Applications of ICT

Lab
Dr Asad Mansoor Khan
LE Kashaf Raheem
 Instructors
• Instructor: Dr. Asad Mansoor Khan

• Email:
 For Queries: [email protected]
[email protected]
 For Assignments: Through LMS (In case of any issue, submission can be
done at [email protected])

• Lab Engineer: Ms. Kashaf Raheem

 For Queries: [email protected]
 SYNDICATE-B
https://tinyurl.com/77s95nmh

Introductions

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Learning Management System
(LMS)
• Please enroll on LMS using course code:
 Lecture and Lab: 924861507 (Syn-A), 206815974 (Syn-B)

• All content including assignment, lab manual, lectures etc. will be available
there

• In case you need to contact please use the following contact details:
 [email protected]
 [email protected], [email protected]

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Guidelines For Lab Work
• Individual to turn-in their own work

• Lab reports will be submitted on LMS in a group of 3 students. (Sample is

available on LMS)

• Each Lab will be marked based on a specific rubric scheme (shared on next
slide)

• Please observe
 Marks will be deducted for ‘plagiarized/copied’ lab reports.
 20% per day penalty for late labs
 all labs MUST be checked off to pass the course
 lab assignments (when given) MUST be done in groups of 2 or 3

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 Marking Rubrics
Exceptional Acceptable Amateur Unsatisfactory
Trait [10-8] [7-5] [4-3] [2-0]
Functionality The program works and meets The code is fairly efficient The code is unnecessarily The code is huge and
all the specifications and is without sacrificing readability long and inefficient and does not meet any
and efficiency extremely efficient without and understanding and also meets only few of its specification.
40% sacrificing readability and meets almost all of its specifications.
understanding. specifications but not all.
Output The program produces correct The program works and produces The program produces The program is
results and display them the correct results and displays correct results but does producing incorrect
20% correctly in an organized way. them correctly not display them results.
correctly.
Input All the inputs entered by user In case of wrong input, the Some of the inputs are No input validation.
are properly validated, in case programs continue execution. validated leaving the
Validation of wrong input entered by user others.
20% the program displays to the
user to enter the correct input.
Code The code was well documented The code was sufficiently The code was documented The code was not
with proper commenting and documented with comments and with comments and with document properly
Presentation variable names. variable names (to an extent). improper variable names without comments and
(Commenting/ or vice versa. proper variable name.

Readability)
20%
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Lab Assessment
• Lab Work + Quizzes: 40-50%

• Lab Reports: 5-10%

• Open ended labs: 10%

• Lab Final Exam/Viva: 15-20%

• Project: 15-20%

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Lesson Plan

Algorithm
Designing and Logic
Processor Development
(Verilog (Python)
HDL)

Accessing
Processor using
MARS
(Assembly)

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Lab # 1
Introduction to Computers
Algorithms and Python!!!

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Computing Machines
• Ubiquitous ( = everywhere)
 General purpose: servers, desktops, laptops, PDAs, etc.
 Special purpose: cash registers, ATMs, games,
telephone switches, etc.
 Embedded: cars, hotel doors, printers, VCRs, industrial
machinery, medical equipment, etc.
• Distinguishing Characteristics
 Speed
 Cost
 Ease of use, software support & interface
 Scalability

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Two Pillars of Computing
• Universal Computational Devices
 Given enough time and memory, all computers can
compute the same things (irrespective of speed, size or
cost).
 Turing’s Thesis: every computation can be performed by some
“Turing Machine” - a theoretical universal computational device

• Problem Transformation
 Convert a problem expressed in natural language into
electrons running around a circuit!
 That’s what Computer Science and Computer Engineering
is all about: a continuum that embraces software & hardware.

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Two recurring themes
• Abstraction
 The concept that we can concentrate on one “level” of
the big picture at a time, with confidence that we can
then connect effectively with the levels above and below.
• Hardware vs. Software
 Abstraction does not mean being clueless about the
neighboring levels.
 Hardware and software are inseparably connected,
especially at the level we will be studying.

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Problem Transformation - levels of
abstraction
The desired behavior: Natural Language
the application
Algorithm

Program

Machine Architecture

Micro-architecture

Logic Circuits
The building blocks: Devices
electronic devices
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Levels of • These levels do not necessarily
Abstraction correspond to discrete components,
but to well defined standard
Natural Language interfaces.
 Standard interfaces provide
Algorithm
 portability
Program  third party software/hardware
 wider usage
Machine Architecture
• These levels are to some extent
Micro-architecture
arbitrary - there are other ways to
Logic Circuits draw the lines.
Devices

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 The Program
Level
Most computers run a Application Program
management program
called the operating
system (OS). Operating System

Application programs
interface to the machine
architecture via the OS.
Program (Software)

An example:
This lecture Data

PowerPoint Application Program

Windows 11 Operating System

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Algorithms!

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Computational problems
• A computational problem specifies an input-output
relationship
 What does the input look like?
 What should the output be for each input?
• Example:
 Input: an integer number n
 Output: Is the number prime?
• Example:
 Input: A list of names of people
 Output: The same list sorted alphabetically
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Algorithms
• A tool for solving a well-specified computational problem OR Steps
used to solve a problem
• A well-defined computational procedure that takes some value, or
set of values, as input and produces some value, or set of values, as
output.

Input Algorithm Output

• Steps must be
 Ordered
 Unambiguous
 Complete

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Problems and Algorithms
• We need to solve a computational problem
 “Convert a weight in pounds to Kg”

• An algorithm specifies how to solve it, e.g.:

 1. Read 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
 2. Calculate
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝐾𝑔 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 ∗ 0.455
 3. Print 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝐾𝑔
• A computer program is a computer-executable description of an
algorithm

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From Algorithms to Programs

Program
Problem Algorithm (in our
case
Python)

Algorithm: A sequence of
instructions describing how
to do a task (or process)
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Developing an
Algorithm
Program Development
1. Understand the problem
2. Represent your solution (your algorithm)
 Pseudocode
 Flowchart
3. Implement the algorithm in a program
4. Test and debug your program

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Step 1: Understanding the Problem
• Input
 What information or data are you given?
• Process
 What must you do with the information/data?
• Output
 What are your deliverables?

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“Weekly Pay” Example
Problem Solution
• Create a program to • Input: pay rate and number of
calculate the weekly pay of hours
an hourly employee • Process: multiply pay rate by
 What is the input, process, number of hours
and output? • Output: weekly pay

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Step 2: Represent the Algorithm
• Can be done with flowchart or
pseudocode
• Flowchart
 Symbols convey different types of
actions
• Pseudocode
 A cross between code and plain English

• One may be easier for you – use that one

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Three Base constructs of An
Algorithm
• Three basic control flow elements which exist in
algorithm
 Sequence of operations/expressions/statements
 Decision making
 Iterating an action again and again →
Repetition or looping

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Flowchart Symbols

Start
Start Symbol Input / Output

End
End Symbol Decision Symbol

Data Processing Flow Control Arrows

Symbol
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Step 2B: Flowchart Example:
Compute Pay

Start Get the rate

Display “Number pay = hours *

of hours worked: ” rate

Display “The pay

Get the hours is $” , pay

Display “Amount
End
paid per hour: ” 33
Examples
Draw Flowcharts for each problem

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Example 1
Problem Solution
• Write an algorithm in pseudocode • AverageOfTwo
that finds the average of two numbers
• Input: Two numbers

1. Add the two numbers

2. Divide the result by 2

• Output: Return the result generated

step 2

• End

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Example 2
Problem Solution
• Write an algorithm in the form of a • ComputeBMI
pseudocode that computes BMI using
weight in pound and height in inches. • Input: Weight (𝑤) and Height (ℎ)
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐵𝑀𝐼 = 703 ∗ 1. Hsquare ← ℎ2
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 2
𝑤
2. wbyh2 ← Hsquare

3. BMI ← 703 ∗ wbyh2

• Output: BMI

• End

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Algorithms and Language
• Notice that developing the algorithm doesn’t involve any
language at all
 Only pseudocode or a flowchart was needed
 An algorithm can be coded in any language

• All languages have 3 important control structures we can

use in our algorithms

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Steps 3 and 4: Implementation
and Testing/Debugging
• We’ll cover implementation in detail.

• Testingand debugging your program

involves identifying errors and fixing them

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Programming
through Python
Install latest version of IDLE on your laptops
Link: https://www.python.org/downloads/

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Introduction to Python
• Python is a high-level programming language – like C++/Java
• Open Source and has a large community
• Used by a lot of companies around the world
• The popularity of Python has increased significantly in the last
decade
• Interpreted Scripting Language
 Good for writing “quick” code
• Python is object oriented
 Everything is a Python object
• Different code blocks are grouped together by indentation

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General Information

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Variables
• No need to declare
• Need to assign (initialize)
 use of uninitialized variable raises exception
• Not typed
 if friendly:
 greeting = "hello world"
 else:
 greeting = 12**2
 print(greeting)

• Everything is a "variable":
 Even functions, classes, modules

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Indentation and Blocks
• Python uses whitespace and indents to denote blocks of
code
• Lines of code that begin a block end in a colon:
• Lines within the code block are indented at the same
level
• To end a code block, remove the indentation
• You'll want blocks of code that run only when certain
conditions are met

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Whitespace
• Whitespace is meaningful in Python:
 Especially indentation and placement of newlines.
• Use a newline to end a line of code.
 Use \ when must go to next line prematurely.
• No braces { } to mark blocks of code in Python…
Use consistent indentation instead.
 The first line with less indentation is outside of the block.
 The first line with more indentation starts a nested block
• Often a colon appears at the start of a new block. (E.g. for function
and class definitions.)

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Comments
• Start comments with # – the rest of line is ignored.
• Can include a “documentation string” as the first line of
any new function or class that you define.
• The development environment, debugger, and other tools
use it: it’s good style to include one.
 def my_function(x, y):
“““This is the docstring. This
function does blah blah blah.”””
# The code would go here...

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None
• “None” represents the lack of a value.
• Like “NULL” in some languages or in databases.
• For instance:

>>> if y!=0:
... fraction = x/y
... else:
... fraction = None

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Linking this with
Algorithm-Flowchart

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Input Input

• input is the keyword

• variablename = input("String to be printed as message")
>>>A = input("Please enter marks: ")
Please enter marks: 10
>>>Aint = int(A) #converts the string into integer number
• Important info:
 Input command takes string as an input, an integer value will also
be saved as character
 Need to change type to integer/float/etc. before further processing

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Output Output

• print is the keyword

• print("String to be printed as message“, variablename)
>>>A = input("Please enter marks: ")
Please enter marks: 10

>>>print("Value of A is ", A)
Value of A is 10

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Sequence!
Data Processing Symbol
• Mathematical expressions

• Built-in functions/libraries

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Mathematical Functions
• 𝒂𝒃𝒔(𝒙) – absolute value
• 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒎𝒐𝒅(𝒂, 𝒃) - divide a by b and return both the quotient and the
remainder
• 𝒉𝒆𝒙(𝒙) - Convert an integer number (of any size) to a hexadecimal
string.
• 𝒐𝒄𝒕(𝒙) - Convert an integer number (of any size) to an octal string.
• 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅(𝒙[, 𝒏]) - Return the floating-point value x rounded to n digits
after the decimal point.

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Example: Weight into Kg

Pseudocode Python Code

• ConvertintoPound weightinkg = input (“Enter the weight
in pounds: ")
• Input: Enter Weight in KG
weightinpound =
1. Convert entered data from string to float(weightinkg)*0.455
floating number (Python)
print(“Weight in pound is",
2. Multiply the weight in pound with weightinpound)
scaling factor (0.455)

• Output: Weight in Pound

• End

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Example: Compute Pay

Start Get the rate

Display “Number pay = hours *

of hours worked: ” rate

Display “The pay

Get the hours is $” , pay

Display “Amount
End
paid per hour: ” 53
Solution:

payrate = input("enter the payrate")

daysworked = input("enter the hours worked in a day")
weeklypay = float(payrate)*int(daysworked);
print(weeklypay)
Example: Pythagoras Theorem

Problem Solution
• Write pseudocode of an algorithm • ComputerHypo
which can compute the value of
hypotenuse if user provides value of • Input: 𝑝 and 𝑏
perpendicular and base.
1. Compute 𝑝2
ℎ2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑝2
2. Compute 𝑏 2

3. Add gets 𝑝2 + 𝑏 2

4. h gets square-root of Add

• Output: ℎ

• End

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Program

Pseudocode Python Code

• ComputeHypo p = float(input(“Enter value of
perpendicular: ”))
• Input: 𝑝 and 𝑏
b = float(input(“Enter value of base: ”))
1. p_square ← 𝑝2
h_square = p**2 + b**2
2. bsquare ← 𝑏2
h = h_ square **(0.5)
3. hsquare ← (𝑝2 + 𝑏2 )
print(“The resultant value of
4. h ← square-root of hsquare hypotenuses is : ”, h)
• Output: ℎ

• End

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Tasks
Make sure to comment your code.
Use appropriate variable name
Know the location where file is being saved
Create different files for different tasks
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Task 1
• Create
an algorithm and code
it through python for the
problem that takes two
numbers and displays the
sum, sub, divide, multiply
and square of numbers
entered, on the console
window .

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Task 2

• Write a program that computes roots

of an expression using quadratic
equation
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
• The program must get values of a, b
and c from the user
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Task 3
• Write a program that calculates grocery
bill by asking you to enter the number of
elements bought for a specific type.

Item Type Unit Price Quantity Multiple

Eggs (dozen) 300 Dozen
Bread 200 Single
Butter 400 Single
Jam 400 Single

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Next week: Control
Flow!
Advice:
Install latest version of IDLE on your laptops
Link: https://www.python.org/downloads/
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