e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 8 (2024) 100594

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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical

Engineering, Electronics and Energy
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Isolated bidirectional DC-DC Converter: A topological review

Mohammad Aslam Alam a, *, Ahmad Faiz Minai a, Farhad Ilahi Bakhsh b
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, Integral University Lucknow, India
b
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, J&K, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Bidirectional DC-DC converters (BDCs) are certainly an important power electronic converter for managing
Bidirectional DC-DC converters (BDCs) bidirectional power flow in various applications. It offers the ability to flow power in both directions, which is
Isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter (IBDC) useful in systems with renewable energy sources and energy storage. BDCs are becoming increasingly important
Non- isolated bidirectional converter (NBDC)
in various applications, including renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and energy storage. The devel­
Power flow
Energy storage system (ESS)
opment of new BDC topologies and control strategies is expected to further improve their efficiency and per­
High frequency transformer (HFT) formance. Non-Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converters (NBDCs) and Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converters
(IBDCs) are the two main types of BDCs with different isolation properties and trade-offs in terms of size, cost and
performance. Topological classification of BDCs further distinguishes various BDC types based on their config­
urations and voltage-boosting techniques. IBDCs are preferred over NBDCs due to high-power applications, and
wide voltage range with higher efficiency; the performance of IBDCs is improving day by day. To provide a
framework for comparison in implementing novel configurations or identifying the best converter for a given
application, this study is concentrated on each topology and its usual applications. Soft switching converters are
also discussed pointed to Resonant Power Converters (RPCs) for the application into Electric Vehicles (EVs). It is
worth noting that the choice of BDC depends on the specific requirements of the application, such as power level,
voltage range, efficiency, and cost. A detailed comparison, application, advantage and disadvantage table can be
useful in comparing the characteristics of different BDCs and selecting the most suitable one.

1. Introduction requirement of system. It is also used for interfacing Energy Storage

System (ESS) with Renewable Energy System (RES) and in various in­
Recent development in power systems using renewable energy such dustries like transport, aerospace applications, system performance and
as Hybrid Vehicles, renewable energy-based systems bought various efficiency are increased whereas the size of the system decreased
challenges. Converters are interfaced in between the distributed gener­ because only one converter is used instead of two individual’s con­
ator and dc bus but demand is continuously increasing; so to fulfil the verters. It is used in various hybrid systems such as fuel cells and solar
load demand researchers focused on (a) Increasing voltage level (b) PV for supplying the demand of both DC as well as AC load by using an
efficiency and (c) size reduction of the converter [1]. Traditionally inverter into consideration. These BDCs are categorized into
unidirectional converters were used for the power transfer from input to Non-Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converters (NBDCs) and Isolated
output and vice versa but during the integration of renewable energy Bidirectional DC-DC Converters (IBDCs) and further these are grouped
sources and energy storage systems; number of electric components according to their configurations and voltage-boosting methods. Basic
increases consequently its noise, size and heat consumption also in­ configuration of NBDCs are buck-boost, Cuk, SEPIC and ZETA converters
creases. Also, during input voltage variation, voltage and current stress offer simple and cost-effective solutions for low-power applications.
introduced. To overcome these challenges bidirectional converters are Moreover, advanced configurations are switched capacitor, cascaded,
used, in which unidirectional switches (single-quadrant switches) are interleaved and multilevel bridges are suitable for high-power applica­
replaced with bidirectional switches (two-quadrant switches) [2] that tions and offer higher efficiency, lower switching losses, and easy con­
introduced Bidirectional Converter (BDC). By implementing a Bidirec­ trol methods. For IBDCs basic configurations are Flyback, Cuk, Push-pull
tional Converter (BDC) it acts in both modes i.e., buck and boost as per and Forward converter. It provides easy-to-use, cost-effective solutions

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M.A. Alam).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2024.100594
Received 17 August 2023; Received in revised form 8 April 2024; Accepted 9 May 2024
Available online 12 May 2024
2772-6711/© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
M.A. Alam et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 8 (2024) 100594

2. Classification of bidirectional converter

Mainly Bidirectional DC-DC Converter (BDC) converters are sub­

divided as Non-Isolated & Isolated Bidirectional converters. NBDCs
transmits power in absence of magnetic isolation which means it doesn’t
use a transformer for the power exchange which is advantageous in
various applications over IBDC where size and weight are a major
concern but it has the demerit of low voltage gain and simpler config­
uration whereas Isolated Bidirectional Converter is employed in various
power applications due to its efficiency, reliability, lightweight and
compactness. When DC is converted to AC and again rectified into DC
after transferring through a high-frequency transformer but it suffers
from leakage inductance and magnetic interference [3]. When efficiency
and high voltage gain is not an important parameter, for these appli­
cations non-isolated bidirectional converters without magnetic coupling
Fig. 1. (a) Load Demand Management using IBDC (b) Power flow in BDC. can be useful, it comprises only switching devices and passive compo­
nents but for high voltage gain magnetic coupling is utilized which
for moderate voltage applications. Additionally, advanced configura­ betters its efficiency and reliability. As discussed in previous section
tions are Half-Bridge, full-bridge, Dual Active Bridge and Multiport NBDCs are classified based on basic configuration and voltage boosting
bridges are designed for high-power applications as they offer improved techniques as shown in Fig. 2. Basic configurations are derived from
efficiency, reduced switching losses and simple control strategies. As simpler structure of bidirectional converter whereas voltage boosting
shown in Fig. 1(a) by using BDCs we can store power into batteries or techniques are obtained by rearranging this simpler structure. Detailed
supercapacitors which is termed as Forward Mode (Forward Power
Flow) and in Backward mode (Backward Power Flow) these stored Table 2
power can be used during unavailability or overload conditions. In Fig. 1 Advantage and Disadvantages of NBDC.
(b) value of current I1 is less than zero which shows the availability of a
Advantages Disadvantages
primary source. At this stage, a bidirectional converter allows to store in
1. Balanced structure 1. Operates only in buck mode or in boost mode
ESS. When primary source is unavailable i.e. I1 is greater than zero
2. Low ripple current on both 2. For higher voltage ratio its design(structure) is
bidirectional converters allow to flow from ESS to the load. This paper is side impractical.
organized as Section-1 Introduction, Section-2 Classification of BDC, 3. Wide operating range of 3. Less galvanic isolation between the two sides.
Section–2.1 Non-Isolated Bidirectional Converter (NBDC), Section-2.2 voltage
Isolated Bidirectional dc-dc converter (IBDC), Section-3 Resonant Con­ 4. Simple driver circuitry 4. Higher voltage gain requires an excessive duty
cycle ratio.
verters and Section-4 Conclusion.
5. Safety from short circuit 5. Discontinuous output current

Fig. 2. General classification of Non-Isolated Bidirectional topologies.

Table 1
Comparison of NBDC topologies.
Reference Topology Inductors Capacitors Switches

[5] Basic Configuration Basic Buck-Boost 1 2 2

[6] Buck-Boost 2 2 2
[7] Cuk 2 3 4
[8] SEPIC/Zeta 2 3 2
[9,10] Advance Configuration Switched Capacitor 1 2 4
[11] Cascaded 0 3 4
[12] Interleaved n=2 2 2n=4
[13] Multilevel 0 n(n + 2) n(n + 1) =12
=6
2

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Fig. 3. Basic and bridge topology of Non-Isolated Bidirectional Converter.

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Fig. 4. Comparison of NBDCs in terms of switches, capacitors and inductors.

comparison of NBDCs has been done in [4] . Table 1 and Fig. 4 illustrates by rearranging Cuk converter as illustrated in Fig. 3(d). These converters
the application and comparison of all Non-Isolated Bidirectional Con­ both higher (VH) and lower voltages (VL) and polarity of DC bus is
verters (NBDCs) which include the number of inductors, switches and similar. When power flow from lower voltage (VL) to higher voltage (VH)
capacitors. Also, advantage and disadvantage of NBDCs are discussed in converter act as SEPIC and for vice versa it acts as ZETA [8].
Table 2.
2.1.2. Voltage boosting technique
2.1. Non-Isolated bidirectional converter
2.1.2.1. Switched capacitor. Switched Capacitor (SC) is used to regulate
2.1.1. Basic configuration voltage without having any magnetic component in the circuit, it only
uses a capacitor for energy storage as shown in Fig. 3(e) [15,16]. The
2.1.1.1. Buck & boost converter. It is an arrangement of a step-down capacitor is used instead of an inductor due to its advantageous factors
converter in anti-parallel with a step-up converter to lower and higher like light-weight, high power density, extended voltage gains and low
voltage respectively [5] but traditionally unidirectional switches like voltage stress but it faces drawbacks such as fixed voltage conversion
MOSFETs and diode were used for the operations, later these unidirec­ ratio. To change this ratio, we need to increase the number of switches,
tional switches are replaced with bidirectional switches, due to its uni­ capacitors and diodes that will lead to employing more gate driver cir­
directional power flow and it also does not provide any current cuits which causes very high current spikes and high Electro-Magnetic
conduction path for the diode during reverse direction but for NBDCs it Interference (EMI) during charging of capacitors from voltage source.
is obtained by replacing unidirectional switches with bidirectional Its output power range is low whereas its efficiency has improved but
switches as illustrated in Fig. 3(a). When output voltage (VH) is higher as unsatisfactory [9,10]. To improve its efficiency and reduced current
compared to input voltage (VL); this operation is known as boost mode spikes many switching methods are proposed in [17] for the low power
and vice versa is buck mode. devices.

2.1.1.2. Buck-Boost converter. In Fig. 3(b) conventional Buck-boost 2.1.2.2. Cascaded converter. When two buck-boost converters are
converter is shown with bidirectional switches. For high-power appli­ cascaded, by adjusting duty cycle(0 < d⩽1) they are interconnected
cation effect of a diode during step down minimizes efficiency of the sequentially to provide regulated voltage output. In Fig. 3(f) cascaded
circuit whereas we can use a diode in different applications. In Boost non-isolated bidirectional converter is shown which is commonly used
mode, output voltage (VH) is higher as compared to input voltage (VL) & in energy storage systems. It uses only one inductor in the circuit due to
vice-versa for buck mode but polarity of output voltage is altered which which it is small in size and has high efficiency. These converters are
causes ripple. To neglect these issues more switches are added to circuit operated at a higher power rating whereas ripple in current and stress is
[6]. reduced of inductor, diode and switch stress are reduced. Also, high
voltage gains at output’s end [10,11].
2.1.1.3. Cuk converter. Cuk converter is obtained by replacing main
diode with MOSFET. Continuous input and output current is delivered 2.1.2.3. Interleaved converter. For higher power applications conven­
by cuk converter. Coupled inductor is employed which eliminates cur­ tional boost converter is employed but it is having various limitations
rent ripples in input/output of converter. So Cuk converters are inter­ such as high current and switching frequency ripples, voltage stress,
faced with energy storage system [7] in Fig. 3(c) boost and buck reduced power density and Electro-magnetic interference; to overcome
configuration that are in series with energy storage capacitor which these issues interleaved bidirectional converter as shown in Fig. 3(g) is
allows for both higher and lower output voltages [14]. employed which is having interleaved techniques to reduce ripples in
current and switching, minimized Electro-Magnetic Interference(EMI)
2.1.1.4. SEPIC/Zeta converter. SEPIC and ZETA converter is obtained and it also improves the power factor [18,12]. Interleaved Boost

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Fig. 5. General classification of Isolated Bidirectional topologies.

Converter is proposed for the MPPT Based SPV System to enhance its minimum power loss [28]. A single-stage step-up converter with
output using P & O method for maximum extraction [19]. galvanic isolation is discussed in [29]. Which consists of two converter a
push-pull (PP) converter and a flyback converter in which first performs
2.1.2.4. Multilevel converter. Voltage output of the buck-boost con­ the function of a DC transformer and the second as voltage stabilizer.
verter acts as voltage input for multilevel converter as shown in Fig. 3 Input voltage, output voltage & power range are 24V-32 V, 400 V,
(h), output voltage is relatively high. Since the semiconductor switches 100W-400 W and 1 MHz under ZVS respectively. It achieves peak effi­
counts are more which increases current ripple. To reduce them, extra ciency of 97.1 %. over a wide voltage range. In [30] a prototype flyback
capacitors and switches are employed in [13,20] for medium power converter is designed and has an efficiency of 92.5 % is proposed for
applications. energy collection based on Thermo Electric Generator (TEG) by rear­
rangement of the Flyback converter so that its partial energy is processed
and the rest is directly delivered to the load, this causes reduced current
2.2. Isolated bidirectional converter
and voltage stress also increases its efficiency. In [31] multiple outputs
are shown of flyback converter by joining multiple winding SMPS
Isolated Bi-directional DC Converter (IBDC) transfers power using
transformer in circuit with two part one master and other is slave.
High-Frequency Transformer (HFT) which is advantageous over Non-
Master is achieved by connecting any output directly to the feedback
Isolated Bi-Directional Converters (NBDCs) in terms of high voltage
control loop and slave is obtained by tuning turn ratio of tertiary
gain ratio, wide input range. Also, galvanic isolation is provided into a
winding. But this set-up led to inductance leakage in between secondary
transformer which causes magnetic interference and it also increases its
and tertiary winding which causes a reduction in accuracy of output
weight, as the frequency increases switching loss also increases. Bi-
voltage; to overcome main output is provided with its feedback. [32]
directional converters are proposed in [21] for the interaction of Elec­
proposed isolated dc converter with buck-boost and forward flyback. It
trical Vehicles (EVs) and Grid. IBDCs fulfil load demand using galvanic
is advantageous due to its extended range of voltage, increased voltage
isolation into the converter with the Energy Storage System (ESS) [22].
gain and continuous current characteristics with leakage inductance
IBDC in [23] is for the improved operating range of power flow char­
recovery scheme by combining LV side inductor with the transformer,
acterization. In bi-directional converter is termed as the core of
by implementing its result are verified and its efficiency dives to 96.9 %
next-generation medium voltage power conversion it states that in up­
and 94.5 % in buck & boost mode respectively. An interleaved flyback
coming time 3.3 kV/6.6 kV converter of silicon carbide and gallium
converter is proposed with parallelly connected input of N modules with
nitride will be available in the market [24]. For automobile application,
single output for a photovoltaic generation system. Also, single core
which trails to boost efficiency from 89.6 % to 93.5 % a dual active
transformer is employed with N primary winding and single secondary
bridge is proposed [25]. In [26] bi-directional dc converter is used with
winding which is advantageous over conventional interleaved input
flywheel for ultra-fast on route charging system which provides 50 % of
parallel output series topology. In this proposed converter, number of
energy during on route charging and also reduce peak demand up to 66
flyback modules are equal to the individual core of the transformer. In a
% based on case study. Further, these converters are classified into basic
cycle for this proposed structure output diode operates more N times
configuration and bridges as shown in Fig. 5. These basic configuration
that results to smaller value of output capacitance, a snubber circuit is
IBDCs are comparable to the different types of basic NBDCs whereas
also employed to avoid leakage inductance and dv/dt protection during
bridge topologies are resultant by the changing unidirectional switches
commutation [33]. A flyback converter is employed for low power
of different bridges with bidirectional switches.
application in [34] it is applied for LEDs using partial energy processing
in which the conventional flyback converter is rearranged in such a
2.2.1. Basic topology
manner LED is placed in parallel with secondary and in series with a
voltage source on primary, this provides partial processing of energy
2.2.1.1. Flyback isolated bidirectional converter. A flyback is analogous
that means partial energy is directly delivered to load & rest is processed
to non-isolated buck-boost DC-DC converter, but isolation transformer is
by converter. The proposed converter is having improved efficiency
employed instead of an inductor as shown in Fig. 6(a). It stores energy
comparably to conventional flyback and less stress due to rearrangement
during the ON state and delivers it to load during the OFF state but
of the flyback converter but the major disadvantage of this converter is
during OFF state it experiences ringing and high voltage spikes at higher
not having any magnetic isolation and its power factor is dependent on
frequencies. It is employed for low power applications. The major
the gain. Hybrid converter (buck-boost/flyback) is also proposed for
drawback of flyback converter is its leakage inductance, flyback con­
application of an electronic sign indicating LEDs with 200 W, for battery
verter with a snubber circuit is proposed in [27] for suppressing tran­
charging and discharging. It is operated with Zero Voltage Switching
sient voltage and dissipating its energy into the associated resistor. A
(ZVS)which improves switching loss and it is advantageous over tradi­
ripple cancelling circuit is proposed for the elimination of ripple into the
tional because of its lightweight, compact size and improved efficiency
input current having a transformer, two capacitors and winding are
by 4 %; while operating at full load its efficiency dives up to 85 % and its
employed to the core of a conventional flyback converter transformer
prototype is also designed with solar PV as input which delivers output
which behaves as a snubber circuit it reduces 6 % current ripple with

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Fig. 6. Basic and bridge topology of IBDC.

voltage of 10 V and 20 W maximum output voltage [35]. Application of bus also provides protection from faults. A novel IBDC is proposed for
different proposed flyback converter illustrated in Table 3 which com­ numerous applications like HEVs, energy storage systems, fuel cell ve­
prises input, output voltage with its efficiency. An interleaved flyback is hicles and grid interfacing. In this proposed converter voltage gain is
proposed in which parallelly connected converters on both ends and enhanced due to a coupled inductor which behaves as a forward and
termed as converter-1 and converter-2 the proposed converter is oper­ flyback converter; soft switching is achieved by utilizing leakage
ated under SPWM with peak current control method [36]. A battery inductance of the coupled inductor. 1 kW prototype is designed and
charger is proposed [37] in which diodes of flyback converter are implemented which shows peak efficiencies of 95.4 % and 93.6 % in
replaced with MOSFET and joined with a High-Frequency Transformer buck and boost operation respectively [38]. Higher self-capacitance in a
(HFT) which offers high voltage gain, galvanic isolation for battery DC Flyback converter is produced when additional turns on secondary

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Table 3
Various application and efficiency of flyback converter with its input, output voltage rating.
Reference Input Voltage Output Voltage Efficiency Applications

[27] 96V 590V 95 % Electric Traction, DC supply

[29] 24–32V 400V 96.4 % DC Microgrids, Satellites communication
[30] 21V 30.5V 92.65 % Aerospace Industry, Battery chargers
[32] 24–55V 400V 94.5 % - 96.9 % Industrial Process, Batteries of EVs
[38] 48V 400V 93.6 %- 95.4 % Distributed Generation system

Table 4
Various application and efficiency of Cuk converter its input and output voltage rating.
Reference Input Voltage Output Voltage Efficiency Applications

[41] 30V 90V 97 % Electric Vehicles, Hybrid System

[42] 160–260V 12V 91.15 % EV Chargers, Home appliances and small power tools
[43] 12V 48V 92 % Integration between low voltage high current source and energy storage devices

winding is present. In [39] flyback converter for R load is modelled also 2.2.1.3. Push-pull isolated bidirectional converter. Two forward con­
studied of parasitic capacitances and found a leading impact of the verters are connected in cascaded manner to form push-pull converter
parasitic capacitor into converter, conventionally it is ignored into ideal which operate back-to-back, a centrally tapped transformer where the
flyback converter. For energy balancing, two flyback converter is dis­ secondary side consists of a buck converter. Centrally tapped winding
cussed for a battery pack with series connection which cause energy behaves as a simple forward converter that operates on an alternate
transfer between battery or a single cell. It also decreases components of cycle, to utilize the core it magnetizes in both directions. Fig. 6(c) shows
energy storage which led to reduction in its volume and cost for a push-pull converter unlike flyback and other topologies. For power
balancing system, its balancing speed is also improved by proposed to­ transformer it utilizes transformer action from primary to secondary.
pology i.e., Dual Objective hybrid control strategy. [40]. Input and output of transformer is regulated in a feed forward
arrangement calculated by transformer turns ratio; it shows if input
2.2.1.2. Cuk isolated bidirectional converter. Conventional Cuk con­ voltage is regulated then output voltage is the same [45]. It is utilized
verter consists of capacitor and inductors, each inductor is placed at with resonant voltage doubler rectifier which provides higher voltage
input and output for boost and buck topology respectively. It stores gain and reduced turns ratio of a transformer, employed in standalone
energy into the inductor during the first operating mode and loses it to PV system with battery energy storage [46]. An active clamping circuit
load during the next operating mode. Fig. 6(b) shows cuk converter is utilized on the low voltage(inductor) and for high voltage(capacitor)
which can be incorporated with isolation between equally split capaci­ is to achieve zero voltage switching [47]. Push-pull is employed in a
tors into the primary and secondary segments. For high-power appli­ multifunctional isolated microinverter that injects power into the power
cations, frequency and transformer turn ratio has to be high which helps grid by utilizing the maximum available solar PV module by conversion
in achieving high voltage gain but it also causes high leakage inductance from DC-DC to DC-AC simultaneously. It is also utilized for charging
too. To minimize leakage inductance many methods can be used like soft integrated energy storage system without any extra circuitry except the
switching, snubber circuits etc. In [41] Cuk based IBDC with resonance addition of one diode and a capacitor; while employing it into PV system
for EV application is designed and simulated which increases its effi­ major issue faced is not maximum utilization of available solar energy to
ciency compared to the circuit without an active snubber, it achieves overcome these issues many algorithms are proposed in [48–50]. A
soft switching and is controlled by a dual-loop method. Cuk converter is push-pull converter is employed into a PV microinverter without using
employed in EVs, Hybrid systems etc. In [42] Cuk converter is designed any electrolytic capacitor and provides input to the current sensor for
with a corrected power factor for application in home as a brushless dc overcoming issues of 2nd harmonic in frequency. DC bus which creates
ceiling fan, it operates in continuous conduction mode which ensures major side effects like narrow frequency bandwidth, harmonic voltage
approx. unity power factor with a low torque ripple of 2.14 % whereas at ripple and limited PV voltage control loop and input power calculation
full load it is 4.72 % with the power factor of 0.999 which makes it [51]. Major issue with the converter is discontinuous value input current
suitable for home appliances and small power tools. It is also used for the which is very much required while integrating with renewable energy
automotive dc source which can be further used for the interfacing be­ sources. To overcome, author of [52] proposed a converter with four
tween the DC link and batteries. In [43] an isolated bidirectional Cuk stages of conversion as impedance network, switching, isolated trans­
converter is designed for the interfacing between the energy storage former and voltage multiplier rectifier are first, second, third and fourth
device and low voltage high current source, it operates at a low voltage stage respectively; by using continuous current is observed, its size and
and high current. Also, a prototype is also designed of rating 1.2 kW for weight are reduced and also 260 W prototype is designed & analyzed
the verification of the system in which input voltage range is 1.5 V to 6 which delivers its efficiency can be above 91 %. Many characteristics are
V, the maximum input current is 300A (from 2 V to 4 V) and the output explored to improve efficiency and decrease switching losses, in addi­
voltage is 24 V. Major issues that arises while using Cuk converter in tion new converters are proposed with fewer switches. Different voltage
motor drives are harmonic distortion and uneven output voltage. Iso­ gain transformer turns ratio and duty cycle are adjusted but while in
lated Cuk Converter is proposed with two symmetrical output voltages comparison with conventional converter and found they are having
for SRM drive with high-frequency isolation is provided for reduced same level of voltage stress [53]. A three winding isolated push-pull
input current THD and regulating dc output voltages; which reduces converter is employed for higher efficiency over wide input voltage
system size, cost and its complexity whereas it limits input current THD range by commuting primary with ZVS and secondary by ZCS for veri­
within 5 % and shows smooth transient operation with unity power fication. A prototype of 280 W, switching frequency of 34.7kHz with
factor under different load variation when it is operated under DCM input and output voltage is 10 V and 280 V respectively attained
[44]. Application of different proposed Cuk converter is illustrated in maximum efficiency of 95.4 % whereas output power is 121 W [54]. A
Table 4 which comprises input, output voltage with its efficiency. controller mapping for bidirectional modulated push-pull converter is
preferred to operate in optimal zone that enhances input voltage range
and it is proposed in three-level PWM with phase shift control scheme, a

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Table 5
Various application and efficiency of push-pull converter its input, output voltage rating.
Reference Input Voltage Output Voltage Efficiency Applications

[52] 30V 240V < 91 % over the whole load range Photovoltaic arrays, Fuel Cells
[54] 10V 280V 95.4 % DC Drives
[55] 30–48V 380V 94.1 % peak efficiency (boost mode) DC motor drives, Distributed Renewable Energy System
94.5 % peak efficiency (buck mode)
[56] 40–59V 380V 95.8 % peak efficiency UPS, Storage devices
93.8 % efficiency at half load condition
[57] 60V 300V 95 % peak efficiency Energy Storage System
93 % efficiency at half load condition
[58] 48–72V 380V 96.85 % forward direction Battery Industries
96.44 % backward direction
[52] 30V 240V < 91 % over the whole load range Photovoltaic arrays, Fuel Cells

prototype is verified with analysis which operates under 12 operating common transformer that operates by sharing the output power in the
modes with the expanded soft-switching range with input and output rest region and it is controlled by quasi-resonant. Two different
voltage of 30–48 V and 380 V respectively [55]. The author of [56] also quasi-resonant (QR) have been studied and the prototype is designed to
proposed a converter in which natural commutation is provided on low verify results in [62]. A resonant forward-flyback converter with sup­
voltage side with ZCS and ZVS on higher voltage side which eliminates pressed frequency variation shares its transformer and primary switches
extra active and passive clamp circuits since higher frequency is used in which soft switching is achieved for primary switches in forwarding
which reduces volume of transformer which makes it perfect for high mode and flyback mode, it resets the transformer by transferring energy
power application. Also, an experimental setup of 1kW is established to to output [63]. An interleaved two-switch forward converter is proposed
validate result peak efficiency is observed as 95.8 % with the input with zero voltage switching and zero current switching with a coupled
voltage of 59 V. In [57] zero-voltage switching (ZVS) converter is pro­ inductor and transformer leakage inductance, snubber and parallel
posed in which one more switch is added to primary side to achieve ZVS capacitance which is advantageous over another converter having
whereas on secondary full bridge topology is used with driving circuit coupled inductor which decreases voltage stress and parasitic ringing
which shows improvement in stability of whole system, it is shown [64]. Aim to implement any topology or form a new converter is only to
maximum efficiency of 95 % but it decreases to 93 % at half load con­ reduce snubber elements and the volume of the transformer. A new
dition with input voltage of 60 V and output voltage is observed as 300 converter with zero voltage switching and resonant core reset PWM
V. A converter is derived by integrating a bidirectional switch with PWM forward converter is introduced in [65] with an auxiliary circuit with a
current-fed push-pull converter with an active voltage doubler which low no. of switches that operate under soft-switching with an overall
operates in forward direction but a half-bridge PWM converter operates efficiency of 93.5 %. A novel active-clamp forward converter (ACFC) is
in backward direction it achieves ZVS over wide range of battery voltage proposed in comparison to a typical active clamp forward converter,
where its input voltage is 48–72 V and its voltage across secondary side lowers voltage spikes on free-wheeling and forward rectifier diodes by
is 380 V which shows maximum efficiency of 96.85 % in forward di­ using a lossless snubber on the secondary side that consists of a resonant
rection and 96.44 % in backward direction [58]. While employing capacitor, clamping diode and output inductor in parallel [66]. A new
push-pull converter in various systems few authors have found push-pull converter arrangement is proposed in which two identical switch for­
can be employed for battery charger & for interfacing between battery ward converters shares transformer which reduce voltage stress of
and grid using DC bus at the time of grid failure even it can be used for power switches by voltage clamper as well as recycles leakage energy of
the wireless power transfer system [59,60]. Table 5 illustrates the the source. Prototype is designed to validate the proposed converter in
application of various proposed push-pull converters, including input which its input voltage, output voltage, switching frequency and the
and output voltage and efficiency. maximum output voltage is 12 V, 48 V, 100kHz and 20 W respectively.
The resonant version of this converter is proposed by utilizing a trans­
2.2.1.4. Forward isolated bidirectional converter. Forward converter as former leakage inductor as a resonant inductor. A new forward type
shown in Fig. 6(d) transfers energy directly without storing energy. resonant bidirectional dc-dc converter is proposed in which zero current
During ON state, it utilizes an AC transformer without an air gap instead switching is achieved without engaging any additional circuitry; its
of coupled inductor. While ON state input voltage causes increased switching losses are reduced which shows it can be operated with higher
magnetizing current but during OFF state it decreases, its voltage second frequencies for low and medium power applications [67,68]. When two
balance is maintained by its magnetizing current reaches zero before forward converters are joined with a dual transformer, to design this
switching period ends. For controlling a clamp circuit ZVS can be ach­ converter a resonant inductor and two switches are required. For
ieved for soft switching whereas it is applied in a range of 200W- 500 W reduced switching loss zero voltage switching is achieved by employing
with single and double switch respectively. Based on requirements and a leakage transformer and by paralleling the transformer secondaries we
output hybrid configuration of the converter is proposed in various can share loads evenly among inductors which reduces current stress,
literature like push-pull-forward converter, forward-flyback converter, conduction losses [69]. With low dc offset current for transformer,
interleaved-forward converter. A hybrid configuration of forward and double-ended active clamp converter is proposed primarily for digital
flyback converter with recycling of leakage energy is designed on a devices supply. But after employing an extra diode while turn-off clamp
prototype circuit of 200 V/24 V with output power and switching fre­ capacitor gets charged proposed converter can reach lower dc offset
quency of 500 W and 50kHz respectively. It is implemented with two voltage and reduce conduction losses for medium and heavy loads [70].
transformers for the reduction of current stress, conduction loss and to Cascading is also a solution but [71] suggested a new method of the
improve its efficiency; it operates in two modes. Step-up involves boost-type resonant forward converter with a topology combination to
clamping voltage through switches at input and recycled energy is sent increase voltage by using switch and diode simultaneously resonant
back to the voltage source. Energy lost during leakage is recycled to the power conversion respectively this converter emphasized the perfor­
clamping capacitor because switch voltage is clamped from input during mance feature of two stages forward converter which has improved high
step-down [61]. A single-stage forward flyback power factor correction power efficiency due to compact power conversion stages. A bidirec­
converter is proposed by merging flyback and forward converter with a tional buck-boost converter and forward-flyback converter are

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M.A. Alam et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 8 (2024) 100594

Table 6
Various application and efficiency of forward converter its input and output voltage rating.
Reference Input Voltage Output Voltage Efficiency Applications

[61] 24V 200V 92.7 % (Step up) High Power applications

95.5 % (Step down)
[62] 90–265V 80V 92.2 % Peak efficiency LED drivers and products
[65] 85–180V 24V 93.5 % LED Adapter, Voltage regulators
[67] 12V 48V 94 % (Step up) Drivers circuit
92.9 % (Step down)
[68] 48V 200V 92 % Low & medium power applications
[69] 130–230V 24V 92.5 % Maximum Efficiency Low power applications
[70] 400V 12V 92.8 % Maximum Efficiency Power supply for digital devices
[32] 400V 24–55V 96.9 % (Step-up) Electric Scooters
94.5 % (Step down)

composed to achieve enhanced gain and improved input voltage range are proposed for application in dc grids and distribution power systems
by utilizing continuous current characteristics at the low side port dur­ respectively [75,76]. Two modulation techniques are used to design a
ing step up and down mode. It has features of leakage inductance energy center-tapped resonant Dual Active Bridge (DAB) prototype into which
recovery; switches are having reduced voltage stress and ZVS is achieved it blocks reverse current also eliminates back power flow for moderated
it roots improvement in efficiency [32]. Proposed forward converter transfer losses [77]. Ideally, ZVS is achieved when the current flows
with different application is shown in Table 6 which comprises the through its anti-parallel diode before commuting to the device but when
input, output voltage with its efficiency. ZVS is not achieved it causes ringing into the voltage waveform trig­
gered by sudden discharging of parasitic capacitance and semiconductor
2.2.2. Bridges topology devices produce losses, to avoid ZVS limits and AC currents for Dual
Active Bridge is developed providing phase shift and different duty cycle
2.2.2.1. Dual active bridge (DAB). The bidirectional isolated Dual [78]. To obtain high voltage conversion ratio, galvanic isolation high
Active Bridge (DAB) dc-dc converter comprises two full-bridge con­ frequency (HF) transformers are employed but it produces a dc bias in
verters with galvanically isolated high-frequency transformer which the transformer which is further classified into transient and steady dc
allows to affords small sized converter. DAB is chosen for its high bias; to eliminate conventionally flux measuring and balancing methods
voltage-conversion ratio, higher efficiency and wide ranged voltages are used by implementing prediction and suppression method [79,80].
which permits the interface of low-voltage solar modules with a high- To suppress DC bias voltage, traditionally a DC blocking capacitor was
voltage dc bus, such as the input of a micro-inverter [72]. As shown in used but it changes system impedance. To overcome this issue many
Fig. 6(e) DAB is symmetrical in a circuit which is having two voltage modified methods have been proposed by researchers a modified mod­
sides with the unity transformers turns ratio i.e. N:1, the operation of ulation scheme is proposed to reduce the transient DC bias current by
DAB is characterized by duty ratios and phase shift between the AC wave staggering the second value of primary and secondary bridges [81]. A
and capacitor allowing to achieve zero voltage switching(ZVS) it is medium frequency transformer is modelled and designed for the
widely used from the range of few kilowatts to several hundreds of improvement of overall power density by integrating a phase-shifting
kilowatts. Dual Active Bridge (DAB) is advantageous over other bridge inductor (PSI) in the transformer; keeping ecological aspects an
converters such as lightweight, low volume and cost; it also avoids eco-dimensioning approach is given for planer transformer in DAB
distortion between current and voltage. When the rating of switches is application which evaluates converter energy consumption over the
the same then transmission power is decided by the no. of switches; complete converter lifetime [82,83]. During transient achieving con­
more the switches more power is transmitted which makes DAB’s stant output voltage with precised result of DAB is tedious task and for
biggest power capacity converter but it has some disadvantages of high achieving a fast response various feed-forward control strategy has been
switching loss when it is employed for light loads due to inadequacy in proposed, a single-phase shift control scheme(virtual direct power) is
ZVS whereas for heavy loads it faces high conduction losses due to high proposed to improve results during start-up, load variation causes no
circulating current [73]. Authors mainly focus on expanding their rat­ overshoot and also provides fast transient response of converter [84].
ing, characteristics, control strategy, power density, electromagnetic Voltage feeds a dual active bridge which would manage high peak and
noise, efficiency and soft switching. For expansion, the voltage and huge RMS current that causes a very large current ripple which affects
current rating of DAB author of [74] suggested three possible arrange­ system efficiency and reliability; to overcome these issues, high effi­
ments by positioning two identical DABs in series and/or parallel ciency CF-DAB converter over wide load range with optimized a
arrangement. A hybrid input series output series converter (ISOS) switching pattern which is controlled by a combination of PWM duty
constituted by resonant and non-resonant dual active bridge modules cycles and phase shift to achieve zero voltage switching throughout
and input parallel output series (IPOS) modular dual active bridge wider range of load [85]. A proposed Current Fed Dual Active Bridge
converter with voltage balancing on hierarchical sliding mode control (CF-DAB) with dual transformer for interfacing EVs and Energy Storage
System (ESS) for wider voltage range, an optimal switching pattern is

Table 7
Various applications and efficiency of DAB converter its input and output rating.
Reference Input/Output Voltage Power Rating Turns Ratio Switching Frequency Efficiency Application

[72] 220 85W 1:13 15kHz 93.1 % Microinverters

[74] 750Vdc 100kW 1:1 20kHz 98 % DC grids
[75] 150 V/150V 600W 1:1 10kHz 94.9 % Distributed Power System
[85] 18–28 V/300V 1kW 2:10 50kHz Buck Mode-97 % Electric Vehicles, Energy Storage System
Boost Mode-97.2 %
[86] 18–36 V/250–400V 1kW 1:5 80kHz (For 36 V) Electric Vehicles
Buck Mode-95.1 %
Boost Mode-95.2 %

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M.A. Alam et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 8 (2024) 100594

proposed to reduce leakage inductor peak and by controlling all vari­ silicon (Si) also it is observed silicon carbide (SiC) is more effective
ables current stress, conduction loss is reduced [86]. An algorithm is comparably silicon (Si) but considering cost as an important factor sil­
provided for DAB in [87] to meet industry requirements using current icon (Si) is used more comparably silicon carbide (SiC) for the high
filters and DC-bias rejection processes by changing power flow in tran­ frequency applications [99]. When a half-bridge DC-DC converter and a
sient; converter input and output will be the same as steady-state quasi-switched capacitor converter are combined, soft switching is
operation. The application of dual active bridges is increasing day by achieved and voltage stress is also decreased by one-fifth of the output
day in photovoltaic systems, plug-in electric vehicles, battery chargers, voltage in primary and secondary sides respectively resulting output
the future aviation industry and many more industries: to employ DAB efficiency of 91 % at 5 kHz [100]. When current fed dual half-bridge
different designs and methods are proposed, a unified voltage balance converter is directly connected with the half-bridge inverter for fulling
control is simulated for direct utility interfacing of charger/discharger the power demand of the residential requirements, it faces the issue of
by using cascaded H-bridge and current fed dual active bridge in which voltage fluctuation and voltage imbalance which is tackled by employ­
cascaded H-bridge is controlled by unified voltage balance whereas DAB ing a repetitive controller [101]. A novel zero voltage switching (ZVS) is
is current fed [88]. Dual Active Bridge is employed in the aircraft in­ proposed which comprises two half-bridge converters in parallel
dustry for improved efficiency, power density. Aircraft HVDC (+/- arrangement on the primary side and a current doubler rectifier on the
270VDC) is facilitated for the distribution it caters significant flexibility secondary side with two output filter inductors operated by phase-shift
for power transfer, ratings and inputs/outputs ports; which is interfaced control; compared with the traditional phase-shift full-bridge converter
with 28 V DC bus [89]. Authors of [90] implemented 3 methods to in­ proposed converter is having wide ZVS range with minimized ripples
crease ZVS range for DAB in which first is to modify I2 when ZVS is close and circulating current of output filters [102]. A dual half-bridge con­
to being lost second is to Turn off DAB for low power application and last verter is employed in various systems like DC power supply in railways
is modification of inductor or switching frequency. Table 7 is included applications for interior lighting, battery chargers, electric vehicles, an
which shows different types of proposed Dual Active Bridge (DAB) interface between two DC-link voltage sources, and residential photo­
converter with its input, output voltage, power rating, turns ratio, voltaic systems [101,103,104]. Table 8 is included which shows the
switching frequency and efficiency. different type of proposed DHBs with input & output voltage, power
rating, turns ratio, switching frequency and efficiency.
2.2.2.2. Dual half bridge (DHB). The Dual Half Bridge (DHB) is obtained
by connecting HF transformer in between two half bridges as shown in 2.2.2.3. Half-Full bridge. Half-Full Bridge (HFB) is derived by combi­
Fig. 6(f). Dual Half-Bridge (DHB) are effective to improve the system nation of half and full bridge arranged as primary side is HB, secondary
performance, it is advantageous over full-bridge due to the wide ZVS is FB connected with high-frequency transformer as shown in Fig. 6(g). A
range, reducing conduction loss; it has also minimum circulating current current controller is designed for HFB converter that is employed for
and continuous power transfer. Half-bridge topologies are employed balancing link of battery; the half-bridge is connected to the primary
where bidirectional power flow capabilities are required but on light whereas full-bridge is connected on secondary both are interfaced by a
load dual half-bridge faces high circulation current losses and high high-frequency isolation transformer which is responsible for energy
switching losses which makes it suitable for application up to 500 W; to transfer when input filter capacitors are replaced with two battery cell at
overcome resonant converters are used with frequency modulation but half- bridge side, now this proposed converter is capable of battery
this circuit has asymmetrical power flow characteristics in forward and balancing, high and low voltage conversion [105]. Major issues for High
reverse power flow directions. For symmetric power flow various circuit Voltage DC(HVDC) transmission system are short-circuited fault and
topologies are given like Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) also resonant capacitor voltage imbalance; a new topology is simulated of the half-full
tank is employed in series with high voltage side and synchronous rec­ bridge is proposed in which conducting diode is forced off whereas
tifiers on lower side to accomplish soft switching and reduced conduc­ capacitor voltage balancing is accomplished using charging and dis­
tion losses respectively and during forward power flow parallelly placed charging of two capacitors at same time in absence of any complex
inductor is disconnected results reduced circulating current loss [91,92]. balancing circuit [106]. In [107] paper presents the development and
Split capacitors in Dual Half Bridge (DHB) improves power flow capa­ verification of a model of DC-DC resonant converter used in fuel cell
bility, efficiency and to reduce switching losses, soft switching charac­ applications in electric vehicles, along with the development of transfer
teristics is achieved by adding frequency modulated series resonant tank functions and the implementation of a PI controller to improve con­
at high-voltage side [93]. A DHB with hybrid rectifier then compared to verter performance and stability. A hybrid converter is designed for the
centrally tapped full bridge rectifier; a controller for capacitor less solution of wide voltage variation issue from solar photovoltaic panels
current fed dual half-bridge converter is proposed for the grid-connected due to variating sunlight; a half-/full resonant converter has equal
fuel cell to increase the lifetime of the converter and achieve ZVS dc link resonant frequency both primary and secondary to attain bidirectional
is suppressed, the proposed controller reduces input current ripple and power flow by using a pulse frequency modulation approach [108].
dc-link voltage [94,95]. Converter with hybrid half and the full Dual Previously proposed models are having same dynamics because it is
Active Bridge (DAB) is recommended for matching voltage, wide range assumed that their submodules capacitor voltage are well balanced but
and voltage conversion ratio by adding two switches and two capacitors when the negative voltage in hybrid multi-modular converters is taken
[96]. Voltage gain can be enhanced by adding the output of two dual into account, the dynamics of HB-SMs and FB-SMs change.; in [109] an
half-bridge into series with a voltage multiplier at the output for the efficient and accurate model is simulated it is assumed as capacitor
improved voltage conversion ratio which led to reduces voltage stress voltage are well balanced, switching events are neglected and it is
across switches whereas voltage ringing is suppressed by adopting an compared on parameters like- power flow, faults, numerical calculation
active clamp circuit as discussed in [97]; Two parallelly connected and analysis are performed in [110]. A phase-shifted carried (PSC)
half-bridge converter proposed in [98] with additional inductor to the technique with a boosted modulation index and capacitor sorting al­
primary of converter for energy storage which led it to operate under gorithm is proposed to resolve issue for asymmetric voltage reference
zero voltage switching, power transfer during whole time period and wave of half-full hybrid modular multilevel converter (MMC); it im­
removes output filters since no circulating current is present these ad­ proves voltage balance and also reduces harmonic distortion [111].
vantages makes converter fit for application in high power, voltage and Existing balancing strategies and battery balancer with auxiliary power
flexible inputs. One of the key factors for efficiency of power switches module is proposed in [112]. Since indirect power (Pind) directly affects
are its materials; a comparative analysis is performed for a half-bridge the volume and losses of passive components, a thorough study and
LLC resonant converter based on material silicon carbide (SiC) and comparison based on the Half/Full Bridge (HFB) and Interconnected

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M.A. Alam et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 8 (2024) 100594

Modular Multi-level Converter (IMMC) topologies, comparison is per­ which offers galvanic isolation and a high voltage conversion ratio
formed on various parameters like circuit specification, approximation [117]. This arrangement allows us to interconnect multiple sources
(ripples, parasitic, Quasi-static analysis), voltage and current waveform without adding any additional switches which makes this topology
(capacitor, output) when compared to a half-full bridge arrangement, simpler and has a minimum number of power devices this results in
IMMC processes roughly twice as much power in passive components lower switching losses and less electromagnetic interference [118].
[113]. A comparison is performed by using different power switches for [119] Proposed Hill-climbing technique-based controller which allows
Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) with half/full bridge and found for three step DC-DC converter for fulfilling load demand. A four-port
conduction, switching losses of capacitor in semi-full bridge for MMC is bidirectional dual active bridge converter is designed for the EV fast
reduced as compared to half-/full-bridge converter MMC by 1.8 % and charging in which the first, second, third and fourth port is used as
1.7 % respectively [114]. source, load, source and load both respectively; when these ports are
used to supply power, it acts as source but when it is used to charge the
2.2.2.4. Multiport dual active bridge (DAB). During the integration of battery then acts as load [120] these results to lower the switching losses
multiple input voltage sources and hybrid electric vehicles, multi-input and less electromagnetic interference. A five-level cascaded bridge is
converters are preferred Fig. 6(h) shows multiport DAB consisting DC- introduced with less harmonics for better performance using GA algo­
link and magnetic coupling, which allows integration without using rithm [121].When multiport converters are integrated the practical
extra additional circuits or switches. Issues are the same whether it is stability of the system is also a major issue, to overcome this a
with grid interfacing or standalone system, solar photovoltaic systems single-phase solid-state transformer is designed for electromagnetic
with batteries are very common arrangements, the multiport converter timescale for every subsystem which is fed back with closed-loop
is advantageous to conventional structures with minimized conversion transfer function which requires two current sensors and sinusoidal
steps, lower component count, higher efficiency and easy centralized perturbation current source. MMC and cascaded bridges are utilized to
control. Interfacing low and high voltage DC bus efficiently is all times create a multiport converter its description is divided into three cases
difficult; integrating dc bus with hybrid storage system Current Fed Dual with combination of multilevel converter port, cascaded bridges and
Active Bridge (CF-DAB) with high gain multiport dc converter with different nos. of output ports to check its feasibility a prototype is
three-port interface, it operates under ZVS region voltage multiplier designed in [122]. The multiport dual active bridge is used to interface
cells are used to obtain high voltage conversion ratio between super­ additional elements like batteries for storage; a design is developed for
capacitor and dc bus [115]. 6 topology of three-port converters are given upcoming aircrafts to employ power scalable BDC [123]. A three-phase
in different combination of DC linked, magnetically coupled and 3-port dual active bridge converter is proposed in wye-wye-delta
current-fed multiport bidirectional DC-DC converters [116]. A converter arrangement with three-port, leading to reduced size and improve­
is proposed and designed to reduce stages and average switching fre­ ment in system reliability by manipulating parasitic capacitance and
quency using a modified modulation scheme by employing CF-DAB leakage inductance of the transformer [124]. A split dc-link dual active

Table 8
Various applications and efficiency of DHB converter its input and output rating.
Reference Input/ Output Voltage Power Turns Switching Efficiency Applications
Rating Ratio Frequency

[92] 400 V/52V 480W 1:7.7 Forward Mode-99 kHz At 100 % load Low Power applications
Reverse Mode- 71kHz Forward Mode-93.6 %
Reverse Mode- 91.2 %
[94] 380–450 V/120V 1.2kW 0.5(1 + D) 100kHz For 380 V- 96 % Grid Connected Fuel cell system
For 450 V- 95 %
[96] 120–240 V/96V 1kW 10:4 50kHz 95.1 % Distributed Power System
[97] 15–30 V/400V 1kW 1:15 100kHz 97 % Electric Vehicles
[99] 300 V/400V 3kW 1:1.5 100kHz 98.1 % at 300V EVs, Aircrafts

Table 9
Various applications and efficiency of Multiport DAB converter its input and output rating.
Reference Input Voltage Output Voltage Switching Frequency Applications

[120] V1&4 = 400V V2&3 = 600V 50 kHz Smart grids

[127] 220V 800V 19.2kHz Microgrids
[123] 230–290V 28V 400Hz Future Aircrafts
[124] 5500V 400V 10kHz Medium voltage applications
[125] 48V 380V 15kHz Microgrids, Hybrid PV and battery system

Table 10
Application, Power Rating and Comparison of IBDC Topologies.
Reference Configuration Topology Winding Inductors Capacitors Switches

[29,30] Basic Configuration Isolated Bi-Directional Flyback Converter 2 0 2 2

[41,42] Isolated Cuk Converter 2 2 4 2
[52,55,58] Isolated Push-pull Bidirectional converter 4 1 1 4
[62,65,70] Forward Isolated Bidirectional Converter 3 1 1 3
[72,75,85] Advance Configuration Dual Active Bridge (DAB) 2 0 2 8
[92,96,101] Dual Half Bridge 2 0 6 4
[103,104]
[120,123] Multiport Dual Active Bridge n=3 0 n=3 4n=12
[124,125]

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M.A. Alam et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 8 (2024) 100594

Table 11 converters with input & output voltage, switching frequency and its
Advantage and Disadvantages of IBDCs. applications.
Advantages Disadvantages

1. Equal current switch 1. The converter may lose soft switching under light 3. Resonant converters
stresses on both bridges load condition.
2. Soft switching can be 2. High ripple into DC buses requires additional Many scholars have investigated various forms of DC-DC converters
achieved easily. filtering circuits which makes circuit complex.
designed for the utilization of renewable energy and energy storage into
3. Simple construction 3. Extremely sensitive control is required when
higher bus voltage is available.
EVs, with the aim of enhancing efficiency and addressing the limitations
4. Fast Dynamic Response 4. Higher no. of switches leads to greater volume, of these converters. DC-DC converters can be classified into three
higher losses compared to low switch count. operational modes. These are linear mode, hard switching and soft
switching mode. The linear mode is characterized by simplicity, low
noise with satisfactory regulation, and rapid response on the other hand
bridge (SDLDAB) is designed for interfacing of PV modules and battery
its disadvantage lies in its low efficiency attributes to power dissipation
bank with dc microgrids; with favoring weather conditions it is operated
in diverse operational scenarios. Hard switching mode converters are
at Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) by maintaining the voltage
classified into non-isolated and isolated converters, depending on the
at input terminals of PV modules, battery and dc microgrid are con­
presence of galvanic isolation. The disadvantages of hard switching
nected with a transformer to achieve high voltage gain, modulating
mode converters encompass elevated level of electromagnetic interfer­
switching sequence is used to minimize transformer current and direct
ence (EMI), substantial switching losses, and considerable dimensions
power flow is achieved to battery without involving transformer [125].
and mass, all of which exert an impact on switching frequency. Last
A multilevel dc converter is proposed for fast charging of electric and
category is soft switching converters or resonant converters, it provides
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles which consists of full-bridge converter
solution to the challenges in the hard switching as shown in different
and voltage doubler rectifier units at the primary and secondary side
studies [128,129]. Its operation is categorized into two types i.e. zero
respectively to generate the multilevel voltage [126]. Table 9 is included
current switching (ZCS) and zero voltage switching (ZVS); further Soft
which shows various proposed Multiport Dual Active Bridge (MDAB)
Switching based DC-DC converters/Resonant Converters are categorized

Fig. 7. Comparison of IBDCS in terms of switches, capacitors and inductors.

Fig. 8. Power operating range of IBDCs.

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Fig. 9. Classification of Soft Switching/ Resonant Converters.

Fig. 10. Working of resonant power converter.

as Qausi-Resonant And Multi-Resonant" Converter (QRC&MRCs), Zero that passes through Low/High Pass Filter (HPF/LPF) for utilization at
Transition Converters (ZTC) and Resonant Power Converters (RPCs) as load side.
shown in Fig. 9. In comparison to linear regulators, these two types
possess superior efficiency and the capability to operate at high 3.1. Two elements resonant converters
switching frequencies. This enables the utilization of a compact ferrite
transformer core. Additionally, they can function across a broader range 3.1.1. Series resonant converters (SRCs)
of DC input voltages, unlike linear regulators. Bidirectional DC-DC Series Resonant Converter (SRCs) consists of a bridge inverter, two-
converters have garnered considerable attention in both academic and element resonant network, an isolation transformer, and a rectifier. The
industrial spheres due to their application in maintaining system reli­ bridge inverter switches are having body diode and parasitic capacitor.
ability and serving as an interface between batteries and super­ The resonance tank circuit contains a resonant inductor (Lr) and a
capacitors, which function as storage devices. The utilization of capacitor (Cr) which stores electricity that oscillates with the frequency
bidirectional DC-DC power converters is increasingly prevalent across a of the resonant circuit. Flow of energy between the capacitors creates
range of applications that require power flow in both directions. These resonance for inductor into LC circuit. The repeated back-and-forth flow
applications encompass but are not confined to energy storage systems, of electrical energy between a fully charged inductor and capacitor
uninterruptible power supplies, electric vehicles, and renewable energy produces electromagnetic frequency, which is helpful in many applica­
systems, among others. Currently, resonant DC-DC converters are the tions. It is called SRCs due to reactive elements Lr and Cr are in series
favored choice for power conversion in numerous low- and high-voltage
applications. Resonant DC-DC converters typically possess attributes
that diminish the losses incurred during switching at the inverter
switches and output rectifier diodes. This enables them to operate at
higher switching frequencies, thereby achieving greater efficiency and
ultimately resulting in more compact converters. Due to simplicity and
popularity, many researchers have worked on and recommended
Resonant Power Converters (RPCs) in various applications. In this paper
RPCs are considered for discussion over others. Further RPCs are cate­
gorized as two-element (second-order), three-element (third-order) and
multi-element (higher order) types of RPCs. Two-element is also termed
as second-order resonant tank consists of one inductor and a capacitor.
On the basis of source at the input port RPCs can be divided as voltage
and current source resonant converters. Working of resonant power
converter is shown in Fig. 10 with Input (Voltage/Current) source is
connected to the inverter which converter dc into ac by utilizing
half/full bridges then output of inverter is provided to Resonant tank. It
will act as band pass filter and low/high pass filter also called as Series
Resonant Converters (SRCs) and Parallel Resonant Converters (PRCs)
respectively; further transformer is added for isolation also provide level
up & down of voltage which will be rectified through half/full bridges Fig. 11. (a) Series Resonant Converters (SRCs) (b) Parallel Resonant Con­
verters (PRCs).

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M.A. Alam et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 8 (2024) 100594

with transformer’s winding as shown in Fig. 11(a). It acts voltage divider parallel resonant dc-dc converter which results less harmonics.
due to series connection of resonant tank circuit and load. Also,
impedance can be controlled by variating frequency of driving voltage.
3.2. Three elements resonant converters
SRCs are having maximum gain at resonance frequency also capacitor
(Cr) is connected in series with transformer which blocks dc components
3.2.1. LCC converter
but SRCs cannot operate at no load condition also it produces high ripple
LCC Converter or Series-Parallel Resonant Converters (SPRCs) is
current henceforth it cannot be employed for low voltage high current
combination of series and parallel resonant converters. It consists of
applications [130–132]. Series Resonant Converter (SRCs) is classified
three reactive elements i.e., one inductor (Lr) and two capacitor (Cr, Cp)
under two-element tank converter. A SRC with soft switching operating
as shown in Fig. 12(a). Series connection of the primary windings re­
range is developed with sinusoidal current in both continuous and
duces the number of turns required in the windings, which helps to
discontinuous conduction mode but it depends on the passive element
reduce the size and weight of the transformers whereas Parallel
[133]. A converter is proposed for two input sources (PV system or
connection of the secondary windings reduces the current stress on the
battery) along with series resonant converter for LED lighting applica­
windings and the conduction losses of the rectifier diodes It overcomes
tions which operates at constant frequency and duty cycle which allows
drawback of no-load regulation and higher circulating current in both
ZVS in wide range, low EMI, etc. [134]. A 3kW DAB dc converter is
SRC and PRC respectively. SPRCs regulates output voltage when Cp is
modelled and designed with series resonant converter by implementing
not too low value else it will work as Series Resonant Converter [140]
open loop soft starting algorithm which limits high transient through
propose series-parallel bidirectional isolated dc-dc resonant converters
resonant inductor and capacitor [135]. A 40 kW EV charger is proposed
for electric vehicle charging/discharging with frequency modulation
with 20 kW modules which is parallelly connected and operates in two
technique; to analyze the converter characteristics first-harmonic
stage first with Vienna Rectifier (VR) and second through two
approximation (FHA) is employed which minimizes circulating cur­
Series-Resonant Dual-Active-Bridges (SRDABs) with higher efficiency
rent, protection of circuit and delivers efficiency of 97.7 % at the rated
and improved performance of system [136]. A new sine wave modula­
power level. Different technique for controlling of Hybrid Electric
tion topology has been introduced in [137] where output voltage is
Vehicle is proposed in [141]. Many authors have proposed wireless
adjusted by the duty cycle with fixed frequency and the voltage gain is
charger for EVs but if faces issue of misalignment in coupling coefficient
independent of the load.
that led to reduction in efficiency [142] has suggested two compensation
topologies and implemented on wireless charger prototype of rating 6.1
3.1.2. Parallel resonant converters (PRCs)
kW with efficiency of 94 %.
Into Parallel Resonant Converters (PRCs) reactive elements i.e.
inductor (Lr) and capacitor (Cr) are connected in parallel to the load;
3.2.2. LLC converter
either one element or combination of both will serve same purpose as
LLC converter is advantageous over others, it is having positive as­
shown in Fig. 11(b). Due to parallel connection of these reactive ele­
pects of both SRC and PRC. LLC can be employed in EVs due many
ments this configuration is named as Parallel Resonant Converters
reasons like ZVS turn on and off, low harmonics, low voltage stress and
(PRCs). Output voltage is controlled by variating control switching
wide output range, electrical isolation, high efficiency and energy den­
system frequency. It is classified under two-element tank converter.
sity [143]. LLC converter is having three reactive elements i.e., two
Also, it overcomes disadvantages of SRCs; At no load condition PRCs are
inductor (Lr, Lm) and one capacitor (Cr) which makes this unsymmet­
employed to obtain output voltage but PRCs lags where input current
rical. Difference between SRC and LLC is presence of magnetizing
increases magnitude of circulating current also increases. New phase-
inductance (Lm), LLC is having three reactive elements i.e., Lr, Lm and
shifted full-bridge topology is introduced with a variable inductor
Cr where Lr and Cr are resonant inductor and capacitor however Lm is
which is connected in parallel near-ideal transformer to provide Full-
Magnetizing Inductance [144] as shown in Fig. 12(b). A series dual
Load Range ZVS and Low Duty Cycle Loss [138]. Controlling of reso­
Buck-LLC resonant converter is proposed introducing auxiliary in­
nant converter is always a challenge many authors have suggested for
ductors which solves soft switching issue and optimize the energy
Variable frequency modulation but it has some challenges like addi­
transmission process also allows for adjusting the duty cycle of series
tional circuitry for EMI filters and switch driver. Authors of [139] has
dual buck circuits to be employed for different voltage level [145]. An
suggested fixed frequency Phase Shift Modulation for controlling of
on-board charger has been proposed and implemented into [146] with

Fig. 12. (a) LCC/Series-Parallel Resonant Converters (SPRCs) (b)LLC Resonant Converters.

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M.A. Alam et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 8 (2024) 100594

full-bridge LLC resonant converter with series-parallel connected

transformers. A parallel loaded resonant converter is proposed for wide
output voltage application for EVs it offers narrow frequency range soft
switching irrespective of voltage and load variation [147]. In [148] a
high voltage gain converter is proposed with low duty cycle ration. A
novel dual-bridge LLC resonant converter with wide range of low input
voltage is proposed by the controlling of phase shift modulation topol­
ogy also with different duty ratios which led to higher efficiency [149].

3.3. Multi elements resonant converters

Fig. 13. CLLC Resonant Converters. 3.3.1. CLLC converter

Into CLLC resonant converter four reactive elements (Lr1, Cr1 Lr2,
Cr2) are present. Also, there is no voltage drop on the primary side Lr1,

Table 12
Merit, Demerit and major application of NBDCs, IBDCs and Soft Switching Converter.
Reference Configuration Topology Merit Demerit Major Applications

[5,6] Non-Isolated Buck-boost Wide range of input voltage, Additional filter for Noise & Ripple Renewable Energy Systems (RESs),
Bidirectional Lower Heat Dissipation Automobile Electronics, Battery-Powered
Converter (NBDCs) Devices
[7,14] Non-Isolated Cuk Continuous Input and Output Higher Stress level, design issue at Power Factor Corrector (PFC), DC-
Bidirectional Current, Balanced Power higher frequency Microgrid, EV charger
[8] Converter SEPIC/Zeta Reduced ripple currents, increased Coupled inductors reduces efficiency Energy Storage System (ESS), Distributed
voltage gain and continuous input Power System
current with switching stress
[9,10,17] Switched Reduces Electro Magnetic Continuous Input Current, losses at Rechargeable batteries, Rail supplies
Capacitor Interference (EMI) junction capacitors and forward
voltages
[10,11] Cascaded Reduces output current ripple, Inductor loss effects boost ratio, Motor control of EVs, Solar Photovoltaic
improved efficiency of 98 % with challenges while balancing of voltage system (PV)
low output voltage ripple
[19] Interleaved Soft-charging, auto-current Surge currents, Significant switching Energy Storage System (ESS), Battery
sharing mechanisms and conduction losses Chargers
[13,20] Multilevel Self-balanced voltage boost ratio limitation due to inductor MLI for Renewable Energy Systems
losses (RESs)
[29] Isolated Flyback Improved efficiency, improved Limited output voltage due to Solar Photovoltaic system (PV),
Bidirectional energy recovery of leakage parasitic capacitance, Discontinuous Thermoelectric energy generation system
Converter (IBDCs) inductance input current
Cuk Reduced components and lower Resonance causes more stress on DC microgrid applications, EV Charger,
design cost switches, Limited voltage gain Power tools
[52,54, Push-pull Reduced weight and size, Issue with High Voltage range and Energy Storage System (ESS), DC-
55] Minimized switching loss, High less power transfer capability at Microgrid
efficiency & conversion ratio specific duty cycle
[65] Forward Minimized switching loss, low High circuit complexity, bulky filters Solar applications, Power supply for
voltage stress digital devices, Drivers circuit
[88] Dual Active Improved dynamic response in Soft-switching failure into closed- Solar Photovoltaic system (PV), Utility
Bridge (DAB) various conditions, high loop systems, control performance is Interfacing, Electric Vehicle (EVs), DC
conversion efficiency and good affected during transients, Issue of dc- microgrids, Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
performance in steady state bias
[94] Dual Half Bridge Soft Switching at higher voltage Traditional control methods decrease Microgrids, UPS
(DHB) gain and low voltage stress, less power factor. High Input current
nos. of power switches, ripple
[106,107] Half-Full Bridge Reverse power flow capability, Higher operating frequencies causes Battery & EVs charger, Residential
[111, (HFB) minimized switching loss stress in switches, Limited ZVS range photovoltaic system
112]
[119] Multiport Dual Improved efficiency and voltage Unequal load sharing in converters Future aircraft, PV based aerospace, fuel
[123, Active Bridge conversion ratio with multiple sources, Difficulty in cells and hybrid energy storage.
125] (DAB) High Frequency Transformer (HFT)
insulation design
[136] Soft Switching Series Resonant Maximum gain at resonance Can’t operate at no load condition, EV charger, LED lighting, Induction
Converters Converters frequency, Block dc component, high ripple current heating, RF power supplies, medical
(SRCs) low EMI equipment
Parallel Full load ZVS range, low duty Complex controlling methods, High-voltage power supplies, hybrid
Resonant cycle loss additional filters and driver circuit, electric vehicles (HEVs)
Converters high switch off current and high
(PRCs) circulating energy
[140,141] LCC Converter Reduced stress, Improved Complex controlling methods, Server power supplies, LED lighting,
efficiency for wide load range, soft misalignment in coupling coefficient hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
switching
[146] LLC Converter low harmonics, low voltage stress additional components and circuit Electric vehicles charger, Renewable
[147] and wide output range, electrical complexity Energy Systems, Telecommunications
isolation, high efficiency
[150] CLLC Converter Less reactive current. wide range Increased complexity, cost and size Plug in Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), Power
[151] of ZVS, switching losses Factor Correction (PFC)

15
M.A. Alam et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 8 (2024) 100594

Cr1 and secondary side Lr2, Cr2 as shown in Fig. 13. Thus, the funda­ into EVs. Different converter is discussed for the selection of Resonant
mental harmonics of the primary and secondary sides are equal which Power Converters for EVs and chargers at different rating. CLLC is found
indicates constant voltage gain ability of CLLC resonant converter. It is more suitable for the Electric Vehicle application. Accompanying diffi­
having enhanced soft switching area also it offers higher efficiency. In culties with EV charges based on resonant converters are emphasized,
[150] a CLLC resonant converter with 97.85 % efficiency is proposed. It and their potential future growth is also discussed. Fig. 8 shows different
is implemented for both half, full bridge for plug in electric vehicles and power operating range of IBDCs and Table 12 is summary of all con­
a comparison has been done in [151]. [152] discussed optimum design verter in terms of merits, demerits and applications; which will help
of CLLC resonant converter and also performed mode analysis but issue author to select suitable converter for their applications.
with design is lack of synchronous rectification which led to increased
conduction loss on secondary side; this issue is resolved into [153–157] CRediT authorship contribution statement
with the implementation of two different control loop.
Mohammad Aslam Alam: Writing – original draft, Conceptualiza­
4. Conclusion tion, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – review &
editing. Ahmad Faiz Minai: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal
This paper investigates and reviews the bidirectional dc converter analysis, Investigation, Supervision. Farhad Ilahi Bakhsh: Conceptu­
from its classification to the topological structure. It can also be analyzed alization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation,
from distinct viewpoints; this research primarily provides an analysis of Supervision.
these converters from the perspective of topology and bridge structure
also. Table 1 and Fig. 4 is included which shows a comparison of NBDCs
Declaration of competing interest
with switches, inductors, capacitors, windings count, power rating and
application. As discussed, buck and boost derived converter are used
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
where different voltage level has to be achieved as compared to an input
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
voltage. Cuk converter provides continuous input and output current but
the work reported in this paper.
it faces the issue of current ripples which is eliminated by using a
coupled inductor. When this cuk converter is rearranged, new converter
Data availability
is obtained i.e. SEPIC and ZETA it has a high voltage (VH) and low
voltage (VL) in both paths but with the same polarities; these are the
No data was used for the research described in the article.
simple bridge arrangement voltage that can be boosted by using one
more technique called voltage boosting techniques. These techniques
are used in the switched-capacitor converter which uses a capacitor
instead of using an inductor. By cascading, the voltage can be boosted in Acknowledgement
a manner by providing an output of one to the input of others inter­
leaved and multilevel converters are also the solution to the increased The authors are grateful to Integral University in Lucknow for their
output voltage. IBDC is also classified into these two topologies i.e., assistance and for providing MCN IU/R&D/2024-MCN0002609. The
basic and bridge. For low-power application, a flyback converter is authors are solely responsible for the views expressed herein.
preferred but it faces the issue of ringing, leakage inductance and ripples
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[134] C.K.R. Reddy, S. Porpandiselvi, V.K. Satyakar Veeramallu, Input controlled series-
resonant converter for led lighting application, in: 3rd International Conference Mohammad Aslam Alam has completed Bachelor of Tech­
on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES), Coimbatore, India, 2018. nology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Integral Uni­
versity, Lucknow (U.P.) India and MTech in Power Electronics
[135] B.V. Sadangi, P. Chaturvedi, S.K. Patro, S. Nema, Soft Starting Algorithm to
minimize the transient inductor current and transient capacitor voltage in series & Drives from Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Tech­
resonant dual active bridge converter, in: IEEE 2nd International Conference on nology, Gorakhpur (U.P.) India. Currently he is pursuing PhD
Sustainable Energy and Future Electric Transportation (SeFeT), Hyderabad, India, in Electrical Engineering from Integral University, Lucknow (U.
2022. P.) India. His-area of research is Bidirectional DC-DC converter
for hybrid system.
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with sine-wave modulation in wide voltage range, IEEE Trans. Pow. Electron. 38
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[138] G. Yahu, T. Yu, F. Yao, L. Ge, Y. Guo, H. Sun, Paralleled variable inductor phase-
shifted full-bridge converter with full-load range ZVS and low duty cycle loss,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 71 (5) (2024) 4673–4684.
Dr. Ahmad Faiz Minai received bachelor’s degree in Electrical
[139] A.G. Vishal Anand, A. Pal, R. Gurunathan, K. Basu, Exact analysis of parallel Engineering from Uttar Pradesh Technical University
resonant DC-DC converter using phase shift modulation, in: IEEE Energy
(Currently it is AKTU) in 2007, Master’s degree in Electrical
Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2021. Engineering from ZHCET, Aligarh Muslim University in 2009
[140] N.J. Merlin Mary, S. Shelas, Hiralal Muralidhar Suryawanshi, A Three-level and Doctorate from Integral University, Lucknow in 2017. He is
resonant DAB converter featuring minimized circulating losses for EV battery currently working as an Associate Professor in the Department
charging, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 70 (8) (2023) 7879–7890. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral
[141] I. Ahamad, M. Asim, P.R. Sarkar, F.A. Khan, Comparison of Conventional PFC
University, Lucknow, India. His-research areas include Power
Boost Converter and Bridgeless PFC Boost Converter, Int. J. Innovative Res. Electronics Converters, Soft Computing in Renewable Power
Electrical Electron. Instrum Control Eng. 4 (5) (2016). ISSN (Online) 2321-2004
Generation, Solar Photovoltaics, Energy Demand Modelling
2321–5526 ISSN (Print). and Internet of Things. He has many research publications in
[142] J. Deng, Q. Mao, W. Wang, L. Li, Z. Wang, S. Wang, G. Guidi, Frequency and International Conferences and reputed refereed SCIE/ESCI/
parameter combined tuning meth,od of LCC–LCC compensated resonant
SCOPUS Journals.
converter with wide coupling variation for EV wireless charger, IEEE J. Emerg.
Sel. Top. Pow. Electron. 10 (1) (2022) 956–968.
[143] M. Escudero, M.-A. Kutschak, F. Pulsinelli, N. Rodriguez, D. Morales, On the
practical evaluation of the switching loss in the secondary side rectifiers of LLC Dr Farhad Ilahi Bakhsh received Diploma and B. Tech degree
converters, Energies (Basel) 14 (18) (2021) 5915. in Electrical Engineering from Aligarh Muslim University
[144] J.F. Lazar, R. Martinelli, Steady-state analysis of the LLC series resonant (AMU), Aligarh, India in 2006 and 2010, respectively. He was
converter, in: Sixteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and awarded University Medal (Gold) for standing first throughout
Exposition, 2001. Diploma in Electrical Engineering. Then he pursued Masters in
[145] D. Wan, Q. Zhou, X. Duan, J. Zhu, J. Li, H. Zhou, A high-power density DC Power System and Drives from the same University. In Masters
converter for medium-voltage DC distribution networks, Electronics (Basel) 12 he secured first position in his branch. He joined IEEE during
(18) (2023) 3975. Masters and since then he is an IEEE member. He also worked
[146] Y. Shen, W. Zhao, Z. Chen, C. Cai, Full-bridge LLC resonant converter with series- as head of Research & Development cell, IEEE student chapter,
parallel connected transformers for electric vehicle on-board charge, IEEE Access AMU for around two years. Under this cell, he developed five
6 (2018) 13490–13500. new systems i.e. A rotor power control based flexible asyn­
[147] M. Kim, H. Jeong, B. Han, S. Choi, New parallel loaded resonant converter with chronous AC link (FASAL) system, A miss-call based switching
wide output voltage range, IEEE Trans. Pow. Electron. 33 (4) (2018) 3106–3114. system for multiple loads or appliances, A power controller
[148] M. Haris, M. Asim, M. Tariq, Transformer-less DC-DC converter with low duty circuit based flexible asynchronous AC link (FASAL) system for induction generator ap­
ratio using a single switch and quasi impedance based network, Ind. J. Sci. plications, A combined voltage control and rotor power control based flexible asynchro­
Technol. 14 (4) (2024) 359–367. nous AC link (FASAL) system and A waste fluid pressure-based energy generation system.
[149] C.-C. Huaa, Y.-L. Deng, A novel dual-bridge LLC resonant converter with wide Among these five systems, four system has been published by an official Journal of Patent
range of low input voltage, Energy Proc 156 (2019) 361–365. Office.
[150] Zhengda Zhang, Chunhui Liu, Mengzhi Wang, Yunpeng Si, Yifu Liu, Qin Lei, High- Then he pursued Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India. During his
efficiency high-power-density CLLC resonant converter with low-stray- Ph.D. he developed a new method for grid integration for wind energy generation system
capacitance and well-heat-dissipated planar transformer for EV on-board charger, which has been recognized worldwide. He served as Assistant Professor in Department of
IEEE Tran. Pow. Electron. 35 (10) (2020) 10831–10851. Electrical & Renewable Energy Engineering, School of Engineering & Technology, Baba
[151] S. Zou, J. Lu, A. Mallik, A. Khaligh, 3.3kW CLLC converter with synchronous Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, J & K, India. He developed an automatic solar
rectification for plug-in electric vehicles, in: IEEE Industry Applications Society tracking system which has been appreciated by IEEE India Council, Centre for Embedded
Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2017. Product Design, Centre for Electronics Design and Technology, Netaji Subhas Institute of
[152] Z. Lv, X. Yan, Y. Fang, L. Sun, Mode analysis and optimum design of bidirectional Technology in association with IEEE Delhi Section & IEEE CAS, Bangalore Chapter.
CLLC resonant converter for high-frequency isolation of DC distribution systems, Currently he is serving as Assistant Professor in Department of Electrical Engineering,
in: IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Montreal, QC, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India. He is founder and
Canada, 2015. Counselor of IEEE Student Branch, NIT Srinagar.
[153] S. Zou, J. Lu, A. Mallik, A. Khaligh, Bi-directional CLLC converter with
synchronous rectification for plug-in electric vehicles, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 54
(2) (2018) 998–1005.

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