Load Flow Analysis in Etap
Load Flow Analysis in Etap
Muhammad Shakeel
Contact: +966 55 32 190 32
Prepared by:
Electrical/ELV Engineer | Expertise: ICT, IoT, GRMS, Construction, Infrastructure utilities, Operation
and maintenance, Facilities management, and LV & MV electrical systems.
Email: [email protected]
Location: Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Contact: +966 55 32 190 32
Prepared By: Engr. Muhammad Shakeel
Contact: +966 55 32 190 32
1. Project Introduction
This project involves the electrical design of a 40-floor residential high-rise building located in
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, compliant with the Saudi Electrical Standards (SASO). The building features
36 residential floors and 4 underground parking floors. The residential units consist of two 1BHK, three
2BHK, and two 3BHK apartments per floor. The facility aims to provide modern living conditions with
enhanced energy efficiency, safety, and convenience through the integration of robust electrical
systems, including power distribution, lighting, HVAC, and ELV systems like Fire Alarm, CCTV, Lighting
Automation, and Guest Room Management Systems (GRMS).
Given the scale of the project, it incorporates comprehensive electrical load management, reliable
water distribution systems, and essential emergency backup systems to ensure uninterrupted
service and occupant safety. The project design takes into account local environmental factors and
regulations, aiming to provide a well-balanced system for residential and communal needs.
2. Project Scope
The scope of this project includes the following:
Complete electrical load estimation for all residential floors, parking areas, common areas, and
essential services.
Design of power distribution systems, ensuring proper load balancing and energy efficiency.
Selection of appropriate transformers, distribution boards, and cabling in accordance with Saudi
Electrical Standards.
Power Distribution:
Design of power distribution for all apartments and common areas, including the sizing of cables,
circuit breakers (MCB, MCCB, ACB), and protection devices.
Integration of reliable emergency power systems, including backup generators or UPS for essential
systems (e.g., elevators, fire alarms).
Elevator System:
Design and integration of elevators to service all 40 floors with an adequate load capacity and
safety measures.
Power supply and control systems for two elevators with optimized energy use and peak demand
handling.
Design of motor pump systems for water distribution, including main water pumps and booster
pumps for consistent water supply to all residential floors.
Selection and sizing of motor pumps to meet the building's water demand while maintaining energy
efficiency.
5. Guest Room Management System (GRMS) for seamless control and monitoring of apartment
services.
Ensure all electrical and ELV systems comply with SASO standards and local regulations for safety
and energy efficiency.
Integration of protective measures such as surge protection, grounding, and fault isolation
mechanisms.
Emphasis on sustainable practices through efficient use of electrical power and systems that
minimize energy waste.
Consideration for future scalability, including provisions for renewable energy integration, such as
solar power.
Integration of the electrical systems with mechanical, civil, and structural elements of the project to
ensure a coordinated and seamless construction process.
Collaboration with the architectural and mechanical teams to align the electrical layout with the
building design.
Conclusion
This project aims to provide a comprehensive and robust electrical infrastructure for a modern
high-rise residential building. The focus is on reliability, energy efficiency, safety, and adherence to
local standards. Through careful planning and execution, the project will ensure the electrical
systems are capable of supporting the building’s long-term operational needs.
3. Load Estimation
2.1. Residential Load Calculation
Estimate the electrical load for each type of apartment. Typical load values are as follows:
A. 1BHK Apartments: 2 units per floor
✓ Lighting: 10 W/m²
✓ Power Outlets: 0.5 kW per apartment
✓ HVAC: 2 kW per apartment
✓ Miscellaneous: 0.5 kW (kitchen appliances, etc.)
B. 2BHK Apartments: 3 units per floor
✓ Lighting: 10 W/m²
✓ Power Outlets: 0.7 kW per apartment
✓ HVAC: 2.5 kW per apartment
✓ Miscellaneous: 0.7 kW
C. 3BHK Apartments: 2 units per floor
✓ Lighting: 10 W/m²
✓ Power Outlets: 1 kW per apartment
✓ HVAC: 3 kW per apartment
✓ Miscellaneous: 1 Kw
Potential Demand
The demand factor is used to account for the fact that not all connected loads operate
simultaneously at full capacity. If the demand factor is 90%, it means that you expect only 90% of
the total connected load to be in use at any given time. The demand factor is expressed as a
percentage.
5. Transformer Sizing
To add 20% for future expansion to the current total load of 1,207.1 kW, you can use the following
calculation:
Next, convert this total kW load to kVA for transformer sizing, assuming the same power factor of
0.9:
Power Factor
kVA =
(PF)kW
0.9
kVA = = 1,609.47kVA
1,448.52
Here is a table with the exact information for a suitable ABB 2,000 kVA transformer based on your
load and future expansion needs:
Parameter Specification
Phase 3-Phase
Efficiency ≥ 99%
• Rated Capacity: At 2,000 kVA, it comfortably handles your current load of 1,448.52 kW with a
power factor of 0.9, plus a buffer for future expansion.
• Efficiency: High-efficiency transformer, ensuring less energy loss and higher reliability.
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
For a three-phase transformer, the formula to calculate the full load current is:
Power (kW)
I= ___________(𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.1)
√3 × Voltage (V)
2000 × 1000
𝐼𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = = 105.1 𝐴
√3 × 11000
2000 × 1000
𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = = 2783.6 𝐴
√3 × 415
Step 4: Apply NEC Factors
According to the NEC 450.3(B) (National Electrical Code), the circuit breaker size should be:
Primary Side
Choose the next standard size, which is 160 A. __________ (Table 7.1)
Secondary Side
Choose the next standard size, which is 4000 A. __________ (Table 7.1)
Residential: Typically use 1-pole or 2-pole breakers for 120V and 240V circuits, respectively.
Commercial/Industrial: Often use 3-pole breakers for three-phase equipment and 4-pole
breakers for systems requiring neutral protection.
Summary
✓ 1-Pole: Single-phase, 120V circuits.
✓ 2-Pole: Single-phase, 240V circuits.
✓ 3-Pole: Three-phase, without neutral.
✓ 4-Pole: Three-phase, with neutral.
*Note: We divide the residential load of 36 Floors into 3 parts. Each SMDB contains load of 12 Floors apartment. To make a more balanced
and stable system. Also use formula table 6.1 & 6.2 for conversion and Ampere rating calculations.
Future Load Increase: A 20% increase is added to the current for future capacity.
ABB Standard CB: The closest available ABB circuit breaker rating.
Bus1
11 kV
T1
2000 kVA
Bus2
0.4 kV
SMDB1-CB1 1000A SMDB2-CB2 1000A SMDB3-CB3 1000A SMDB4-CB4 125A SMDB5-CB5 160A SMDB6-CB1 32A
Bus11
0.4 kV
CB1 6A MCB CB2 16A MCB CB3 10A MCB CB4 6A MCB
Bus3
0.4 kV
Bus10
0.4 kV
1BHK Apartments F1-F12 2BHK Apartments F1-F12 3BHK Apartments F1-F12 CB1 50A MCCB CB2 63A MCCB CB3 125A MCCB
80 kVA 176 kVA 138.7 kVA
Bus6
0.4 kV
Main Water Pumps Booster Pumps Elevators (2 Units)
16.67 kVA 22.22 kVA 44.44 kVA
CB1 250A MCCB2 CB2 500A MCCB2 CB3 400A MCCB2
Bus9
0.4 kV
1295 kVA
Bus1 68 A 11000 V
11 kV
1295 kVA
68 A
T1
2000 kVA
Bus11 392 V
0.4 kV
1.98 kVA 4.96 kVA 2.97 kVA 1.98 kVA
2.9 A 7.3 A 4.4 A 2.9 A
Bus3
0.4 kV 392 V
78.3 kVA 172.2 kVA 135.7 kVA
115.3 A 253.7 A 199.9 A
Bus10 392 V
0.4 kV
16.3 kVA 21.7 kVA 43.5 kVA
24 A 32 A 64.1 A
1BHK Apartments F1-F12 2BHK Apartments F1-F12 3BHK Apartments F1-F12
80 kVA 176 kVA 138.7 kVA
Bus6
0.4 kV 392 V
Main Water Pumps Booster Pumps Elevators (2 Units)
78.3 kVA 172.2 kVA 135.7 kVA
16.67 kVA 22.22 kVA 44.44 kVA
115.3 A 253.7 A 199.9 A
Bus9 392 V
0.4 kV
9.9 kVA 2.48 kVA 4.96 kVA
14.6 A 3.7 A 7.3 A