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9704 Statistics

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5 views17 pages

9704 Statistics

Uploaded by

nelson
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Simplified Lecture notes

Presented by Okoth Otieno


Mathematics

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Meaning of statistics and other terms
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with collection, organisation,
representation and interpretation of data.
Data is basic information, usually in number form. When data is not organised, it is
said to be raw data
Frequency is the number of times an item or value occurs;
Frequency Distribution Table is a table where data is represented
Central tendency
These are values around which data tends to cluster. They include; Mean, mode and
median
a) Mean
This is the average value for the data;
The mean score = Total marks scored
Total number of students

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Mathematics

b) Mode
This is the most frequent item or value in a distribution or data.
Example
The following are the items in seconds taken by athletes in a 100m race: 10.0, 9.9,
11.0, 10.0, 10.1, 12.0, 11.0, 10.3, 11.3, 11.0
What is the mode?
Solution
The mode is 11.0 seconds

c) Median
This is the mid-point of an array. The median will be either a specific value or will
fall between two values
To get median, arrange the items in order of size;
 If there are N items and N is an odd number;

 If N is even;

Example:
The math marks of ten students are 85, 80, 88, 83, 87, 89, 84, 80, 94 and 90
Solution

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Mathematics

Class Exercise
1. The data below represents marks scored by 10 students in a test. Find the
mean, the mode and the median of the marks:
7, 8, 9, 14, 13, 5, 10, 9, 11, 6
ANSWERS: MEAN=9.2, MODE=9, MEDIAN=9
2. Twenty students in a class measured their masses and recorded them to the
nearest kilogramme, as below;
40 48 56 52 49 57 56 52 53 48
38 39 43 47 41 60 63 59 45 51
Make a distribution table and find the mean and the mode
ANSWERS: MEAN=49.85 MODE=48, 52, 56
3. The table below shows the duration, to the nearest minute, of telephone calls
through an exchange:
Duration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(min)
frequency 2 2 11 20 14 9 9 7 3 2 1
ANSWERS: MEAN=4.25, MODE=3, MEDIAN=4

Grouped Data
Grouped data are the data or scores that are arranged in a frequency distribution
The data can be grouped into a convenient number of groups called classes.
Example; 40-44, 61-70, 0-3 etc
For instance; 40-44

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Mathematics

 40 and 44 are called class boundaries


 39.5 and 44.5 are called class limits
The class with the highest frequency is called the modal class

Mean of grouped data

Example:
Determine the mean weight score of the mathematics students shown in the table
below;

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Mathematics

Solution

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Mathematics

Median of grouped data

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Mathematics

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Mathematics

Quartiles

Quartile in ungrouped data

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Mathematics

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Mathematics

Quartile in grouped data

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Mathematics

Deciles

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Mathematics

Percentile

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Mathematics

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Mathematics

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Mathematics

Measure of dispersion
This is the extent to which a distribution is stretched or squeezed. Common
examples of measures of statistical dispersion are the variance, standard deviation
and interquartile range
Variance

How to find variance

The Variance Formula

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Mathematics

Standard Deviation

How to find Standard Deviation

The Standard Deviation Formula

©Okoth Otieno [email protected] 0745765711

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