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Chemistry Revision Notes

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Questions for Grade 12

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By Megersa Legesse
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 Atomic Models
The History of the Atom
1. Scientist: Democritus (Greek Philosopher)
Democritus was a Greek philosopher who was the first person to use the term atom
(atomos: meaning indivisible). He thought that if you take a piece of matter and divide it and
continue to divide it you will eventually come to a point where you could not divide it any
more. This fundamental or basic unit was what Democritus called an atom.

He called this the theory of the universe:

All matter consists of atoms, which are bits of matter too small to be seen.
There is an empty space between atoms
Atoms are completely solid
Atoms have no internal structure
2. Scientist: John Dalton
John Dalton was the first to adapt Democritus’ theory into the first modern atomic model.
John Dalton’s Atomic Model:

All matter consists of tiny particles called atoms

Atoms are indestructible and unchangeable
Elements are characterized by the weight of their atoms
When elements react, it is their atoms that have combined to form new compounds
Atoms of an element are identical.
Each element has different atoms.
Atoms of different elements combine in constant ratios to form compounds.
Atoms are rearranged in reactions
3. Scientist: J.J Thomson
J.J Thomson was a physicist who is credited for discovering the electron. He used his research
on cathode ray tube technology in this discovery.

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 Thomson’s Atomic Model:
Using what he had discovered, Thomson predicted what an atom should look like. These are
the key points to Thomson’s Atomic Model:
Because of its design this model is known as the plum pudding model
Each atom is a sphere filled with positively charged ‘fluid’. This resembles the sticky jam
part of a pudding.
Corpuscles (later called electrons), are the negatively charged particles suspended in this
‘fluid’. This resembles the plums in the pudding.
He did not predict the movement of these electrons
4. Scientist: Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford was not convinced about the model of the atom proposed by Thomson.
He thus set up his now famous Gold Foil Experiment.
Rutherford’s Atomic Model (Aka the Planetary Model):
The nucleus of the atom is a dense mass of positively charged particles.
The electrons orbit the nucleus
A problem raised was: Why are the negatively charged particles not attracted by the
positively charged nucleus Rutherford stated that the atom was like a mini solar system and
that the electrons orbited the nucleus in a wide orbit. That is why it is known as the
planetary model.

5. Scientist: Niels Bohr

Niels Bohr agreed with the planetary model of the atom, but also knew that it had a few flaws.
Using his knowledge of energy and quantum physics he was able to perfect Rutherford’s
model. He was able to answer why the electrons did not collapse into the nucleus.

Bohr’s Atomic Model (Aka the Rutherford-Bohr Model):

Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have a set size and energy.
The lower the energy of the electron, the lower the orbit.
This means that as electrons fill up the orbitals, they will fill the lower energy level first.
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 If that energy level is fill (or at capacity), a new energy level will begin.
Radiation is when an electron moves from one level to another.
6. Scientist: Erwin Schrödinger
Erwin Schrödinger was a revolutionary physicist who used Heisenberg’s uncertainty
principle to come up with the atomic model that we still use today.
Schrödinger’s Atomic Model (Aka the Cloud Model)
An electron does not travel in an exact orbit
We can predict where it will probably be
We cannot say for certain where it is, but only where it ought to be.
The type of probability orbit is dependent on the energy level described by Bohr.

Practice Questions
1. J.J. Thomson’s Cathode Ray Tube experiment led to the discovery of
A. The positively charged subatomic particle called the electron
B. The positively charged subatomic particle called the proton
C. The positively charged subatomic particle called the electron
D. The negatively charged subatomic particle called the electron
2. According to the Wave-Mechanical Model
A. Electrons are found in areas of high probability called orbitals
B. Electrons travel around the nucleus in circular paths called orbits
C. Electrons are found in areas of high probability called orbits
D. Electrons travel around the nucleus in random paths called orbitals
3. Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that the atom is mostly empty space because
A. Some of the alpha particles were reflected right back
B. Some of the alpha particles were deflected
C. Most of the alpha particles went straight through the foil
D. All of the alpha particles went straight through the foil
E. All of the alpha particles were deflected
4. What was Planck's contribution to the quantum mechanical model of the atom?
A. The uncertainty principle
B. The concept of quanta of energy
C. The idea that every mass has a wave with which it is associated
D. The wave equation E. A relationship between energy and mass

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 5. What did Schrodinger contribute to the quantum mechanical model of the atom?
A. the uncertainty principle
B. concept of quanta of energy
C. the idea that every mass has a wave with which it is associated
D. the wave equation
E. a relationship between energy and mass
6. How was Bohr able to discover the energies of each energy level in the hydrogen atom?
A. Using the fact that most alpha particles went straight through the gold foil
B. Using the fact that some alpha particles were deflected by the gold foil
C. Using the line spectrum of hydrogen when it is excited
D. Using the fact that atoms are electrically neutral
E. None of the above
7. Many classic experiments have given us indirect evidence of the nature of the atom. Which
of the experiments listed below did not give the results described?
A. The Rutherford experiment proved the Thomson “plum-pudding” model of the atom to
be essentially correct.
B. The Rutherford experiment was useful in determining the nuclear charge on the atom.
C. Millikan’s oil-drop experiment showed that the charge on any particle was a simple
multiple of the charge on the electron.
D. The electric discharge tube proved that electrons have a negative charge.
8. Which of the following is/are part of Bohr’s interpretation of the hydrogen line spectrum
A. Electrons release energy as light as they move to a higher energy level
B. Different wavelengths of light correspond to electrons dropping between different
quantum levels
C. The potential energy of an electron decreases as it moves further from the nucleus
D. All of the above
9. Which of the statements of Dalton’s atomic model is now known to be incorrect?
A. Each element has its own type of atom
B. All matter is made of tiny particles called atoms
C. Atoms of the same element are identical
D. Atoms can be joined together to form compounds
Periodic Classification of the Elements
Early Attempts in classifying the elements

I. DOBEREINER’S TRIADS
Early attempts to classify elements were based merely on atomic mass. Johann Wolfgang
Dobereiner was a German chemist who tried grouping similar elements based on properties.
 He conducted many experiments and observed the trends.

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  He finally categorized elements into groups of three in 1817, based on the atomic masses of
the elements in each triad.
 These groups were called triads, because of three elements in each group.
According to Dobereiner’s law of triads: When elements are arranged in the order of increasing
atomic masses, groups of three elements known as triads having similar chemical properties are
obtained.
So, according to the law, the atomic mass of the middle element of the triad is equal to the arithmetic
mean of the atomic masses of the other two elements.
Example-1: Dobereiner's Triads

Example-2: Alkali metal group (Dobereiner’s Triad)

Element of the triad Symbols Atomic masses

1. Lithium Li 7
2. Sodium Na 23
3. Potassium K 39
II. NEWLANDS’ LAW OF OCTAVES

John Newlands was an English scientist who arranged the 56 elements known at that time, in the
order of increasing atomic masses in 1866. The first element was hydrogen which has the lowest
atomic mass and the last element was thorium which was the element known to have highest atomic
mass at that time. He called this law as the ‘Law of Octaves’ better known as ‘Newland’s Law of
Octaves’ because every eighth element exhibited similar properties as compared to the first element.
According to the Newlands’ law of octaves: When elements are arranged in the order of increasing
atomic masses, the properties of the eight elements (starting from a given element) are a repetition
of the properties of the first element.

 Since the properties of Li and Na are same, sodium is placed at the eighth position with
respect to lithium.
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 The Modern Periodic Table

The Periodic Law

I. Mendeleev’s Periodic Law

Mendeleev observed that, when elements are arranged according to increasing atomic mass, the
chemical and physical properties of the elements recur at regular intervals. This periodic variation
and the recurrence of the properties of the elements led to the formulation of the Periodic Law.

Mendeleev's periodic law states that “the properties of the elements are periodic functions of
their atomic masses.”

Mendeleev left blank spaces for the undiscovered elements and also predicted masses and other
properties of these unknown elements almost correctly.

Defects in Mendeleev's periodic table

a. Position of isotopes: The isotopes were not given separate places in Mendeleev's periodic
table.
b. Wrong order of atomic masses of some elements: When certain elements are grouped on
the basis of their chemical properties, some elements with higher atomic masses precede
those with lower atomic masses.
II. The Modern Periodic Law
In 1913, the English physicist Henry Mosley determined the atomic number of each of the
elements by analyzing their X-ray spectra. The atomic number of every element is fixed, and
it clearly distinguishes one element from another. 'No two elements can have the same atomic
number.'
The modern periodic law states that: ‘the properties of the elements are periodic function of
their atomic numbers.’’ This means that when elements are arranged according to increasing
atomic number, elements with similar physical and chemical properties fall in the same group.

Practice Questions

1. Newlands arranged the elements in order of:

A. Atomic mass B. mass their first letter C. atomic number D. number of electrons
2. Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of:
A. Atomic number B. Relative atomic mass C. their first letter D. number of neutrons
3. Who predicted the properties of undiscovered elements using their table?
A. Newlands B. Mendeleev C. Dobereiner D. Newton
4. In the modern periodic table the elements are arranged in order of:
A. Atomic number B. relative atomic mass C. their first letter D. the alphabet
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 A. 59 B. 125 C. 130 D. 144

STOICHIOMETRY
1. Which of the following statements does NOT correctly describes the following reaction?
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
A. 1 mole of N2 react with 3 moles of H2 to give 2 moles of NH3
B. 28g of N2 react with 6g of H2 to produce 34g of NH3
C. 3 liters of N2 reacts 2 liters of H2 to produce 2 liters of NH3
D. 1 molecules of N2 reacts with 3 molecules of H2 to gives 2 molecules of NH3
From a balanced chemical equation, it is possible to determine:
The number of moles of each reactant and product and
relative mass of each of the reactants and products
For example, in the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to produce water, the equation tells us
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l);
Mole → 2 mole 1 mole 2 mole
Molecule → 2 molecule 1 molecule 2 molecule
Mass → 4 g 32 g 2 × 18 g
36 g reactant 36 g product

STOICHIOMETRY INVOLVING ONLY PURE SUBSTANCES

For all chemical reactions, the balanced chemical equation gives the mole ratios of reactants and
products. If we are dealing with pure chemicals, the molar mass allows us to convert the mass of a
reactant or product into moles.
I. Mass–Mass Relationships
In mass-mass problems, the mass of one substance is given, and the mass of the second substance is
determined from the same reaction. There are two methods for solving such types of problems.
 Mass-ratio method
 Mole-ratio method
Consider the reaction shown below.
Ca3N2 (s) + 6H2O (l) → 2NH3 (g) + 3Ca(OH)2 (s)
Mole ratio 1 : 6 : 2 : 3
Molar mass 148.3 18.0 17.0 74.1 (g/mole)
For this reaction, 1 mole of Ca3N2 will react with 6 moles of H2O to produce 2 moles of NH3 and 3 moles
of Ca(OH)2. Therefore, for this reaction 1 mole Ca3N2 ≡ 6 moles H2O. Similar equivalences will apply to
other pairs of reactants and/or products. For example, 6 moles H2O ≡ 2 moles NH3.

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 Mass-ratio method
In this type of stoichiometric calculation, the mass of one substance is determined from the given mass of
the other substance.
Example: Calculate the mass of Ca(OH)2 that can be formed from the reaction of 10.0 g of Ca3N2 with an
excess
Of H2O. Ca3N2 (s) + 6H2O (l) → 2NH3 (g) + 3Ca(OH)2 (s)
Solution: From the balanced equation, 148.3 gm of Ca3N2 gives 3x74.1 gm = 222.3 gm
10.0 gm of Ca3N2 = X?
X = 10 x 222.3/148.3 = 15 gm
2. Aluminum Oxide is formed when aluminum combines with oxygen in the air. How many grams of Al2O3
are formed when 23.6g of Al reacts completely with oxygen?
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
A. 44.6 grams B. 35.6 grams C. 87.6 grams D. 21.6
grams
3. Boron carbonate decomposes into boron oxide and carbon dioxide. How many moles of CO2 are
produced when 5.0 mol of boron carbonate decomposes completely?
B2 (CO3)3 → B2O3 + 3CO2
A. 15 mol B. 1.67 mol C. 5 mol D. 8 mol

III. The mole- ratio method

The mole ratio is the ratio between the numbers of moles of any two substances in a given reaction. In
this method, the given mass is converted into moles, and the number of moles for the required substance
is calculated. If needed, convert the obtained moles back to mass.
Example: How many moles of H2O are required to produce 4.5 moles of HNO3 according to the
following
reaction: 3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO
Solution: From the balanced equation, 2 moles of HNO3 are produced from 1 mole of H2O
4.5 moles of HNO3 are produced from x mole of H2O
X = 4.5 x ½ = 2.25 moles HNO3
4. Given 2.30 grams of Fe, how many moles of FeCl3 can be produced?
2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
A. 0.04 moles B. 0.08 moles C. 0.02 moles D. 2.3 moles
5. How many liters of fluorine gas can be produced when 0.67 L of HF reacts with excess O2 at STP?
4HF + O2 → 2F2 + 2H2O
A. 0.67 L B. 2.68 L C. 0.335 L D. 1.34 L

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 IV. Volume- Volume relation ship
Avogadro's hypothesis states that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain
the same number of gas particles. Further, one mole of any gas at standard temperature and pressure
(0oC and 1atm) occupies a volume of 22.4L. These characteristics make stoichiometry problems involving
gases at STP very straightforward. Consider the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen gases to form nitrogen
dioxide:
N2 (g) + 2O2 (g) → 2 NO2 (g)
1 molecule 2 molecules 2 molecules
1 mol 2 mol 2 mol
1 Volume 2 Volumes 2 Volumes
Example: The combustion of propane gas produces carbon dioxide and water vapor.
C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
a. What volume of oxygen is required to completely combust 0.650L of propane?
b. What volume of carbon dioxide is produced in the reaction?
Known
 Given: 0.650LC3H8
 1 volume C3H8 = 5 C3H8 = 5 volumes O2
 1 volume C3H8 = 3 C3H8 = 3 volumes CO2
Solution:
a. 1 L C3H8 = 5 L O2 b. 1.95 L CO2
0.650 L C3H8 = X
X = 3.25 L O2
Example: What volume of oxygen will react with carbon monoxide to produce 20 litres of carbon dioxide at
STP? 2CO + O2 → 2CO2
Solution: 1 mol of any gas at STP occupies a volume of 22.4 L
22.4 L O2 = 2 x 22.4 L CO2
X L of O2 = 20 L CO2
X= 10 L O2
Note that total volume is not necessarily conserved in a reaction because moles are not necessarily
conserved. In this reaction, 6 total volumes of reactants become 7 total volumes of products.
V. Mass–Volume Relationships
In mass-volume problems, either the mass of one substance is given and the volume of the other is required
or the volume of one substance is given and the mass of the other one is required
Example: How many grams of calcium carbonate are decomposed to produce 11.2 L of carbon dioxide at
STP?
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Solution: 1 mol CaCO3 (100 g) = 1 mol CO2 (22.4 L)
X g CaCO3 = 11.2 L CO2
X = 50 g CaCO3

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6. How many liters of O2 at STP will react with 8.7 grams of C2H4 to form CO2 and H2O?
C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O
A. 20.16 L B. 2.32 L C. 22.4 L D. 6.54 L
Solution: C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O
1 C 2 H4 = 3 O2
1 mol = 3 mol
1 mol = 3 x 22.4 L
8.7 gm/28 g/mol = ?
= 20.16 L

DETERMINING LIMITING AND EXCESS REAGENTS

Limiting Reagent: The limiting reagent in a chemical reaction is the reactant that will be consumed
completely. Once there is no more of that reactant, the reaction cannot proceed. Therefor it limits the
reaction from continuing. The limiting reagent gives the smallest yield of product calculated from the
reagents (reactants) available. This smallest yield of product is called the theoretical yield.
To find the limiting reagent and theoretical yield, carry out the following procedure:
i. Find the moles of each reactant present.
ii. Calculate the moles of a product formed from each mole of reactant.
iii. Identify the reactant giving the smaller number of moles of product. This reactant is the Limiting
Reagent:
iv. Calculate the grams of product produced by the Limiting Reagent. This is the theoretical yield.
THEORETICAL YIELD: The theoretical yield is the amount of the product in g formed from the limiting
reagent. From the moles of limiting reagent available, calculate the grams of product that is theoretically
possible
ACTUAL YIELD: The actual yield is the amount of the product in g actually formed in the laboratory
PERCENT YIELD: The percent yield is the percent of the product formed based upon the theoretical yield

Excess Reagent: The excess reagent is the reactant that could keep reacting if the other had not been
consumed.
Example: If we have 14.8g of propane, and 34.4g of oxygen, determine
a. The limiting reagent
b. The number of moles carbon dioxide produced
c. Mass of water produced
d. Mass of excess reagent
Solution: First, we need a chemical equation and moles of each component.
𝐶3𝐻8 + 5𝑂2 → 3𝐶𝑂2 + 4𝐻2𝑂
No of moles of C3H8 = m/M = 14.8/44 = 0.336 mol
No of moles of O2 = m/M = 34.4/32 = 1.075 mol
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Now that we have the amounts of propane and oxygen, we can find out how much carbon dioxide will be
produced.

This means:
 Oxygen is the limiting reactant
 0.645 moles of carbon dioxide will be formed.
 We can also figure out how many moles of water are produced, and therefore how much mass.

 Finally, we can find the excess needed.

7. Which statement is true if 18 mol CO and 18 mol Fe2O3 are allowed to react? HINT: Determine the
limiting reactant first, then convert the limiting reactant to moles of CO2 and moles of Fe to see which is
correct.
3CO + Fe2O3 → 2Fe + 3CO2
A. The limiting reactant is CO and 12 mol of CO2 will be formed
B. The limiting reactant is Fe2O3 and 8 mol Fe will be formed
C. The limiting reactant is CO and 12 mol of Fe will be formed
D. The limiting reactant is Fe2O3 and 8 mol CO2 will be formed
8. What is the limiting reactant if 20.0 moles of O2 react with 30.0 moles of H2 according to the following
reaction? 2H2+ O2 → 2H2O
A. H2 B. O2 C. Both A and B. D. H2O
9. For the reaction equation, N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g), 21.0 g of nitrogen gas will react with an excess of
hydrogen gas to give an actual yield of 3.85 g. What is the percent yield for this reaction? Ans. 15.1%
10. When 25.0 g Mg(OH)2 and 25.0 g HCl are mixed and reacted, the amount of unreacted material will be
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + 2H2O
A. 9.34 g HCl B. 2.96 g HCl C. 5.00 g Mg(OH)2 D. 15.0 g Mg(OH)2
11. What does percent yield indicate?
A. The amount of product we should get C. The efficiency of the lab
B. The amount of product we actually got D. nothing
12. 2Fe2O3 + C → Fe + 3CO2, you add 28 grams of carbon. You find the actual yield to be 181.2 grams of
CO2. What is the percent yield of CO2? (Hint: calculate theoretical yield of CO2 first)
A. 15.8% B. 209.2% C. 6435% D. 15.5%

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13. Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2, 15 grams of HCl should theoretically produce 0.42 grams of H2. The reaction
actually produced 0.15 grams of H2. What is the percent yield of H2?
A. 2.8% B. 280% C. 1% D. 36%

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN T0, VOLUME, AND PRESSURE.-Review

 Boyle's law: P & V
As the pressure increases the volume decreases in the same proportion
 Charles's law: T0 & V
As the temperature (Kelvin) is increased the volume is increased proportionally
 Gay-Lussac's Law: T0 & P
When temperature (K) increases pressure increases proportionally
 Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Amount (in moles, n)
When the amount (moles, n) increases volume increases proportionally.
 COMBINATION OF THE GAS LAWS-Review: P, V, and T0 varying.
Assume that the mass is constant.
14. Boyle's law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant
A. Pressure, the volume increases as the temperature decreases
B. Temperature, the volume increases as the pressure increases
C. Temperature, the volume decreases as the pressure increases
D. Pressure, the volume decreases as the temperature increases
15. Which of the following element contains the greatest number of atoms?
A. 4 g He B. 46 g Na C. 0.4 g Ca D. 12 g He
Solution: Number of atoms present in W g of a substance = W/M × Na. Here, Na represents Avogadro's
number. M represents the atomic mass of substance.
Number of atoms in 4 g He = 4/4 × NA = NA
Number of atoms in 46 g of Na = 46/23xNA = 2NA
Number of atoms in 0.40 g of Ca = 0.4/40NA = 0.01NA
Number of atoms in 12 g of He = 12/4NA = 3NA
Hence, 12 g of helium has the maximum number of atom
16. In the reaction 2A + 4B → 3C + 4D, when 5 moles of A react with 6 moles of B, then the amount of C
formed is: A. 3 mol B. 4 mol C. 5.5 mol D. 4.5 mol
Solution: Here, 5 mole of A need 10 mole of B to react, thus B is a limiting agent. 3 moles of A can react with 6
moles of B, thus the no. of moles of C formed = 3/2 × 3 = 4.5 mol
17. A sample of hydrogen has a volume of 25 L under a pressure of 5 atm. What will the pressure of this gas
be if the volume were decreased to 5 L?
A. 25 atm B. 15 atm C. 10 atm D. 5 atm E. 1 atm
Solution: We know that pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume (Boyle's Law). So, one of the gas
Equations can be written as- P1V1=P2V2
18. At constant pressure, what happens to the volume of a gas at 298 K, when the temperature doubles to
596 K?
A. It is doubled B. It is halved C. It remains unchanged D. It is quadrupled.
19. 1000 mL of a gas is cooled from 500 K to 250 K. What is its final volume?
A. 500 mL B. 1000 mL C. 250 mL D. 2000 mL E. 750 mL
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20. Assuming pressure and temperature are held constant, then what happens to the volume of a non-rigid
container when the number of molecules in the container is doubled?
A. The volume doubles D. It decreases to half its original
volume.
B. The volume stays the same E. It increases by a factor of four
C. There is not enough information given to determine this.
The ideal gas equation is: PV=nRT. At constant pressure and temperature, V∝ n. Thus, volume of a gas,
at constant pressure and temperature is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas. When
number of molecules in the container is doubled, the number of moles in the container is doubled and the
volume of the non-rigid container is also doubled.
21. A sample of oxygen occupies 47.2 liters under a pressure of 1240 torr at 25oC. What volume would it
occupy at 25oC if the pressure were decreased to 730 torr?
A. 27.8 L B. 29.3 L C. 32.3 L D. 47.8 L E. 80.2 L
22. Which one of the following statements is not consistent with the kinetic-molecular theory of gases?
A. Individual gas molecules are relatively far apart.
B. The actual volume of the gas molecules themselves is very small compared to the volume occupied
by the gas at ordinary temperatures and pressures.
C. The average kinetic energies of different gases are different at the same temperature.
D. There is no net gain or loss of the total kinetic (translational) energy in collisions between gas
molecules.
E. The theory explains most of the observed behavior of gases at ordinary temperatures and pressures
Graham's Law of Diffusion
Diffusion: Spreading of gas molecules throughout a container until evenly distributed
Effusion: Passing of gas molecules through a tiny opening in a container
Graham’s law of diffusion states that at constant temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion of a gas, r,
is inversely proportional to the square root of its density, d, or molar mass, M.
Larger mass ⇒ smaller velocity

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Example: Which gas will diffuse faster, ammonia or carbon dioxide? What is the relative rate of diffusion?

This means rate of diffusion of NH3 is 1.6 times that of CO2.

Example: The rate of diffusion of methane (CH4) is twice that of an unknown gas. What is the molecular
mass of the gas?

Therefore, the molecular mass of the unknown gas is 64

23. Organize the following gasses in order of their rates of diffusion, from slowest to fastest
Oxygen, O2 ammonia, NH3 hydrogen, H2 and carbon dioxide, CO2
A. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia D. Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ammonia
B. Hydrogen, ammonia, oxygen, carbon dioxide E. Hydrogen, oxygen, ammonia, carbon dioxide
C. Carbon dioxide, oxygen, ammonia, hydrogen
24. If 3.25 mol of Ar occupies 100. L at a particular temp and pressure, what volume does 14.15 mol of Ar
occupy under same condition?
A. 435 L B. 225 L C. 100 L D. 522 L

25. How many molecules are there in a 110 L sample of gas at STP?
A. 8 x 1023 molecules B. 8 x 1024 molecules C. 3 x 1024 molecules D. 3 x 1023
molecules
26. An unknown gas effuses 1.73 times faster than krypton. What is the molar mass of the gas?
A. 28.0 g/mol B. 48.4 g/mol C. 110 g/mol D. 251 g/mol
27. Which of the following is an example of displacement reaction?
A. 4 Na+ O2 → 2Na2O C. 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
B. Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 D. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
28. Which of the following is true of a balanced equation?
A. The number of atoms per molecule remains the same
B. The kinds of atoms remain the same
C. The total number of molecules remains the same
D. The number of atoms of each element remains the same
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29. Which of the following reactions is incorrectly classified?
A. Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g); (single-replacement)
B. PbO (s) + C (s) → Pb (s) + CO (g); (double-replacement)
C. CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq); (synthesis)
D. Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2LiCl (aq) → 2LiNO3 (aq) + PbCl2 (s); (double-replacement)

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