on ,

These 4
angles are in
quadrants 1 or .

"
Fla Remember : la and -172 are coterminal

Q, : sin -0>0 Note : sometimes inverse sine is written as arcane

(D= arcsincx)
- '

it 0 sin

Qy : sin -0<0

311-12=-172
 function often
when
evaluating
easier to write the
an
expression involving an inverse
trigonometric ,
it is

expression as the original function .

(answers) of E- la
"
la]
"
Remember : the outputs inverse sine are
angles on
,

( x) [ Ya Ya]
' '
-0 such that -0
-
-

sin =
on sin =
✗
,

The x -
value in the
expression tell two
things :

①
the quadrant of the angle
② the reference
angle from special triangle
F-× . Evaluate the
following
:

(1-2)
① - '
sin
g- ÷

¥
I

6 V3
②
g-
arcs in (1)
¥
÷

÷
6 53
③
(-53-2) ¥
"
sin
g-

¥
I

6 53
④ '

frog) ¥
-

sin
g-

÷ ,

¥
53
If we want to determine the inverse of cosine we need to be careful of our
,
restriction interval Consider the of
.

graph cosine :

-
i - .
Not one -
to -
one

Domain :( og-) -

Range :[-1,1 ]
-21T
_ i -
| - i

¥•#÷
If we restrict to the same interval we used for
inverse sine then the is not to
region one one
- -
:
,

Instead we will use [0,1T] :

v

Ñ÷
This is to
region
a one- -

one

that
preserves the full
E- 1,1 ]
range

-
I -
Def ☐ Inverse Cosine

of
'
The function (x) ( ) the Cx) when the domain
-

cos inverse cosine is inverse cos

y= y
=

of cosine is restricted to [0,1T ] .

'
For (x) the [-1, I ] and [0,1T]
-

cos domain is is
y range
=
,

Since the of inverse cosine is [0,1T ] the

"
answers
"
to an inverse cosine
range ,

problem angles on
are 9 it ] These
[ .

angles are in
quadrants 1 and 2 and
are
always positive .

%
Note : alternate form of '
(x)
-

an cos

" " ① " %> ° " "" " " "

IT 0

3¥ =
-

%
F- × .
Evaluate the following ¥
①
(FE)
- '
cos
g- ¥ I

¥
I

6 53
② '
l D
÷
-

cos
-

y=

r
÷ ,

¥
53
③
y=
are cos
f- ¥

¥
I

6 53
Remember the of of separated by vertical
graph tangent consists
repeating sections
asymptotes .

:{
f § .[
Alik
^

! ! Domain for
: : :
× : ✗ =/ I
a
+ *n
any integer n
}
i : : :
:
Range : too a)
,
21T I
-

1
•
1
• = -
1 ,
•
,
•

I 1 I 1
I 1 I

÷j iÉ
✓
-

÷:¥÷÷¥÷
To make
tangent one to one restrict
! Domain :
f- g- ;-)
-
-

, ,
the domain to
f
1 .
Range : C- oooo)

.
-
it
! '
IT
,

I ,

I "
1

v v
!
-

I I
Def ☐ Inverse
Tangent

tangent) of when the domain of

'
The function ( x) ( inverse the tank)
-

tan is inverse
y= g-
tangent ( g- g)
is restricted to -

For
'
tan (x) the domain is C- %-) and
f- Ia
-

is
g- , range ,
.

f-Ta a) (-1-42,712)
" " "
the to tan (x) will be
"
Since the
range is ,
answers
angles on .

These
angles are in quadrants 1 or 4 .

Fla Remember : 3+12 and -172 are coterminal

Note : sometimes written

Q, : tan -0>0 inverse
tangent is as

arctan (x)
it 0
'
(x) arctan (x)
-

tan =

Qy : tan -0<0
the shortcut for
We can use same
angles in
Qy
used for '
(x)
-

v we sin

311-12 =
%
-
 following
÷÷
Ex Evaluate
.
the :

①
(B)
-
'
tan r
y=

I r

6 V3
②
g-
tanks
are
¥
÷ ,

¥
53
③
g-
tan
- '

frog) ¥
÷

÷
I

6 53
Note : the identities for
trigonometric functions do not extend to their inverses .

s.in#--tanlx) for all values of sin =/ tan

'
(x)
-

✗ but
Lx) '
(x)
-

cos cos

we can evaluate inverses of the reciprocals the before

in same
way as :

①
cot
-
'
(x) is the inverse of cot (x) with the domain ( 0,1T)
y y=
=

② (x) of with the domain [ 0,172) UC"Ta, I ]

y=secCx)
'
the
-

see is inverse
y
=

③
csc
- '
(x) is the inverse of csc (x) with the domain [-72,0) v10
"
la ]
g- y= , .
Ex Evaluate the
.

following
:

(ag)
'
① see
-

g- ¥

÷
6 53
②
y=
are cot C- B)
¥
÷

I r

6 53
Composites Involving Inverses

we can use what we know about inverse

trigonometric functions to evaluate composites
that involve inverse
trigonometric functions .

Remember : a composite is a function inside a function .

( Ys))
'
For tan (
-

example , we
might have sin .

If the inverse function inside the composite can be evaluated

directly then do so .

If the inverse function inside the composite cannot be evaluated directly, then use

Pythagorean Identities or reference triangles to evaluate .

Don't forget that inverse functions give

angles on specific intervals .
 ÷÷
Ex . Evaluate the following
.

①
( Ia))
' '
tan ( cos
-

÷
I r

6 V3
② (2/3))
'
( sin
-

cos
③ cot ( cos
- '
C- 31s))
We can also have composites with various
angle identities .

Ex Evaluate the
.

following
①
( 2. tan ( 4s))
-' '
sin
 ( %)
'
Ex Evaluate '
-

3-
-

. cos sin
+
cos