Introduction:
Complexes are species of definite intermolecular
associations of substrate (S) and ligand (L)molecules or
ions (also called complexing agent) that are kept together
in an equilibrium process in solution, and also may exist in
the solid state) by somewhat strong coordinate covalent
bonds or by relatively weak non-covalent forces such as
hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces electrostatic
interactions, dipole forces or hydrophobic interactions
Experimental work:
Objective: To increase the solubility of acetyl salicylic acid
(aspirin) by formation of water-soluble complex
Principle: The solubility of slightly soluble organic
compound (aspirin) can be increased by addition of
water-soluble complexing agent (TSC), which leads to
formation of water soluble organic molecular complex of
(aspirin-TSC)
Procedure:
1.Each group will weigh 1 gm of aspirin and put it in a
conical flask
2.Add different weights of TSC to conical flask for each
,group (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4 gm Respectively.
3.Measure exactly 50 mL of DW (use volumetric flask of
50 mL) and add it to the conical flask containing the
powders.
4.Shake the flask for 5-10 minutes, observe your result.
5.Filter (to get rid of undissolved aspirin), rinse the flask
with the first portion of the filtrate complete the
,filtration.
6.Take 10 mL of the filtrate from the conical flask and
place it in a new conical flask.
7.Analyze for aspirin content. This is done after the
addition of 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein as indicator and
titrating against (0.1 N) NaOH solution. The end point is
when the color changes from colorless to pink. Record the
end point.
8.Plot percent of aspirin dissolved versus grams tri sodium
citrate used.
Discussion:
_what are the type of valanes?
There are 2 types of valences primary (ionic), secondary
(coordinate)
_What does each central atom have?
Every central atom has fixed number of non-ionic
valences (co- ordination number)
_How do you draw non-ionic valence?
The non-ionic valences are directed to specific positions in
space.
_What are the complex combouneds?
Complex compounds are defined as those molecules in
which most of the bonding structures can be described by
classical theories of valency between atoms, but one/more
of these bonds are some what anomalous.
_What the Inter molecular forces?
Covalent bond, Hydrogen bond Vander walls forces,
Interaction between different chemical species
,COMPLEXES ,lon-dipole, dipole-dipole, dipole-induced
dipole
_What are the Solubility method?
When mixture form complexes solubility may
increase/decrease. Experiments are conducted to estimate
Parameters.
_When does the internal reaction occur?
Interaction between different chemical species.
_What is the difference between complex and molecular
compounds?
Complex
Molecular compound
Reaction in COLD TEMPERATURE Reaction in HOT
TEMPERATURE
Weak attraction forces
Strong electrostatic interactions Compounds can be
separated from solutions
Complexes can not be separated from solutions.
_What the Charge transfer complexes?
One molecule polarizes other resulting in electrostatic
interactions for complex formation with high inter
molecular bonding. •Complex is stabilized by resonance.
_Why does ethanol increase solubility of aspirin?
Aspirin is more soluble in ethanol even though ethanol is
also considered as a polar solvent .The presence of the
hydrophobic ethyl group in ethanol makes it a better
solvent for aspirin. This is the reason why ethanol is used
as a recrystallization solvent for aspirin.
_How do you increase the solubility of salicylic acid in
water?
Spray drying techniques have been applied to improve the
solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble
salicylic acid. Spray drying of the acid dispersed in acacia
solutions resulted in as much as a 50% improvement in
the solubility of the product.
_What is aspirin?
(also known as acetyl salicylic acid) :is odorless colorless-
to-white crystals or crystalline powder with a slightly
bitter taste.
_What is the smell of aspirin?
the vinegar-like odor of acetic acid on contact with
moisture, and is weakly acidic substance. It is slightly
soluble in water.
