Journal of Natural Fibers

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Characterization of Novel Natural Fiber from

Saccharum Bengalense Grass (Sarkanda)

R. Vijay, D. Lenin Singaravelu, A. Vinod, I. D. Franklin Paul Raj, M. R. Sanjay &

Suchart Siengchin

To cite this article: R. Vijay, D. Lenin Singaravelu, A. Vinod, I. D. Franklin Paul Raj, M.
R. Sanjay & Suchart Siengchin (2020) Characterization of Novel Natural Fiber from
Saccharum Bengalense Grass (Sarkanda), Journal of Natural Fibers, 17:12, 1739-1747, DOI:
10.1080/15440478.2019.1598914

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Published online: 06 Apr 2019.

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JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
2020, VOL. 17, NO. 12, 1739–1747
https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1598914

Characterization of Novel Natural Fiber from Saccharum

Bengalense Grass (Sarkanda)
R. Vijay a, D. Lenin Singaravelua, A. Vinodb, I. D. Franklin Paul Rajb, M. R. Sanjay c,d
, and
Suchart Siengchin c
a
Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India;
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Lakshmi Ammal Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India;
c
Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of
Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut‘s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangsue, Bangkok, Thailand;
d
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
The exploration of novel natural fibers can contribute to expand their use in Saccharum Bengalense grass
possible eco-friendly applications. In the current work, the physicochemical, (SB); natural fibers; thermal
stability; chemical
thermal, tensile and morphological characteristics were tested for the fibers constituents; tensile
extracted from the stem of Saccharum Bengalense grass (SB). The results strength
showed that fiber possesses good chemical constituents, namely, α- cellu-
lose (53.45%), hemicellulose (31.45%) with lower lignin (11.7%) as con- 关键词
firmed from chemical analysis, its presence confirmed from Fourier 天然纤维; 热稳定性; 化学
Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Due to the presence of considerable 成分; 拉伸强度
chemical constituents, SB fibers showed good crystallinity index and tensile
strength as confirmed from X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and tensile test.
Thermal stability was found using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), it
revealed the SB fibers showed maximum degradation at 336°C and the
char residue was 16.4%. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to
study the morphological characteristics. Thus, SB fibers could be used as
reinforcement in natural fiber-based polymer composites. This fiber utiliza-
tion in composites may be suggested in potential applications like roofing
sheets, bricks, door panels, furniture panels, interior paneling, storage tanks,
pipelines, etc.

摨要
探索新的天然纤维有助于扩大其在可能的环保应用中的应用. 本文对从
Saccharum Bengalense-grass-(SB) 茎中提取的纤维进行了理化、热、拉伸
和形态特征的测定.结果表明，经化学分析证实，纤维具有较好的化学成
分，即α-纤维素（53.45%）、半纤维素（31.45%），木质素含量较低
（11.7%），傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）证实了其存在.通过X射线衍射
分析（XRD）和拉伸试验证实，由于存在大量化学成分，Sb纤维具有良
好的结晶度指数和拉伸强度。用热重分析法（TGA）测定了锑纤维的热
稳定性，结果表明，在336℃下，锑纤维的热稳定性最大，残炭率为
16.4%.采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）研究其形态特征.因此，锑纤维可作
为天然纤维基聚合物复合材料的增强材料.这种纤维在复合材料中的应用
可能被建议用于诸如屋顶板、砖、门板、家具面板、内部面板、储罐、
管道等潜在应用.

CONTACT M. R. Sanjay [email protected] Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn
International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok
(KMUTNB), 1518 Pracharat 1, Wongsawang Road, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/wjnf.
© 2019 Taylor & Francis
1740 R. VIJAY ET AL.

Introduction
Environmental consciousness has been a key role in the present industrial and technology develop-
ment. The use of human-made synthetic fibers such as glass fiber, carbon, aramid, nylon has caused
nuisance due to its harmful impact toward the environment. To overcome this issue, Natural fibers
have been economical, abundant and eco-friendly, it has fascinated many researchers due to its
remarkable properties such as low cost, easily biodegradable, low density, abundantly available, and
considerably good mechanical strength compared to synthetic fibers (Madhu et al. 2017; Sanjay and
Yogesha 2018a). Natural fibers have been in production in many developing countries, which paws
a way to employment and to reduce environmental hazards.
Many researchers are developing green composite to overcome the difficulties caused by synthetic
fibers. Natural fibers can be extracted from the various parts such as leaf, bark, stem, roots of the
plant or tree (Manimaran et al. 2018; Sanjay and Suchart 2018). The researches have been carried on
by reinforcing natural fibers in a polymer matrix to attain the desired mechanical property. The
strength of the fiber is mainly dependent on the chemical composition of the fiber and the bonding
interface (Madhu et al. 2017). The chemical composition of the fiber is mainly dependant on the
geological, environmental condition where the plant or tree is grown. It is also dependant on the part
of the plant from which the fiber is extracted. Nowadays natural fiber reinforced polymer composites
are widely used in automobiles, electrical appliances, aerospace, sports good and many lightweight
applications (Jawaid and Khalil 2011; Reddy et al. 2012).
The tensile strength of the fiber is mainly dependant on the cellulose content and its chemical
composition (Thakur and Singha 2010). Hence, it is very important to identify new natural fibers
with a suitable mechanical and chemical property, thus facilitating a good reinforcement in the
polymer matrix. Many natural fibers such as Cyperus pangorei, coir, hemp, ramie, kenaf, manicaria
saccifera palm, arundo donax, jute, Acacia planifrons, Prosopis juliflora, date palm, elephant grass
has been characterized and used as a potential reinforcement in polymer matrix (Akintayo et al.
2016; Al-oqla and Sapuan 2014; Fiore et al. 2014; Mayandi et al. 2016; Mohan et al. 2007; Porras,
Maranon, and Ashcroft 2015; Qu et al. 2016; Sanjay et al. 2018b; Saravanakumar et al. 2013; Schafer
2005; Senthamaraikannan, Saravanakumar, and Arthanarieswaran 2016). In the quest for identifying
new cellulose fiber as a suitable reinforcement in a polymer matrix, Saccharum Bengalense grass (SB)
is identified as a new fiber which is not yet been studied. The present work is concerned to
investigate the SB fiber for its physical, chemical, mechanical and morphological character by
X-Ray diffraction test, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Chemical Analysis,
Thermogravimetric analysis, Single fiber tensile test, and Scanning electron microscope imaging.

Materials and methods

Fiber extraction
Saccharum Bengalense commonly known as “Sarkanda”, is a perennial herb, which grows up to
4-m tall. It is commonly found in northeastern regions of India in places of Assam and foothills of
Himalayas. The stem of the plant acts as the fiber. The stem of the herb around 500 g is collected and
immersed in water for one week enabling bacterial degradation. The stem was then collected and
retted using fine iron brush comb, in order to separate the fibers. The retted fibers were later dried in
sunlight for 24 h to remove the moisture content (Saravanakumar et al. 2013).

Physical and chemical analysis of SB fiber

Structural composition of SBFs cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content is calculated using
standard analysis. The cellulose content of the fiber is determined by Conrad method (Sanjay et al.
2019). The density of the fiber was calculated by Mettler Toledo xsz05 (Arthanarieswaran,
 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS 1741

Kumaravel, and Saravanakumar 2015). The moisture content of the fiber was estimated by
Sartorius, model MA45 (Saravanakumar et al. 2014). The ash content of the fiber was estimated
according to ASTM E1755-01.

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

Thermogravimetric analysis is carried out to find the thermal stability of SB fiber. The chemical
composition of the fiber can also be predicted using TGA analysis. The test was conducted using
Perkin Elmer/TGA4000. A 6 mg of powdered SB fiber was placed over a ceramic crucible in
a furnace, which has a controlled environment with a nitrogen flow rate of 20ml/min. The rate of
change of temperature is 10°C/min from room temperature to 600°C.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis

XRD test can estimate the crystallinity index CI of the SB fiber. The test was carried out in X-Pert
pro diffractometer. It produces monochromatic radiation of CuKα with a wavelength of 0.154 nm,
which was recorded from 10º to 80º.
Crystallinity index is calculated using the equation:
H21:66  H16:54
CI ¼
H21:66
The crystal size calculated using the equation:
Kλ
CS ¼
βCosθ
where Scherrer’s constant is given by K = 0.89. Here, wavelength is denoted by λ and β denotes the
peaks full width at half-maximum

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis

FTIR test is carried out to find the functional groups and its corresponding fiber component present in the
SBF. The test is carried out using Perkin Elmer/Spectrum 2 (Diamond UTAR). The powdered samples
were placed over potassium bromide pellets. The infrared spectrums were recorded at a rate of 32 scans
per minute from the region of 4000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1 at a resolution of 2 cm−1 signal-to-noise ratio.

Single fiber tensile test

Tensile test of SB fibers was conducted in an INSTRON universal testing machine (5500R) as per
ASTM D3822-07. The gauge length was 50 mm. The loading rate was 0.1 mm/min.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

SEM was used to capture high-resolution images of the SB fiber. The surface morphology, cell wall
structure, surface roughness, porosity, etc., can be studied using the SEM images. The images were
captured using Tescan VEGA 3LMU of the Czech Republic at a high vacuum and low-pressure
environment.
1742 R. VIJAY ET AL.

Results and discussions

Physical-chemical analysis of SB fiber
The diameter and density of the SB fiber were 320.47 µm and 1165 kg/cm3 which are higher than Kusha
grass (Balaji, Karthikeyan, and Vignesh 2016), Pergularia tomentosa L. seed fibre (Sakji et al. 2016) while
is lower than Cissus quadrangularis stem (Indran and Raj 2015) as well as root fibres (Indran, Raj, and
Sreenivasan 2014). This lower density can be used for lightweight applications that are in replacement of
synthetic fibers. In case of chemical analysis, the cellulose % was higher than Pergularia tomentosa
L. seed fiber (Sakji et al. 2016). This increased cellulose percentage will be helpful in increasing the tensile
strength, thermal stability, and crystalline index as explained in forthcoming sections. The lignin content
was 11.7%, this increase in lignin will impart brittleness (Vijay and Singaravelu 2016). The wax and
moisture content was also less which helps to fiber to get interlocked with the matrix. The ash content
was 5.6%. The chemical composition of the SB fiber is shown in Table 1.

TGA analysis of SB fiber

The TGA and DTG of curves for the SB fiber are shown in Figure 1. From room temperature to
100ºC, dehydration of water molecules takes place. There is a 2.13% of weight loss at this phase. The
next stage shows the thermal decomposition of lignin, hemicellulose, and linkage of cellulose with
a weight loss of 12.05% from the region of 193–240°C. The decomposition of α-cellulose occurred
with a weight loss of 42.4% from the range of 261–380°C. At 600ºC, the char residue content was
measured as 16.4%. The obtained residue weight loss is superior to century fiber (Reddy et al. 2013).

XRD study of SB fiber

Figure 2 denotes the X-Ray diffractograms of the SB fiber. The diffractograms show two major peaks
at 16.54° and 21.66°, respectively, at 1 0 1 and 2 0 0 lattice planes (Hyness et al. 2018; Manimaran

Table 1. Chemical composition of SB fiber.

Density α-Cellulose Hemicellulose Moisture
Diameter (µm) (kg/m3) (wt. %) (wt. %) Lignin (wt. %) Wax (wt. %) (wt. %) Ash (wt. %)
320.47 (SD = 1.01) 1165 (SD = 2.04) 53.45 (SD = 1.71) 31.45 (SD = 1.37) 11.7 (SD = 1.53) 1.3 (SD = 0.31) 2.1 (SD = 0.53) 5.6 (SD = 0.79)
SD = standard deviation.

Figure 1. TGA and DTG curve for SB fiber.

 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS 1743

Figure 2. XRD spectrum of SB fiber.

et al. 2018). These two distinct peaks are commonly found in the natural fibers. The peak at 16.54°
represents the presence of amorphous content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin present in
the fiber. The second strong peak at 21.66° represents the presence of α-cellulose or cellulose-I
present in the fiber (Kumar et al. 2017; Mayandi et al. 2016). The crystalline index (CI) of the fiber is
calculated as 44.02% with a crystal size of 58.78 nm. The comparison of CI with various other natural
fibers are shown in Table 2.

FTIR analysis of SB fiber

Figure 3 shows the FTIR spectrum of the SB fiber, which denotes the functional group that is
present in the specimen. Table 3 represents the functional group present in the specimen. From
Figure 3, the first u shaped peak is observed at 3369 cm−1, due to the stretching of O-H bond of
hydrogen, attributes the presence of Cellulose I or α-Cellulose (Manimaran et al. 2018). The next
consecutive peaks are observed at 2915 cm−1 and 2850 cm−1, which corresponds to the vibration
and stretching of C-H and bending of CH2 respectively (Hyness et al. 2018; Manimaran et al.
2018). The next peak is observed at 1729 cm−1, which attributes the stretching and bending of
C = O. Thus, corresponds to the presence of Lignin. The next stretch was observed at 1575 cm−1,
that attributes an aromatic presence corresponds to the C = C stretching (Mayandi et al. 2016).
The U-shaped peak is observed at 1465 cm−1, which is due to the symmetric bending of CH2.
This phenomenon represents the stretching of hemicellulose. The last peak is observed at
1024 cm−1, which denotes an aromatic ring; due to the bending and vibration of C-H and
C-O, respectively (Kumar et al. 2017).

Table 2. Comparison of crystallinity index with other natural fibers.

Fiber Crystallinity Index % Reference
Saccharum Bengalense 44.02 *
Azadirachta Indica 65.04 (Manimaran et al. 2018)
Heteropogon Contortus 54.1 (Hyness et al. 2018)
Ceiba Pentandra 57.94 (Kumar et al. 2017)
Cyperus Pangorei 41 (Vijay and Singaravelu 2016)
G. tilifolia 41.7 (Jayaramudu, Guduri, and Rajulu 2010)
1744 R. VIJAY ET AL.

Figure 3. FTIR spectrum of SB fiber.

Table 3. FTIR spectrum table for SB fiber.

Wave number cm−1 Functional group Reference
3369 O-H Stretching (Manimaran et al. 2018)
2915 C-H stretching & vibrating (Manimaran et al. 2018)
2850 CH2 Stretching (Hyness et al. 2018)
1729 C = O stretching & bending (Kumar et al. 2017)
1575 C = C Stretching (Kumar et al. 2017)
1465 CH2 symmetric stretching (Jayaramudu, Guduri, and Rajulu 2010)
1024 C-H and C-O bending vibration (Jayaramudu, Guduri, and Rajulu 2010)

Single fiber tensile testing of SB fiber

Figure 4 shows the tensile stress–strain curves of SB fiber. The ultimate tensile strength of SB fiber is
33 ± 1.5 MPa. Upon reaching the ultimate tensile strength, there is a sudden failure occurs which is
mainly due to the amorphous constituents (lignin) present in the fiber which cause a brittle fracture.
This finding is in agreement with previously reported works (Madhu et al. 2017; Vijay and
Singaravelu 2016).

Figure 4. Tensile stress-strain graph of SB fiber.

 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS 1745

Figure 5. SEM images of SB fiber.

SEM studies of the SB fibers

The morphology of the surface of the SB fibers shown in Figure 5, which is similar to that of other
natural grass fibers; it contains fibrils bound in the path of its length by pectin and other non-
cellulosic compounds. It is also found that the fiber section consists of porous cells and microcracks
and other substances in various tissues. The overall microstructure of the SB fiber has rough cavities
on its outer surface with small cracks, which can improve the quality of the fiber/matrix interface
when these fibers are used in polymer composites. It also shows the presence of impurities that is
typical of untreated fibers.

Conclusions
The physical, chemical, thermal, tensile and morphological characteristics of SB fibers were analyzed.
The density of SB fibers was 1165 kg/cm3 which possess the advantage of replacing synthetic fibers in
the lightweight applications. The wax and moisture content were less which could be helpful for the
fibers to adhere well with the matrix when used as reinforcement in the composites. The percentage
of lignin was slightly higher as confirmed from the chemical analysis which caused brittle fracture
during the tensile test. The thermal stability of the SB fibers was up to 336°C. SEM studies revealed
that the SB fibers have a rough outer surface with little cracks. Thus, SB fibers can be used as
potential natural fiber in the eco-friendly composites. They may be suited in applications like bath
units, chairs, lampshades, partitions, roof, suitcases, trays, tables, and manufacturing of car doors, car
interiors, dashboards, headliners, decking, parcel shelves, pallets, spare tyre covers, spare-wheel pan,
seat backs, etc.
1746 R. VIJAY ET AL.

ORCID
R. Vijay http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5238-2520
M. R. Sanjay http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8745-9532
Suchart Siengchin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6635-5686

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