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There are three kinds of reefs: fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls
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There are more than 2,000 different species of coral. About half are stony
corals that have hard calcium skeletons, and half are soft corals.
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The 3,000 species of nudibranchs
(pronounced new-dih-branks) exhibit a
dizzying array of fluorescent colors
and fantastical shapes. They live on
the seafloor from Antarctica to the
tropics, with the greatest numbers in
the shallow tropical waters of coral
reefs. These sea slugs are relatives of
snails and possess a scraping mouthpart,
called a radula, that is studded with
rasping teeth for scraping off bits of
food. Nudibranchs feed on sponges,
jellyfish, corals, anemones, and even
other nudibranchs. They find their
prey using smell- and taste-sensitive,
retractable tentacles called rhinospores
on top of their heads.
Nudibranchs do not have shells and
so must protect themselves in other
ways. The species that feed on
stinging jellyfish acquire the jellyfish's
nematocysts, or stinging cells, and
accumulate them in their surface
horns, or cerata. Similarly, some species
just eat poisonous algae or sponges,
acquiring the toxins and storing them
in specialized glands for their own
protection.
Individuals are sexually hermaphroditic,
meaning they have the sexual organs
of both sexes, so any two mature
nudibranchs of the same species can
mate with each other.
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Male hooded seals inflate
their nasal membranes
through one nostril, creating
a bright red sac that
attracts females and warns
off other males.
To conserve swimming energy,
seals leap out of the water
between strokes and even
surf on waves back to shore.
Some have specialized blood,
lungs, hearts, and veins that
allow them to dive several
thousand feet beneath the
surface.
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Pregnant female polar
bears build dens in the
snow and ice. They stay
in these dens and may
not eat for the first
few months while nursing
their cubs. The cubs,
usually a pair, stay with
their mother for about
21/2 years.
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As human-caused climate change warms the Arctic and melts
sea ice, polar bears are struggling to feed themselves. With the
shrinking ice, polar bears aren't able to hunt enough seals to
meet their high nutritional needs. Adult bears are smaller and less
healthy than in the past. In some populations, mothers can't store
enough body fat to feed and raise their cubs in the den. Survival
rates for cubs are dropping, adult polar bears are less capable
of surviving the ice-free summer, and the health of the whole
population is at risk.
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cargo ships
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438 Days: An Extraordinary True Story of Survival at Sea, Jonathan Franklin
Bird Families of the World: A Guide to the Spectacular Diversity of Birds, David
W. Winkler, Shawn M. Billerman, and Irby J. Lovette
Blue Mind: The Surprising Science That Shows How Being Near, In, On, or Under
Water Can Make You Happier, Healthier, More Connected, and Better at What
You Do, Wallace J. Nichols
Encyclopedia of Fishes, John R. Paxton and William N. Eschmeyer
Fishes: A Guide to Their Diversity, Philip A. Hastings, Harold Jack Walker, Jr., and
Grantly R. Galland
Kon-Tiki, Thor Heyerdahl
The Log from the Sea of Cortez, John Steinbeck
Marine Biology (Botany, Zoology, Ecology and Evolution), Peter Castro and
Michael Huber
Marine Biology for the Non-Biologist, Andrew Caine
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Orca: How We Came to Know and Love the Ocean's Greatest Predator, Jason
M. Colby
Polar Bears: The Natural History of a Threatened Species, Ian Stirling
Reef Madness: Charles Darwin, Alexander Agassiz, and the Meaning of Coral,
David Dobbs
The Sea Around Us, Rachel Carson
Shackleton's Boat Journey, Frank A. Worsley
The Sibley Guide to Birds, David Allen Sibley
The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Elizabeth Kolbert
Voices in the Ocean: A Journey into the Wild and Haunting World of Dolphins,
Susan Casey
Voyage of the Beagle, Charles Darwin
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Selected Resources and Bibliography
Consultant: Dorota Szuta, former field biologist, Coastal Conservation and
Research, Santa Cruz, CA; currently water biologist, Los Angeles Department of
Water and Power
International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened
Species (www.iucnredlist.org/)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (www.noaa.gov)
Allaby, Michael, ed. A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 4th ed. Oxford University
Press, 2013.
---. A Dictionary of Ecology. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2010.
Dobbs, David. Reef Madness: Charles Darwin, Alexander Agassiz, and the Meaning
of Coral. Pantheon, 2005.
Ford, John. Marine Mammals of British Columbia. Vol. 6. Royal British Columbia
Museum, 2014.
Gabriele, C. M., J. M. Straley, and R. J. Coleman. "Fastest Documented Migration
of a North Pacific Humpback Whale.” Marine Mammal Science 12, no. 3 (1996):
457-64.
HuNeke, Heiko, and Thierry Mulder, eds. "Deep-Sea Sediments.” Developments in
Sedimentology 63:1-849.
Mather, J. A., and M. J. Kuba. "The Cephalopod Specialties: Complex Nervous
System, Learning and Cognition.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 6 (2013):
431-49.
Rothwell, R.G. "Deep Ocean Pelagic Oozes.” Encyclopedia of Geology. Edited by
Richard Selley, Leonard Morrison Cocks, and Ian Plimer. Vol. 5. Elsevier, 2005.
Ruppert, Edward E., Richard S. Fox, and Robert D. Barnes. Invertebrate Zoology:
A Functional Evolutionary Approach. 7th ed. Cengage Learning, 2003.
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