DBMS GTU Paper Solution

Winter 2021 | 3130703

Here, We provide Database Management System GTU Paper Solution
Winter 2021. Read the Full DBMS gtu paper solution given below.

DBMS GTU Old Paper Winter 2021 [Marks : 70] : Click Here

Question: 1
(a) Explain three levels of data abstraction.

There are mainly 3 levels of data abstraction:

Data abstraction is the process of hiding complex implementation

details of a system and presenting a simplified view of the data to
the user. This helps in managing the complexity of the system
and makes it easier to use and understand. There are three levels
of data abstraction in a database management system:

1. Physical Level: The physical level of data abstraction is the

lowest level of abstraction. At this level, the database
management system deals with the physical storage of
data. It is concerned with how the data is stored on the
storage media such as hard disks, tapes, or any other
storage device. The physical level describes the data
structures used for storing data, the file organization
techniques, and the access methods used to retrieve data.

2. Logical Level: The logical level of data abstraction is the

second level of abstraction. At this level, the database
management system deals with the logical representation

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 of data. It is concerned with the meaning of the data stored
in the database. The logical level describes the
relationships between data elements, the constraints
applied on data, and the operations that can be performed
on the data.

3. View Level: The view level of data abstraction is the

highest level of abstraction. At this level, the database
management system deals with the user interface or the
user view of the data. It is concerned with the way the data
is presented to the user. The view level describes the
user’s view of the data, the user’s access privileges, and
the way the data is presented to the user. Different users
may have different views of the same data, depending on
their needs and requirements.

Example: In case of storing customer data,

Physical level – it will contains block of storages

(bytes,GB,TB,etc)

Logical level – it will contain the fields and the attributes of data.

View level – it works with CLI or GUI access of database

(b) Describe Data Definition Language and Data

Manipulation Language.

(c) What is integrity constraint? Explain primary key,

reference key and check constraint with SQL syntax.

Question: 2
(a) Differentiate single-valued and multi-valued attributes
with example.

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 Single-Valued Attributes

Single valued attributes are those attributes that consist of a

single value for each entity instance and can’t store more than
one value. The value of these single-valued attributes always
remains the same, just like the name of a person.

Example Diagram:

As we can see in the above example, These attributes can store

only one value from a set of possible values. Each entity instance
can have only one Roll_no, which is a unique, single DOB by
which we can calculate age and also fixed gender. Also, we can’t
further subdivide these attributes, and hence, they are simple as
well as single-valued attributes.

Multi-Valued Attributes

Multi-valued attributes have opposite functionality to that of

single-valued attributes, and as the name suggests, multi-valued
attributes can take up and store more than one value at a time for
an entity instance from a set of possible values. These attributes
are represented by co-centric elliptical shape, and we can also
use curly braces { } to represent multi-valued attributes inside it.

Example Diagram:

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 As we can see in the above example, the Student entity has four
attributes: Roll_no and Age are simple as well as single-valued
attributes as discussed above but Mob_no and Email_id are
represented by co-centric ellipse are multi-valued attributes.

(b) What is weak entity? How the weak entity can be

converted to the strong entity? Show the symbol for
representing weak entity.

(c)Why do we require E-R model? Explain the term

‘Generalization’, ‘Specialization’ and ‘Aggregation’.

(c) What is the similarity between relational model and E-R

model? How the entity, attributes, primary key and
relationship are shown in the relational model.

Question: 3
(a) Write Relational Algebra syntax for the following
queries. Employee(eno,ename,salary,designation)
Customer(cno,cname,address,city)
1) Find out name of employees who are ‘Manager’.
2) Display name of customers.
3) Retrieve Employee records whose salary is less than
20,000.

1. Π ename (σ designation=’Manager’ (Employee))

2. Π cname (Customer)

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 3. Π eno, ename, salary, designation (σ salary < 20000
(Employee))

(b) Differentiate lossy decomposition and lossless

decomposition.

(c) What is redundancy? Explain insert, update and delete

anomalies in database with example.

Question: 3
(a) Write Relational Algebra syntax for the given queries
using the following database.
Employee(eno,ename,salary,designation)
Customer(cno,cname,address,city)
1) Find out name of employees who are also customers.
2) Find out name of person who are employees but not
customers. 3)Display all names who are either employees or
customers.

1. Π ename (Employee) ∩ Π cname (Customer)

2. Π ename (Employee) – Π cname (Customer)

3. Π ename (Employee) U Π cname (Customer)

(b) What is the limitation of index-sequential file? Explain

with example how B+ tree overcomes it.

(c) What is the difference between Join and Sub query?

Explain any two built-in function for following category. 1)
Numeric 2) String 3) Date

Question: 4
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 (a) What is the view? How does it different from the table?

The view is a virtual/logical table formed as a result of a query

and used to view or manipulate parts of the table. We can create
the columns of the view from one or more tables. Its content is
based on base tables.

The view is a database object with no values and contains rows

and columns the same as real tables. It does not occupy
space on our systems.

The following points explain the differences between

tables and views:

A table is a database object that holds information used in

applications and reports. On the other hand, a view is also a
database object utilized as a table and can also link to other
tables.

A table consists of rows and columns to store and organized data

in a structured format, while the view is a result set of SQL
statements.

A table is structured with columns and rows, while a view is a

virtual table extracted from a database.

The table is an independent data object while views are usually

depending on the table.

The table is an actual or real table that exists in physical

locations. On the other hand, views are the virtual or logical
tablethat does not exist in any physical location.

A table allows to performs add, update or delete operations on

the stored data. On the other hand, we cannot perform add,
update, or delete operations on any data from a view. If we want

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 to make any changes in a view, we need to update the data in the
source tables.

We cannot replace the table object directly because it is stored as

a physical entry. In contrast, we can easily use the replace option
to recreate the view because it is a pseudo name to the SQL
statement running behind on the database server.

(b) Explain below mentioned features of concurrency. 1)

Improved throughput 2) Reduced waiting time

(c) What is index in the database? Explain sparse indices

and Dense indices with proper example.

Question: 4
(a) Differentiate dynamic hashing and static hashing.

Dynamic Hashing Static Hashing

Hash table size can change Hash table size is fixed at

during execution compile time or initialization

Used when the number of Used when the number of

keys is unknown or may keys is known and will not
change change

Can use open addressing or Typically uses chaining to

chaining to resolve collisions resolve collisions

Insertions and deletions may Insertions and deletions do

require rehashing and not require rehashing or
resizing the table resizing the table

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 Dynamic Hashing Static Hashing

Can use more memory than Uses less memory than

static hashing dynamic hashing

(b) What is the atomicity and consistency property of

transaction?

(c) What is Query processing? Explain why ‘Parsing and

translation’ and ‘Optimization’ steps are required for query
processing.

Question: 5
(a) How does ‘partial commit’ state differ from ‘commit’
state of the transaction?

In a database management system, a transaction is a sequence of

operations that are treated as a single unit of work. The two main
states of a transaction are the “partial commit” state and the
“commit” state.

1. Partial Commit State: In the partial commit state, some of

the changes made by the transaction are saved to the
database, while the remaining changes are still in the
transaction buffer and have not yet been written to the
database. In this state, the transaction can still be rolled
back if there is a failure, and the database can be restored
to its original state before the transaction started.

2. Commit State: In the commit state, all the changes made

by the transaction are saved to the database, and the
transaction is completed. Once the transaction has been
committed, it cannot be rolled back, and the changes made
by the transaction become permanent in the database.

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 The main difference between the partial commit state and the
commit state is that in the partial commit state, only some of the
changes made by the transaction are saved to the database,
while in the commit state, all the changes made by the
transaction are saved to the database. The partial commit state is
useful in situations where a transaction involves multiple steps,
and it is not necessary to commit all the changes at once. For
example, in a banking application, a transaction that involves
transferring money from one account to another may involve
multiple steps, such as checking the account balance, deducting
the amount from the source account, and adding the amount to
the destination account. In this case, the partial commit state can
be used to save the changes made in each step before
committing the entire transaction. This can help in reducing the
risk of errors and ensuring data consistency in the database.

(b) Enlist and explain user authorization to modify the

database schema.

(c) How does two phase locking protocol differ from

timestamp based protocol? Explain timestamp-ordering
protocol.

Question: 5
(a) Why does the trigger require in database? Write SQL
syntax for creating database trigger.

Triggers are used for several purposes:

Produce additional checking during insert, update or delete

operations on the affected table.

They allow us to encode complex default values that cannot be

handled by default constraints.

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 Implement referential integrity across databases.

They allow us to control what actually happens when one

performs an insert, update, or delete on a view that accesses
multiple tables.

You can calculate aggregated columns in a table using triggers.

A trigger is a stored procedure in database which automatically

invokes whenever a special event in the database occurs. For
example, a trigger can be invoked when a row is inserted into a
specified table or when certain table columns are being updated.

Syntax:

create trigger [trigger_name]

[before | after]
{insert | update | delete}
on [table_name]
[for each row]
[trigger_body]

Example :

create trigger stud_marks

before INSERT
on
Student
for each row
set Student.total = Student.subj1 + Student.subj2 + Student.subj3,
Student.per = Student.total * 60 / 100;

(b) When do we require to use group by clause? How

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 aggregate functions are used with group by clause?

(c) When Join is used in SQL? Explain Left outer, Right outer
and Full outer join with SQL syntax.

Read More : DS GTU Paper Solution Winter 2021

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