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Reproductive Health class 12

Notes Biology
March 1, 2019 by myCBSEguide

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Class 12 Biology notes Chapter 4

Reproductive Health
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CBSE Class 12 Biology Revision

Notes Chapter 4 Reproductive
Health
According to WHO, reproductive health
means total well-being in all aspects of
reproduction i.e. physical, emotional,
behavioral and social.

Reproductive Health: Problem

and Strategies
India was amongst the first countries
in the world to initiate to the
programme “family planning”
initiated in 1951.
Reproductive health in a society
forms a crucial part of general
health.
Improved programs covering wider
reproduction-related areas are
currently in operation under the
popular name ‘Reproductive and
child health care (RCH) program.’
Health and education of young
people and marriage and child
bearing during more mature stages
of life are important attributes to the
reproductive health of a society.

Measures taken by Goverenment

:
Through the help of audio-visuals &
print media.
Even family members, close relations
are involved in the awareness.
Sex education was introduced in
schools to provide awareness
Proper information about
reproductive organs, adolescence &
related changes , safe & hygienic
sexual practices, sexually
transmitted diseases, AIDS etc.

Amniocentesis – It is a technique used to

find out chromosomal abnormalities in
developing embryo by using amniotic fluid.

It is also misused to check foetal sex

determination based on the
chromosomal pattern in the amniotic
fluid surrounding the developing
embryo.

Population Explosion and Birth

Control
Improved quality of life of people,
increased health facilities and better living
condition had an explosive impact on
explosion of population.

Rapid decline in death rate, MMR

(maternal mortality rate) and IMR
(infant mortality rate) along with
increase in population of
reproductive age is the main reason
for population explosion.
Steps to overcome population
explosion-
1. Using various contraceptive
methods.
2. Educating people about the
demerits of large family.
3. Increasing the marriageable age
of female and male
4. Providing incentive to parents
having 1or 2 children.

Contraceptive methods are used

to prevent the unwanted pregnancy
and modifying the menstrual cycle.
An ideal contraceptive should be-
1. User friendly
2. Easily available
3. Effective
4. Reversible
5. No side effects
6. No way interferes with sexual
desire and sexual act.

Contraceptive methods could be divided

into following categories-

a) Natural or traditional methods

b) Barrier methods
c) IUDs
d) Oral contraceptive methods
e) Injectable
f) Implants
g) Surgical methods.

Natural methods works on the

principle of avoiding chances of
ovum and sperm meeting. It
includes-
a) Periodic abstinence– the
couples avoid coitus from day 10 to
17 of menstrual cycle as chances of
fertilisation are very high during this
period, it is called the fertile period.
b) Withdrawal or coitus
interruptus – male partner
withdraws penis from vagina just
before ejaculation to avoid
insemination .
c) Lactational Amenorrhea –
absence of menstruation after
parturition and due to intense milk
feeding and no ovulation in this
period , chances of fertilisation is nil.
In Barrier methods, ovum and
sperms are prevented from physical
meeting with help of barrier. This
includes-
a) Condoms– used by male, barrier
made of rubber or latex sheet used
to cover penis or vagina and cervix of
female. It also prevents from STDs.

Condom for male

condom for female

b) Diaphragms, cervical cap and

vaults are barrier made of rubber that is
inserted into the female reproductive tract
during coitus.

.Spermicidal creams, jellies and

foams are usually used alongwith
these barriers to increase their
contraceptive efficiency.
Advantages of barrier methods:
1. They are disposable.
2. They can be self –inserted.
3. They are reusable.
4. Prevents conception by blocking
entry of sperm through cervix.
Intra uterine Devices– inserted by
doctor or trained nurse into the
female uterus through vagina. IUCDs
may be non-medicated IUDs (e.g.,
Lippes loop), copper releasing IUDs
(CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375) and the
hormone releasing IUDs
(Progestasert, LNG-20)
IUCDs increase the phagocytosis of
sperm in uterus and copper reduce
the motility and fertility capacity of
sperms .The hormone releasing IUDs
make the uterus unsuitable for
implantation and the cervix hostile to
the sperms. It is ideal for female
who wants to delay pregnancy and
spacing between two children.
Oral Pills are progesterone or
progesterone-estrogen combination
used by females in form of tablets.
They inhibit ovulation and
implantation as well as change the
quality of cervical mucus to prevent/
retard entry of
sperms.Administration of
progesterone or progesterone-
estrogen combination within 72
hours of coitus is found to be very
effective as emergency
contraceptive.
Surgical method – This method is
also called sterilisation.
It is used as terminal method of
contraception in male and female to
prevent any more pregnancy.

Vasectomy

Tubectomy
Vasectomy is the surgical method in
male; a small part of the vas
deferens is removed or tied up
through a small incision on the
scrotum to prevent release of
sperms.
Tubectomy is the surgical method in
females in which small part of
fallopian tube is removed surgically.
These techniques are highly
effective but their reversibility is very
poor

Side effects of contraceptive

method:
• It is very important that the selection of
contraceptive method should be taken
under the consultation of the doctors.
• They have ill-effects like nausea,
abdominal pain, breakthrough bleeding,
irregular menstrual bleeding or even breast
cancer.

Medical Termination of
Pregnancy
Voluntary termination of pregnancy before
full term is called MTP (medical termination
of pregnancy) or induced abortion. It plays
important role in decreasing population by
aborting unwanted pregnancy.

In India, MTP is legalized in 1971 with

some restriction to prevent its
misuse such as indiscriminate and
illegal female foeticides.
MTP is used to
Get rides of unwanted pregnancy
due to unprotected intercourse or
failure of contraceptives used during
coitus or rapes.
When pregnancy continuation could
be harmful or even fetal to mother or
foetus.
MTPs are considered relatively safe
during first trimester or up to 12
weeks of pregnancy. Second
trimester MTPs are much more
riskier.

Sexually Transmitted Disease

(STDs)
Diseases or infections which are
transmitted through sexual intercourse are
collectively called sexually transmitted
disease or venereal disease (VD) or
reproductive tract infection (RTI).

Some common STDs are Gonorrhea,

syphilis, genital herpes,
chlamydiasis, genital warts,
trichomoniasis, hepatitis-Ba and
AIDS.
Hepatitis-B and HIV is also
transmitted by sharing of injection
needles, surgical instruments with
infected person, transfusion of
blood, or from infected mother to
foetus.
Except genital herpes, HIV and
hepatitis-B are completely curable if
detected earlier and treated
properly.
Timely detection and proper
treatment of STDs are very important
otherwise it could lead to
complications later, which include
pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID),
abortions, still births, ectopic
pregnancies, infertility or even
cancer of the reproductive tract.
Infections of STDs can be prevented
by-

a) Avoid sex with unknown

partners/multiple partners.

b) Always use condoms during coitus.

c) Go to a qualified doctor in case of doubt

for early detection and get complete
treatment if diagnosed.

Infertility : The couples which are unable

to reproduce children inspite of
unprotected sexual cohabitation are called
infertile.The reasons for this could be
many-physical, congenital, diseases,
drugs, Immunological or even
Psychological.

Infertile couples can be assisted to

have children through certain special
techniques commonly called
assisted reproductive
technologies (ART) ,which
includes-

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)-fertilisation

outside the body followed by embryo
transfer, which is commonly called test
tube baby program. The ovum from
wife/donor and sperms from husband/
donor are collected and induced to fertilize
in laboratory conditions. The zygote or
early embryo (8 blastomeres) could be
transferred into fallopian tube called ZIFT
(zygote infra fallopian transfer) and embryo
with more than 8 blastomeres IUT (intra
uterine transfer) into the uterus to
complete the further development.

GIFT (gamete intra fallopian transfer) –

transfer of gametes collected from a donor
into fallopian tube of another female who
do not produce ovum.

Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection

(ICSI)-specialized procedure to form an
embryo in laboratory in which sperm is
directly injected into ovum.

Artificial insemination- infertility cases in

which male partner is unable to produce
healthy sperms are treated by this
technique in which semen collected from
donor is artificially introduced into vagina
or into uterus, IUI ( intra uterine
insemination) of the female.

All these techniques require extremely high

precision handling by specialized
professional and expensive instruments. .
Therefore, their benefits are limited to
certain countries and people.

Emotional, religious and social factors also

prevent the adoption of these methods.

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