CCN 3.

1: MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY LABORATORY

LECTURE 1: MICROBILOGY

2 N D SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022-2023

HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE
Zacharias Janssen (1608)
• It's not clear who invented the first microscope,
but the Dutch spectacle maker Zacharias Janssen
(b. 1585) is credited with making one of the
earliest compound microscopes (ones that used
two lenses) around 1600. The earliest
microscopes could magnify an object up to 20 or
30 times its normal size.

18th Century
• This type of microscope has lenses combining
two types of glasses reduced chromatic effect
resulting from the differences of the refraction of
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) light.
• Robert Hooke improved the design of the • Microscopes in 1800s were intended to provide
existing compound microscope in 1665. His extended portability and versatility to many
microscope used three lenses and a stage light, applications involving the microscope.
which illuminated and enlarged the specimens.
• Micrographia by Robert Hooke contains
physiological descriptions of minute bodies
made by magnifying glasses, with observations
and inquiries thereupon.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made more than 500
optical lenses. He also created at least 25 single-
lens microscopes, of differing types, of which
only nine have survived. These microscopes
were made of silver or copper frames, holding
hand-made lenses. Those that have survived are
capable of magnification up to 275 times.
• Leeuwenhoek is universally acknowledged as
the father of microbiology. He discovered both
protists and bacteria. More than being the first to
see this unimagined world of 'animalcules', he
was the first even to think of looking—certainly,
the first with the power to see.
CCN 3.1: MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY LABORATORY
LECTURE 1: MICROBILOGY

2 N D SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022-2023

TYPES OF MICROSCOPES Retinal Imaging Microscope
• provides a stable magnified image for
ophthalmoscopy and a low power operating
microscope combined to allow greatly improved
fundal inspection and to eliminate the need to
change instruments during detachment surgery.
PARTS OF LIGHT MICROSCOPE

Light Microscope
• has different lens that help magnify images of the
microorganism or specimens loaded on the
stage. The eyepieces have a magnification power
of 10x or 16x.
Fluorescence Microscope
• uses high-energy, short-wavelenght light that
excites the electrons of certain molecules present
within the sample. This causes the electrons to
shift into a higher orbit and when they come back
to their original energy levels, they emit low
energy, long wavelength light. This light is
within the visible spectrum that helps in
formation of an image.
Electron Microscope
• powered by a beam of electrons with very short
wavelengths. These electrons strike objects that
come in its path and helps increase the resolution HOW DOES LIGHT MICROSCOPE WORK?
of the microscope. The electron microscope is • The objective lens is the lens that is closer to the
one of the types of microscopes used to study object. The image will pass through the first lens
cells like tiny viral cells as well as larger and then the second lens, and because of the
molecules. curvature of the first lens, the image will be
Stereo Microscope inverted. Again, along with being inverted, the
image will be upside down, or on the opposite
• a type light microscope that helps in observing
edge of the slide.
specimens that are a bit larger in size. It contains
two optical paths that are at different angles and • The second lens, or the ocular lens, just further
help the user see the specimen in three magnifies the inverted and magnified image that
dimensions. is projected from the objective lens.
Confocal Microscope PROPER USAGE OF MICROSCOPE
1. Turn the revolving nosepiece (2) so that the
• a type fluorescence microscope that uses
lowest power objective lens is clicked into
particular optical components to generate high-
position.
resolution images of material stained with
2. Place the microscope slide on the stage (6) and
fluorescent probes
fasten it with the stage clips.
Atomic Force Microscope
3. Look at the objective lens (3) and the stage from
• used to measure and localize many different the side and turn the focus knob (4) so the stage
forces, including adhesion strength, magnetic moves upward. Move it up as far as it will go
forces and mechanical properties. without letting the objective touch the coverslip.
Inverted Microscope 4. Look through the eyepiece (1) and move the
• an upside-down microscope that involves focus knob until the image comes into focus.
viewing the sample from an inverted position 5. Adjust the condenser (7) and light intensity for
that helps the viewer see an upright image of the the greatest amount of light.
sample. This microscope is useful for viewing 6. Move the microscope slide around until the
liquid cell cultures. Also helps viewing thick or sample is in the center of the field of view (what
large specimens clearly. you see).
CCN 3.1: MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY LABORATORY
LECTURE 1: MICROBILOGY

2 N D SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022-2023

7. Use the focus knob (4) to place the sample into
focus and readjust the condenser (7) and light
intensity for the clearest image (with low power
objectives you might need to reduce the light
intensity or shut the condenser).
8. When you have a clear image of your sample
with the lowest power objective, you can change
to the next objective lenses. You might need to
readjust the sample into focus and/or readjust
the condenser and light intensity. If you cannot
focus on your specimen, repeat steps 3 through 5
with the higher power objective lens in place. Do
not let the objective lens touch the slide!
9. When finished, lower the stage, click the low
power lens into position and remove the slide.