GE-FEL: HLT MIDTERM REVIEWER ● Defined by the ability to meet the needs of a

life appropriate for one’s age, culture, and

LECTURE 1: THE ATTRIBUTES OF THE level of personal responsibility on a
TROPICAL SETTING physical, mental, and social level

TROPICS INDIVIDUAL DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH

● Situated between the Tropic of Cancer and ● Physical - concerns the body; fitness or lack
Tropic of Capricorn of illness
● Humid & warm all year-round (25-28°C) ● Mental - a positive sense of purpose and an
● Seasonal changes are less varied underlying belief in one’s own worth
● Most biodiverse region on Earth ● Emotional - ability to feel, recognize and
● Account to ¾ of the world’s plant and animal express feelings, and to develop/sustain
species relationships
● Social - sense of having support available
Concerns about the tropics (Fang et al., 2020) from family and friends
● Tropical weather conditions are ideal for the ● Spiritual - the recognition and ability to put
development of infectious and parasitic into practice moral or religious principles or
diseases beliefs
● Heat and UV radiation ● Sexual - the acceptable and ability to
● Limited resources for clean water and lack achieve a satisfactory expression of one’s
of sanitation and hygiene sexuality
● Molds and food contaminations
DISEASE
HEALTH ● Objective state of ill health
● Holistic and multi-dimensional ● Verified by scientific medicine
○ Individual
■ Physical ILLNESS
■ Mental ● Subjective experience of loss of health
■ Emotional ● Reported systems
■ Social
■ Spiritual ILL HEALTH
■ Sexual ● Umbrella term = experience of disease +
○ Societal illness
○ Environmental
○ Global Western Scientific Model of Health
- Absence of disease and/or illness
● Negative definition: - Extremely influential
○ Absence of disease or illness - Powerful; used in a variety of
○ Western scientific medical model contexts
● Positive definition: - society/public is able to be aware of
○ A state of complete physical, mental, technical/scientific definitions
and social well-being
○ Not just the absence of disease or MODELS OF HEALTH
infirmity Medical model
- Health is the absence of disease
- Services focus on treating the sick and
According to Bircher (2005) disabled
● Health is a dynamic condition of wellbeing - High value on specialists services
- Diagnose and treat
 - Pathogenic focus - biological causes for - What we as a society do collectively
illness to assure the conditions in which
people can be healthy
Social Model - Activities undertaken within the
- Health is a product of social, biological, and formal structure of government and
environmental factors the associated efforts of private and
- Services emphasize all stages of prevention voluntary organizations and
and treatment individuals
- Less emphasis on specialists; focused on
self-help and community activity COMMUNITY HEALTH
- Salutogenic focus - understanding why - The health status of a defined group of
people are healthy people
- The actions and conditions to promote,
Lay Concepts of Health protect, and preserve their health
- Baxter (1990) identified five common
concepts of health: POPULATION HEALTH
- Social relationships - The health outcomes of a group of
- Physical fitness individuals, including the distribution of such
- Function outcomes within the group
- Not ill
- Psychosocial well-being GLOBAL HEALTH
- Health problems, issues, or concerns:
World Health Organization - Transcend national boundaries
- Health is a fundamental human right - Influenced by other countries
- Certain prerequisites must be met - Addressed by cooperative actions
- Peace and solutions
- Food
- Shelter FACTORS THAT AFFECT COMMUNITY HEALTH
- A social and individual product - Physical
- influences of geography,
LECTURE 2: COMMUNITY HEALTH environment, community size and
industrial development
Community - Social & Cultural
- A collective body of individuals identified by - interactions of individuals or groups
common characteristics such as geography, within a community
interests, experiences, concerns, or values - Inherited “guidelines” from being part
- Characterized by their: of a particular society
- Membership - Community Organization
- Common symbol systems - How a community identifies and
- Shared values and norms addresses problems and develop
- Mutual influence strategies for reaching goals
- Shared needs and commitments - Individual Behavior
- Shared emotional connections - Conscious decisions and actions of
an individual
Public Health System
- Organizational mechanism that provides the TWO COMMON DEFINITIONS:
conditions for public health 1. Personal Health Activities
- IOM (1988) - Individual actions or decisions
 -
Affects the individual or immediate COMMUNITY SIZE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
family/friends Communities experiencing rapid industrial
- Preventive or curative in nature development must eventually regulate:
- Seldom affect the behavior of others - Obtaining raw materials
2. Community and Public Health Activities - Discharge of by-products
- Protecting and improving the health - Disposal of wastes
of a population or community - Employee protection
- Clean up of environmental accidents
PHILIPPINE PROGRAMS ADDRESSING 6
NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (NTDs) IN BELIEFS, TRADITIONS, & PREJUDICES
THE PHILIPPINES - Beliefs of a community can influence policy
1. National Filariasis Elimination Program makers
2. National Schistosomiasis Control and - Creation and regulation of public
Elimination Program goods
3. Soil Transmitted Helminthiases Control - Regulation of natural resources
Program - Requirements and mandates to
4. Food-Borne Trematodiases protect citizens
5. National Leprosy Control Program - Direct support
6. National Rabies Prevention and Control - Creation of opportunities &
Program incentives
- Impacts of culture:
ENVIRONMENT - Perception of health
Built Environment - Health behavior
- The design, construction, management, and - Beliefs on a health issue
land use of human-made surroundings as - Causes of illnesses
an interrelated whole, as well as their - Health communication
relationship to human activities over time
SOCIAL NORMS
WIN-WIN STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THE SDGs - Rules and standards that are understood by
1. Apply low carbon strategies in energy members of a group, and that guide or
generation, housing and the industry constrain social behaviors without the force
2. Use more active and public transportation of law
3. Introduce clean fuels for cooking, heating,
and lighting and clean technologies ECONOMY AND POLITICS
4. Reduce occupational exposures and National and Local Economies
improve working conditions - Allocation of health and social services
5. Increase access to safe water and adequate - Environmental regulations
sanitation and promote hand washing - Socioeconomic status
6. Change consumption patterns to lower the Those in Politics/Government
use of harmful chemicals, minimize waste - Can improve or jeopardize the health of the
production and save energy community by their decisions
7. Implement interventions that can increase - Laws & ordinances
sun protective behavior
8. Pass smoking bans to reduce exposure to COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
second-hand tobacco smoke - The process by which community groups
9. Always use a health in all policies approach are helped to identify common problems or
to create healthier environments and change targets, mobilize resources, and
prevent disease develop and implement strategies for
reaching their collective goals
 - Produces benefits: -
Cell activates itself to defend
- Increased effectiveness and against the attack
productivity - Does not involve antibodies,
- Reduces duplication of efforts but rather the cells act as the
- Avoiding imposition of solutions not killers themselves
congruent to local culture & needs - Protects the body by:
- Activating
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR antigen-specific
Modifying Factors T-cells that destroy
- Age, gender, ethnicity, personality, infected cells
socioeconomics, knowledge - Activating
Individual Beliefs macrophages that
- Perceived susceptibility, perceived threat, destroy intracellular
perceived barriers perceived self-efficacy, pathogens
perceived benefits - Activating NK (natural
Actions killer) cells that
- Individual behaviors release a protein that
- Cues to action kills the target cells
b. Humoral Immunity
LECTURE 3: IMMUNITY - Cell produces antibodies
Immunity carried in blood to combat
- Ability of an organism to resist disease the intrusion
- Protection afforded by B-cells
Homeostasis since antibodies circulate
- The tendency of the body to maintain through the humours (body
stability while continually adjusting to fluids)
conditions that are optimal for survival
- Necessary for the body to regain balance SURFACE BARRIERS / MUCOSAL IMMUNITY
when disease or injury occurs - Skin
- Cilia
Antigen - Tears, saliva, urine
- Any substance that elicits an immune - Sticky mucus
response - Stomach (hydrochloric acid)
- “Invaders”
ANTIGEN
Antibodies - “The enemy invader”
- Made in response to specific antigens - Usually a bacteria or virus
- Can inactivate the antigen that triggered the - Comes in many different forms and attacks
antibody formation the body

BODY FIGHTS BACK IN 2 WAYS: MACROPHAGE

1. SURFACE BARRIERS - “Body’s Radar”
- Keep intruders out - Type of cell normally present in the blood
- Prevents entry of antigens inside our - Detects the enemy
body - Enter tissue, engulf, and then digest cellular
- Skin, mucosa debris and microbes
2. ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS
a. Cell-Mediated Immunity T-HELPER CELL
- “Communication Link”
 - Communication link between the body’s - Decrease: Anemia
macrophages and B-cells - Men: 5-6B cells per L
- Women: 4-5B cells per L
CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS
- “Killer” WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC)
- Kills cells infected with viruses and bacteria - Increase: Leucocytosis / Leukocytosis
- Destroy tumor cells - Not a disorder or a disease but a
sign of infection
B-CELL - Occurs in response to a wide variety
- “The War Factory” of conditions, including
- Produces antibodies custom tailored for the - Viral, bacterials, fungal,
type of enemy antigen parasitic infection
- Cancer
ANTIBODIES - Hemorrhage (internal
- “Antigen Busters” bleeding)
- Designed to seek and destroy the specific - Exposure to certain
enemy antigen medications or chemicals
- Binds to molecules (antigens) on the including steroids
surface of invading organism - Decrease: Leucopenia / Leukopenia
- Inactivates or renders the microorganism - Can place patients at higher risk for
susceptible to destruction by the immune infection as WBCs are used up
system during infection
- Causes:
COMPLEMENT - Influenza, typhus, malaria,
- “Support Troops” HIV, tuberculosis, dengue
- Assists the antibodies to neutralize the - Chemotherapy, radiation
enemy (antigen) therapy, leukemia, anemia
IMMUNE COMPLEX - Men: 4-11B cells per L
- When antibodies and complement attack - Women: 4-11B cells per L
the antigen, an immune complex is formed
LYMPHOCYTE
POLYMORPH - Increase: Lymphocytosis
- “Disposal Unit” - Decrease: Lymphocytopenia
- Detects the immune complexes and
removes them PLATELETS
- They clump together to form clots
T-SUPPRESSOR CELL - No role in immunity
- “Communication Link” - Increase: Thrombocytosis
- Signals to the B-cell to stop making - Decrease: Thrombocytopenia
antibodies once the antigen has been - Men: 150-400B cells per L
destroyed - Women: 150-400B cells per L

BLOOD NEUTROPHILS
- It is the place where the antigen and the - Migrate out of the blood to rush to the
antibody/T-cells collide wound and phagocytize (eat) the bacteria
- Composed of RBCs, WBCs, platelets - What pus is made of

RED BLOOD CELL (RBC) MONOCYTES

- Increase: Erythrocytosis - Turn into macrophages
EOSINOPHILS - Allows these things to affect your body and
- Attack internal parasites make you sick
- Consequences:
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) - Lead to minor issues such as foul
- Causes AIDS (Acquired ImmunoDeficiency body odor and cavities
Syndrome) - Lead to more serious issues like
- Causes the immune system to fail, leading illness, infection, and heart disease
to life-threatening opportunistic infections - Affect your self-esteem
- Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of
blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or HEALTHY TEETH AND GUMS
breast milk - Important to avoid:
- Four major routes of transmission: - Cavities
1. Unprotected sexual intercourse - Breath odor
2. Contaminated needles FOODS TO AVOID
3. Breast milk - Bacteria in your mouth grow on sugar
4. Transmission from an infected - Try to eat as little “junk food” as possible
mother to her baby at birth (candy, chocolate, other sweets)
- Virus infects vital cells such as helper - Avoid drinking soda and sweet tea
T-cells and macrophages
- T-cell numbers decline below a critical level, SWEAT
cell-mediated immunity is lost, and - Salt-based fluids released from sweat
infections with a variety of opportunistic glands
microbes appear

LESSON 4: PERSONAL HYGIENE

HYGIENE
- The science of health and the practice of
cleanliness that promotes good health and
wellbeing
- Important to help prevent you or someone
else from getting sick

PERSONAL HYGIENE
- The principle of maintaining cleanliness and
grooming of the body
- Can also be defined as preserving individual
and community health in all dimensions

GOOD HYGIENE
- Keep you protected from things, like germs
and dangerous UV rays from the sun, in the
environment that can hurt you
- Benefits:
- Prevents the spread of pathogens
- Helps give a good first impression to
others

BAD HYGIENE