Logic Families

(COMBINATION LOGIC, BINARY ARITHMETIC CIRCUITS, DATA-SELECT AND MULTIPLEXING,

COMPARATORS, ENCODERS AND DECODERS)

Presenter:

ALBERTO S. ELCULLADA, JR., MIT

Teacher III
Introduction to Logic Families

Logic families refer to groups of electronic logic gates that

share similar electrical characteristics, such as voltage
levels, power consumption, speed, and fan-out capabilities.
Common logic families include TTL (Transistor-Transistor
Logic) and CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-
Semiconductor). These families are fundamental in digital
circuits, determining how components interact and
influence the performance, efficiency, and compatibility of
digital systems. Choosing the right logic family is essential for
optimizing circuit design in terms of speed, power, and
reliability.
Introduction to Logic Families

Digital electronics revolves around processing and

manipulating binary data (0s and 1s) using logic gates and
circuits, which form the building blocks of complex digital
systems. Key concepts include Boolean algebra, logic
gates, flip-flops, counters, and memory devices, which
enable binary arithmetic, data storage, and signal
processing. Applications span across computing,
telecommunications, automation, and embedded systems,
powering everything from microprocessors and digital
communication to robotics and control systems.
Combination Logic

Combinational logic circuits are digital circuits where the

output depends solely on the current inputs, without any
memory of past inputs. These circuits use basic logic
gates—AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR—to
perform operations like addition, subtraction, comparison,
and data selection. Essential in tasks that require direct
input-to-output mapping, combinational logic is
foundational in creating adders, multiplexers, encoders,
and decoders, enabling efficient data processing in digital
systems.
Combination Logic

Combinational logic circuits differ from sequential logic

circuits in that they produce outputs based only on the
current input values, with no memory of past inputs. In
contrast, sequential logic circuits have memory elements
(such as flip-flops) that store past input states, allowing the
output to depend on both current and previous inputs. This
makes sequential circuits essential for applications requiring
state retention and timing, like counters, registers, and finite
state machines in digital systems.
Combination Logic

Combination logic circuits are widely used in digital systems

for tasks that require direct and immediate processing of
inputs. They are essential in arithmetic operations (adders
and subtractors), data routing (multiplexers and
demultiplexers), encoding and decoding data, and
comparison operations (comparators). These circuits form
the backbone of CPUs, ALUs, and other processing units,
enabling fast, real-time data manipulation and decision-
making in computing and control systems.
Binary Arithmetic Circuits

Binary arithmetic operations are fundamental calculations

in digital systems using binary numbers (0s and 1s). In binary
addition, similar to decimal addition, each bit is added,
carrying over a 1 to the next column if the sum exceeds 1
(e.g., 1 + 1 = 10 in binary). Binary subtraction follows the
borrowing method, where 1 is borrowed from the next
column if needed (e.g., 10 - 1 = 1 in binary). These
operations are crucial in arithmetic logic units (ALUs) within
processors, enabling essential computations in digital
devices.
Binary Arithmetic Circuits

Binary arithmetic circuits are specialized digital circuits

designed to perform binary calculations. Key types include:
• Adders: Circuits that perform binary addition. Half adders
add two single-bit numbers, while full adders add three
bits (including carry-in), enabling multi-bit addition.
• Subtractors: Circuits that handle binary subtraction. Half
subtractors perform subtraction on single bits, while full
subtractors account for borrow-in values, enabling multi-
bit subtraction.
Binary Arithmetic Circuits

• Add-Subtract Circuits: These versatile circuits can

perform both addition and subtraction, often using
control signals to switch between operations.
These circuits are essential in arithmetic logic units (ALUs),
forming the core of processors and supporting operations in
calculators, computers, and embedded systems.
Binary Arithmetic Circuits

In binary arithmetic circuits, half adders and full adders are

fundamental components for performing binary addition:
1. Half Adder:
• A half adder adds two single-bit binary numbers (A and
B).
• It produces a sum (S) and a carry (C) output.
• For instance, if 𝐴=1A=1 and 𝐵=1B=1:
• Sum 𝑆=0S=0 (since 1 + 1 in binary gives 10)
• Carry 𝐶=1C=1
Binary Arithmetic Circuits
Binary Arithmetic Circuits

2. Full Adder:
• A full adder adds three single-bit numbers: A, B, and a
carry-in (C-in) from a previous addition.
• It produces a sum (S) and a carry-out (C-out).
• For example, if 𝐴=1A=1, 𝐵=1B=1, and 𝐶-in=1C-in=1:
• Sum 𝑆=1S=1
• Carry-out 𝐶-out=1C-out=1
Binary Arithmetic Circuits
Data-Select and Multiplexing

Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals or

data streams into one signal over a shared medium,
allowing efficient use of resources. A multiplexer (MUX) is a
digital switch that selects one of several input signals and
forwards it to a single output line. It plays a crucial role in
data selection by enabling the transmission of multiple data
sources through a single channel, based on control signals,
thus reducing the number of required communication lines
and improving system efficiency.
Data-Select and Multiplexing

Data selection plays a vital role in both communication

and digital circuits by enabling efficient transmission and
processing of information. In communication systems,
multiplexers and demultiplexers allow multiple signals to
share a single transmission medium, optimizing bandwidth
usage. In digital circuits, data selection is used in tasks like
routing information, managing memory access, and
controlling data flow between different parts of a system,
such as in microprocessors, ALUs, and data buses. This
ensures that the right data is processed or transmitted at
the right time, enhancing overall system performance.
Data-Select and Multiplexing

A 4-to-1 multiplexer (MUX) has 4 input lines, 2 control

(select) lines, and 1 output. The 2 select lines determine
which of the 4 input lines is connected to the output.4-to-1
Multiplexer Circuit Diagram:
Data-Select and Multiplexing

+-------------------+
S1 --->| |
S0 --->| 4-to-1 MUX |---> Output (Y)
| |
I0 ---->| |
I1 ---->| |
I2 ---->| |
I3 ---->| |
+-------------------+
Data-Select and Multiplexing

• S1 and S0 are the select lines (control inputs).

• I0, I1, I2, I3 are the data inputs.
• Y is the output.
Data-Select and Multiplexing

When the select lines are set to a particular combination,

the corresponding input (I0, I1, I2, or I3) is routed to the
output.
Comparators

In digital systems, a comparator is a circuit that compares

two binary values and determines their relationship,
typically whether one is greater than, less than, or equal to
the other. Comparators are crucial for decision-making
processes in digital electronics, enabling applications like
data sorting, magnitude comparison, and control systems.
They are commonly used in CPUs, memory devices, and
automated systems where conditional operations based on
value comparisons are required.
Comparators

Comparators function by evaluating the binary values of

two inputs and producing outputs that indicate the
relationship between them, such as "greater than," "less
than," or "equal to." They use logic gates to analyze each
bit of the binary numbers, starting from the most significant
bit, to determine the comparison result. If one input has a
higher bit set than the other, the comparator signals that it
is "greater." Comparators are essential for conditional
operations in digital systems, such as sorting, counting, and
control mechanisms.
Comparators

1-Bit Comparator:
• A 1-bit comparator compares two single-bit binary
values (A and B) and has three possible outputs:
• A > B: Output is 1 if A is greater than B.
• A < B: Output is 1 if A is less than B.
• A = B: Output is 1 if A and B are equal.

For instance, if A = 1 and B = 0, the comparator’s output

for A > B would be 1.
Comparators

Multi-Bit Comparator:
• Multi-bit comparators compare binary numbers with multiple
bits (e.g., 4-bit numbers) by evaluating each bit position from
the most significant bit to the least significant.
• A 4-bit comparator with inputs A and B (each 4 bits) has
outputs for A > B, A < B, and A = B.
For example, comparing A = 1011 and B = 1001:
• The comparator checks each bit and determines that A >
B because the most significant bit difference shows A is
larger.
Multi-bit comparators are widely used in digital systems for
magnitude comparisons, sorting, and control logic in CPUs and
memory units.
Encoders

An encoder is a digital circuit that converts multiple input

signals into a coded output, typically reducing the number
of data lines needed to represent information. Encoders
take a high number of input lines, where only one input is
active at a time, and output a binary code corresponding
to the active input line. Encoders are essential for data
compression and efficient signal transmission in digital
systems, commonly used in keyboards, communication
systems, and data routing applications.
Encoders

The encoding process involves converting active input

signals into a binary code output, simplifying data
representation. In a basic 4-to-2 encoder, four input lines (I0,
I1, I2, I3) are mapped to two output lines (Y1, Y0), with each
binary output representing one active input.4-to-2 Encoder
Diagram:
Encoders

4-to-2 Encoder Diagram:

+-------------------+
I0 --->| |--- Y1 (Output)
I1 --->| 4-to-2 |--- Y0 (Output)
I2 --->| Encoder |
I3 --->| |
+-------------------+
Encoders

• 0, I1, I2, I3 are inputs where only one input is active at a

time.
• Y1, Y0 are binary outputs representing the active input.

Encoding Example:
Encoders

Priority encoders are advanced encoders used in digital

systems to identify the highest-priority active input when
multiple inputs are active simultaneously. They assign priority
to each input, ensuring only the highest-priority input is
encoded and outputted. Priority encoders are widely used
in interrupt handling within microprocessors, where multiple
devices may request CPU attention; the encoder identifies
the most critical request and signals the CPU to respond
accordingly. They are also essential in digital
communication systems and control panels for managing
multiple signal sources and ensuring efficient, prioritized
data processing.
Decoders

A decoder is a digital circuit that converts coded inputs

into a specific output pattern, effectively performing the
inverse of an encoder. Given a binary code as input, a
decoder activates one unique output line based on the
input value. Decoders are crucial in data processing for
interpreting encoded information, enabling tasks such as
memory address selection, data routing, and command
execution in digital systems. They are commonly used in
memory devices, microprocessors, and display systems to
control and direct data flow based on binary instructions.
Decoders

A binary-to-decimal decoder converts binary input into a

unique decimal output by activating one specific output
line for each binary input combination. A 3-to-8 decoder is
a simple example, where 3 binary inputs (A, B, C)
correspond to 8 unique outputs (O0 to O7), representing
decimal values 0 through 7.
Decoders

A binary-to-decimal decoder converts binary input into a

unique decimal output by activating one specific output
line for each binary input combination. A 3-to-8 decoder is
a simple example, where 3 binary inputs (A, B, C)
correspond to 8 unique outputs (O0 to O7), representing
decimal values 0 through 7.
Decoders

3-to-8 Decoder Diagram:

+-------------------+
A --->| |--- O0 (Output for 000)
B --->| 3-to-8 |--- O1 (Output for 001)
C --->| Decoder |--- O2 (Output for 010)
| |--- O3 (Output for 011)
| |--- O4 (Output for 100)
| |--- O5 (Output for 101)
| |--- O6 (Output for 110)
| |--- O7 (Output for 111)
+-------------------+
Decoders

A binary-to-decimal decoder converts binary input into a

unique decimal output by activating one specific output
line for each binary input combination. A 3-to-8 decoder is
a simple example, where 3 binary inputs (A, B, C)
correspond to 8 unique outputs (O0 to O7), representing
decimal values 0 through 7.
Decoders
Decoders

For instance, if the binary input is 101 (decimal 5), only

output O5 is active, indicating the decimal equivalent.
Decoders like this are used for address decoding in memory
systems and translating binary signals for output devices.
Decoders

In memory systems, decoders select specific memory

addresses by activating the appropriate memory location
based on binary address inputs, enabling efficient data
storage and retrieval. In display systems, decoders translate
binary data into visual signals, such as illuminating specific
segments in a 7-segment display to represent numbers.
Decoders streamline data interpretation and control,
making them essential for memory access and visual output
in digital devices.
Applications of Logic Families

• Summarize how these logic components integrate into

larger digital systems.
• Examples of where combination logic circuits are used
(e.g., CPUs, data processors).
Summary

• Recap key points on Combination Logic, Arithmetic

Circuits, Data Selection, Comparators, Encoders, and
Decoders.
• Highlight the versatility and functionality of logic families
in digital electronics.
Questions & Discussion
• Prompt: Open the floor for any questions.

39
Thank You!