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Evaluation of Mechanical Properties on Self-compacting Concrete Using

Sugar Mill Waste

Chapter · May 2022

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-0244-4_60

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Evaluation of Mechanical Properties
on Self-compacting Concrete Using
Sugar Mill Waste

D. Chandan Kumar, P. Vasanthi, and A. Devaraju

Abstract Where the compaction and placing of concrete material are provocative
self-compacting concrete (SCC) performance a dynamic role in these situation. SCC
is extensively used where the ability of flow and self-compaction is mandatory.
The main use of SCC is to save labour charge and reduce the manufacture period.
Sugarcane Bagasse Waste (SCBW) can be recycled as a Natural sand (NS) in this
work. Utilization of SCBW in concrete for M30 with variable percentage of SCBW
range 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% is determined in this investigation. When the SCBW is
used in all the mixes (0–20%) and the quantity of SCBW i.e. 0–10% can be simply
substituted with NS without a significant loss of workability and strength. By the use
of 10% SCBW, the compressive strength increased. When further rise in the SCBW
percent there is decrease in compressive strength.

Keywords Bagasse waste · Mechanical properties

1 Introduction

Concrete is the extreme commonly using material in the domain [1, 2]. The NS is
supreme essential constituent of the concrete blend for the civil construction work.
Sand is the another peak used up material in the world after water. Demand and
consumption of the NS is growing day by day so, it is very important to invention an
alternative NS that can substitute NS [3–5]. Varieties for many NS substitutes, such as
pit sand, quarry dust, offshore sand and clean sand have too remained prepared [6–10].
Most of the investigators use this type of artificial substitute for NS. But, this study is
the first to chosen the use Bagasse waste for NS in the concrete mix. In India, sugar-
cane making is over 300 million tons/year that source approximately 10 million tons

D. Chandan Kumar (B) · P. Vasanthi

Department of Civil Engineering, Adhi College of Engineering and Technology, Kanchipuram,
Tamil Nadu, India
A. Devaraju
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adhi College of Engineering and Technology,
Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 631
I. A. Palani et al. (eds.), Recent Advances in Materials and Modern Manufacturing,
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0244-4_60
632 D. Chandan Kumar et al.

of SCBW as an un-utilized and surplus extensive [11–14]. Bagasse is the solid waste
created after juice withdrawal in sugar manufacturing, which be present produce
high amounts of waste annually [15–17]. Later the deduction of all gainful sugar
from sugarcane, about 39–44% stringy waste is found [18]. About 32% of SCBW is
produced from each ton of sugarcane, with rapid agricultural and industrial develop-
ment, huge amounts of industrial and agricultural surplus have been produced, also
pollutes the surroundings [19]. Currently Investigators are concentrating on tradi-
tions of using also agricultural or industrials trashes as a purpose of raw resources
for the production. These trashes use would not only be inexpensive, but may too
result to overseas interchange earnings and environmental pollution controller [20].
Various revisions have established that agricultural trashes can certainly be used as
an alternative cementitious substantial. The effort on this surplus has been suggested
due to their obtainability and pozzolanic features [21–29]. A limited study has been
supported out in the past on the use of bagasse dry waste found directly from the
industries to study pozzolanic action and their suitability by way of filler material
by moderately substituting sand [30, 31]. Hence, in the present-day investigation
was supported to study the use of SCBW as a partial replacement of NS in cement
concrete meanwhile the obtainability of natural sand is less in the last periods as a
result of environmental and ecological conditions. This improvement work consider-
ation on the use of the waste products in construction resolution. SCBW is a stringy
waste product of the sugar purifying industry [32]. In this investigation, SCBW were
active as limited sand replaced by weight of NS in SCC.

2 Experimental Work

2.1 Materials and Its Properties

In the present study, NS be situated partially substituted by SCBW at altered propor-

tions on concrete. Ultra-Tech 53 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement OPC was used
for the effort with resulting physical and chemical belongings and compatible to IS:
12,269-1987 [33, 40]. The chemical components of OPC was demonstrated in Table
1 and Observed physical properties of OPC demonstrated in Table 2.
Bagasse is the dry soft fibrous material that leftovers after crushing sugarcane to
remove their juice [34, 35]. For each ton of sugarcane generates approximately 26%
of bagasse 0.62% of remaining ash [36]. The bagasse used in the study is obtained
from a profitable sugar plant in the nearby area. SCBW was obtained from a sugar
plant in the Sankarapuram, Walajabad of Tamilnadu. SCBW that had initially been
placed in an open area and it was collected, dried, and standardized. The mineralogical
configurations of the SCBW, contains of around 25% hemicellulose, 25% of lignin
and 50% of cellulose. Figure 1 shows the Sugarcane Bagasse Dry Waste (SCBW).
Physical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Waste as shown in Table 3.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties on Self-compacting … 633

Table 1 Chemical properties of OPC

Compound name Range %
Lime 60–70
Silica 17–25
Alumina 3–8
Iron oxide 0.5–6
Magnesium oxide 0.4–4
Sulphur trioxide 1–3
Alkalies such as soda and potash 0.2–1
LOI 1–2

Table 2 Physical properties of OPC

Sl. no. Property Result
1 Normal consistency 30%
2 Standard consistency 7 mm
3 Initial setting time 35 min
4 Final setting time 400 min
5 Specific gravity 3.2
6 Fineness of cement 9% retained
7 Soundness 2 mm

Fig. 1 Sugarcane bagasse waste (SCBW)

Table 3 Physical properties of sugarcane bagasse waste

Fineness modulus Specific gravity Water absorption Moisture content Bulk density
(%) kg/m3
3.9 2.25 14.3% 10% 827
634 D. Chandan Kumar et al.

Table 4 Physical properties of aggregate

Properties Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
Water absorption 2.4% 2.12%
Specific gravity 2.63 2.85
Moisture content (%) 2.5% –
Fineness modulus 3.9 –
Impact strength – 5.96%
Crushing strength – 0.89

Passing % Passing %
100

80
Percent Finer by Mass

60

40

20

0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Partcle Size

Fig. 2 Particle Size distribution

In the vicinity obtainable natural river sand with 4.75 mm extreme size was
consumed as Fine Aggregate (FA) [37]. Coarse Aggregate (CA) with 13–16 mm
extreme size having unit weight, specific gravity and fineness modulus was carried
out. Both FA and CA established to Indian Standard Provisions IS: 383-1970 [38].
Ordinary Tap water was used for this experimentation as per IS: 456-2000. PH value
of water is 6.89. The investigational work comprises of presentation the sieve study
of dry bagasse waste and sand as per the Indian standard method IS: 10,262-2009
[39] and by the outcomes for the mix design to attain the concrete of obligatory
strength and superiority. Observed properties of aggregate materials are tabulated in
Table 4 and Fig. 2 shows the grain size distribution of fine aggregate and SCBW.

2.2 Sample Preparation

The experimental program consists of casting and testing of 30 numbers of (150 mm

× 150 mm × 150 mm) cubes for determining compressive strength and 20 numbers
of (diameter 150 mm and height 300 mm) cylinder for determining tensile strength.
The concrete mixes of conventional and SCC composition are summarized in Table 5.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties on Self-compacting … 635

Table 5 Composition of SCC mixes

Replaced SBCW (%) Details of mix proportion in kg/m3 Water (kg/m3 )
OPC NS SCBW CA
0 438 697.74 – 1152.1 197
5 438 662.86 34.88 1152.1 197
10 438 627.96 69.77 1152.1 197
15 438 593.07 104.66 1152.1 197
20 438 558.19 139.54 1152.1 197

The specimen classified into five groups each group contain 6 cubes and 4 cylin-
ders. The first group is planned to revision the compressive and tensile strength of
conventional concrete. Group two is used to study the same parameter as group one
but with 5% replacement of SCBW as partial substitutes in concrete mix instead of
river sand. Group three, four and five are used to study the same parameters, but
with 10%, 15% and 20% additional of SCBW as partial replacement, in concrete
mix as a replacement for NS respectively. Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate
and sugarcane bagasse are weighed at a considered mix ratio 1:1.6:2.6 and water-
cement ratio 0.45 was used. Ground promising no vibration or compaction, then the
moulds are left for 24 h. The sugarcane bagasse was mixed with concrete in different
proportions (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%). Afterwards casting of specimen, the moulds are
removed, and concrete specimens are put into the curing tank for period of 7, 14 and
28 days.

2.3 Fresh and Hardened Properties of SCC

For study of SCC fresh belongings Slump flow, air content and fresh density values
as shown in Table 6. Results of fresh concrete properties obtained in the research
laboratory have been found. Values of slump flow slightly increased with integration
of SCBW as additional of NS at all proportions. It may be because of the fact that
Bagasse particles are highly stringy and has high surface area as associated to NS due
to which it absorbs high water. Control mix has the maximum density as compared

Table 6 SCC fresh

Replaced Slump flow Density kg/m3 Air content %
properties
SBCW (%) mm
0 720 2351.73 2.3
5 727 2342.50 2.9
10 734 2334.60 3.2
15 745 2325.12 4.5
20 755 2320.20 5.1
636 D. Chandan Kumar et al.

Fig. 3 Compressive strength 60

result of SCC

Compressive Strength in
45

(N/mm2)
30

15

0
0 5 10 15 20
% of SCBW Added

to all other mixes; decrease in density is owing to the smaller relative density of BW
than NS respectively. After curing, the test specimen is taken out from curing tank.
Before the test, cubes are dried by one hour then tested.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Compressive Strength

The Compressive strength of 7, 14 and 28 days are exposed for all SCC mixtures.
From Fig. 3 results describes that SCC strength is decreased with combination of dry
bagasse maximum compressive strength was found at 10% SCBW. Increase compres-
sive strength approximately 8–12% from conventional mix at the end of 28 days
curing. Additional level of above 10% SCBW as replacement of NS decrease the
compressive strength. Further rise in SCBW proportion decreasing strength beside
with important reduction in belongings of SCC. While 15% and 20% decrease was
observed on 7, 14 and 28 days respectively as of controlled mix. This decrease
is predictable since of w/c ratio decrease and due to the formation of secondary
calcium silicates hydrates as Bagasse is a stringy material. It is too significant that
the percentage of increase of strength of mixes with SCBW is developed at later days
that is due to pozzolanic belongings of SCBW.

3.2 Splitting Tensile Strength

The Split tensile strength of 7, 14 and 28 days of testing are graphically represented
in Fig. 4. Maximum increase strength at 28 days of analysis was attained at 10%
SCBW as NS slight additional. Splitting tensile strength after 28 days for control
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties on Self-compacting … 637

10

Split tensile strength

6

(N/mm2)
4

0
0 5 10 15 20
% of SCBW Added
7days 14 days 28 days

Fig. 4 Tensile Strength test result of SCC

mix is 7.5 N/mm2 and Split tensile strength is maximum for concrete with addition
of 10% SCBW strength is 8.2 N/mm2 . Increase Splitting Tensile Strength 8.5% from
Normal mix at the end of 28 days curing, while after 28 days almost similar decrease
in split tension strength was detected at both 15 and 20% SCBW as a NS substitute.
When the inspiration of SCBW on the tensile test of concrete was observed, it was
detected that the increase of tensile strength of combinations losses as the additional
of SCBW increases.

4 Conclusions

• By using SCBW as partial additional of NS the cost of SCC will be decrease i.e.
due to decrease in ingesting of NS.
• The use of SCBW reduces the consumption of sugar industries and also reduces
the opposing effect on the atmosphere.
• It has been observed that at ultimate replacement of SCBW in this revision the
slump flow increased by 8.62% as of controller mix.
• When 10% SCBW replaced in concrete, increase compressive strength approxi-
mately 8–12% associated to the conventional mix and increase Tensile strength
8.5% compared to the conventional mix.
• From observation of this work, SCBW replaced concrete take more time to setting,
sun drying and curing period curing than normal concrete mix due to the water
absorption properties of bagasse.
638 D. Chandan Kumar et al.

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