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Balance-reading-amp-vocabulary-sb compress word

Analog II (Mersin Üniversitesi)

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The BALANCE series

FOR THE REVISED CPE

Reading

Vocabulary

Addie Kane
HILLSIDE PRESS

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Description of Paper 1 __________________ 4

Introduction to BALANCE 1 __________________ 5

Student's Memo (General Guidelines for the Reading Paper) --------------------------------- 6

Student's Memo (Guidelines for Part 1) ______________________________ 7

Unit 1 Collocations Appendix
Student's Memo (Guidelines for Part 2)

Student's Memo (Guidelines for Part 3)

Unit 3
Student's Memo (Guidelines for Part 4)
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Unit 7
Unit 8
Unit 9
Unit 10
Unit 11
Unit 12
Unit 13
Unit 14
Unit 15
Unit 16

Practice Test 1
Practice Test 2

Word Formation Appendix

Phrasal Verbs Appendix

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8
18
19
33
34
45
46
____________________________________ 56
____________________________________ 66
___________________________________ 79
____________________________________ 89
________________________________- 99
___________________________________ 109
___________________________________ 121
___________________________________ 131
___________________________________ 141
___________________________________ 151

__________________ 164

___________________________________ 174

___________________________________ 185

__________________ 195

_______________________________ 205

__________________________________ 211

_______________________________ 219

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DESCRIPTION OF PAPER 1

PAPER 1 - READING

Timing
1 hour 30 minutes.

Answer Format

For all parts of this paper, candidates indicate their answers by shading the correct lozenges on an answer sheet. Candidates
should use a soft pencil (B or HB) and mark their answers firmly. Candidates should use an eraser to rub out any answer they
wish to change.

Marks

Questions in Part 1 carry one mark. Questions in Parts 2, 3 and 4 carry two marks.

Task Type and Format Taskfocus Number of

Oucs'Tins

Four- option multiple-choice lexical cloze 18

Idioms, collocations, fixed
phrases, complementation,
Three texts each containing six gaps. Each gap
phrasal verbs, semantic
corresponds to a word and candidates must select the
precision
word from the four options given which fits the gap.

Four-option multiple choice Detail, opinion, attitude, tone, 8

purpose, main idea,
Four texts on one theme from a range of sources. Two implication,-text organisation
four-option multiple-choice questions on each text. features (exemplification,
comparison, reference)

Gapped text Cohesion, coherence, text 7

structure, global meaning
One text from which paragraphs have been removed and
placed in jumbled order after the text. Candidates must
decide from where in the text the paragraphs have been
removed.
Four-option multiple choice As Part 2 7

One text with seven four-option multiple-choice

questions.

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INTRODUCTION TO BALANCE 1

BALANCE 1 - Reading & Vocabulary

BALANCE 1 consists of 16 units, each divided into a reading comprehension section and a lexical items section.
There is a separate pack of Progress Tests which can be used for consolidation work on the lexical items.
BALANCE 1 also contains 2 Practice Tests (CPE Paper 1, Reading Comprehension).

Structure of the Unit

•At - Reading Comprehension
Learners are given practice in the skills needed to tackle the different parts of the CPE Reading Comprehension
Paper. This part of each unit contains one of the four parts of the reading comprehension test. These appear in order,
so students have the opportunity to work through all the parts of the reading comprehension paper every four units. A
student's memo for each of the first four units gives specific advice on how to approach the relevant part of the paper.
After the reading comprehension texts and tasks, there is a page of follow-up questions for class discussion. These
questions are designed to help students to develop a clearer understanding of the texts and the issues they involve,
and to gain some insight into how the text writers achieve their aims.

۞ - Lexical Items
Prepositional Phrases: This task will help students to become familiar with some commonly met
prepositional phrases, and will prove useful for their own writing as well as for
reading comprehension.
Word Formation: This task provides excellent practice for CPE Paper 3, Part 2.
Phrasal Verbs: These are presented through a task-based approach, followed by an appropriate task
for practice. Full explanations and examples are also listed at the back of the book.
The phrasal verbs presented are different from those used in ON THE MOVE and in
BALANCE 3.
Collocations:
Each unit has a task-based presentation of different collocations, followed by
different practice tasks.
Set Phrases:
12 set phrases are presented in each unit and the presentation is followed by a
related task. This builds on the extensive collection of set phrases contained in
BALANCE 3.
Confusing Words:
Groups of words with similar meanings or uses are presented with clear example
sentences and explanations. After the presentation there is a task for students. The
confusing words material is particularly useful for the first part of the reading
comprehension paper, as well as for students' own writing. ■
Vocabulary ECPE type:
Each unit contains^ multiple-choice vocabulary task modelled on the vocabulary
task in the Michigan University Proficiency Exam. This task is not only useful for
those students sitting the ECPE, but offers valuable practice in building a working
knowledge of vocabulary that will prove useful for the Cambridge CPE reading
comprehension paper.

Progress Tests (in a separate pack)

The Progress Tests allow for regular consolidation and revision of the lexical items in BALANCE 1 as follows:
 a set of 8 tests (1 for every 2 units)
 a set of 4 tests (1 for every 4 units)
 a set of 2 tests (1 for every 8 units)
 a final test

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GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE READING

s TUDENT’S MEMO 1

The reading paper aims to test com-

prehension at word, phrase, sentence,
paragraph and whole text level. You should
read extensively as well as intensively. It is
important that you familiarise yourself with the
instructions for each part of the test. Be careful,
when you transfer your answers to the Answer
Sheet, to avoid mistakes. You can photocopy
the Answer sheet and use it each time you
answer the text questions.

You have one and half hours (90 minutes)

for the four parts of the paper. This means

that you may devote approximately 20 minutes
to each part. Then you have 10 minutes to mark
your answers on the answer sheet and cross-check.

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GUIDELINES FOR PART 1 OF THE READING PAPER

Part 1

Remember that this part consists of three

unrelated short texts, each with six gaps. You
have to choose a word or phrase from a set of four to
fill the gaps. You should not only know the meaning of
the words, but also be familiar with confusing words, collocations, set
phrases, phrasal verbs, etc.

The second part of each unit of BALANCE 1 will help you by

giving you more practice with these types of lexical items.
Don't forget to take into account the broader context of the
previous or following sentences, or of the whole text.
When you study, try to learn whole phrases, rather than
just individual words, together with the appropriate
usage.

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Unit1
Reading - Part 1
For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, c or D) best fits each gap.

The Camping Trip

"Camping isn’t for everyone," my brother said, but what he meant was that I couldn’t
do it, and I (1)-----------------it as a dare. I couldn’t imagine where he’d got that idea,
anyway, as he’d never camped before himself, but I guess he just supposed that he had a higher
(2)-------------for hardship than I did.
He wasn’t (3)-------------wrong, but he was no champion outdoorsman, either. We piled
into the car, which was especially cramped because my brother had loaded it, filling it with such absolute
necessities as marshmallows, sandwich ingredients, energy drinks, CDs, and so on. We (4)_______the driving up
to the northern tip of the
national park where we’d (5)-------------------a pitch at the campsite. Pitching the tent took
ages but, by dusk, we were happily sitting down to dinner. Then the clouds began to roll in. At the first clap of
thunder, we dropped everything, leapt into the car, and (6) _________the nearest hotel.

1 A took B kept c considered D consented

2 A patience B lenience c tolerance D endurance
3 A much B too c quite D far
4 A divided B halved c shared D split
5 A reserved B engaged c rented D hired

6 A kept up B ran into c took to D made for

Bollywood
Hollywood may seem like the centre of the cinematic world to us in the West, but it is actually Bombay which
(7)_____________the biggest film-making industry on
the planet.
The films that bring down the (8)-------------------------- in India are not the socially relevant
works that impress critics worldwide, but the so-called Bollywood blockbusters, one of which (9)
-------------------------------international acclaim not long ago at the prestigious
Cannes film festival. It was a remake of an old classic: a man is forbidden to marry a woman who is not his social
equal, and descends into despair and, of course, debauchery and drunkenness. The usual ingredients of the
Bollywood flick are (10)_______drama, plenty of romance, tears, violent (11) _________ of
passion, and more, always in colourful, sensuous surroundings. Singing and dancing are musts - one film released
several years ago depicted the difficult life of a Kashmiri rebel who ludicrously (12)______song (and dance) on
several occasions during the struggle for freedom.

7 A boasts B professes c claims D brags

8 A audience B home c house D cinema
9 A won B triumphed c held D beat
10 A tall B great c lofty D high
11 A outbreaks B outputs c outcomes D outbursts

12 A broke out B burst into c came into D blew up

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Unit 1

E-Commerce
E-commerce is definitely booming. Some firms boast that up to 40% of their sales are electronic, and several big
companies are turning a (13)_____________ profit and,buoyed by a solid reputation in the marketplace, branching
(14) __________into every imaginable realm. Tight security for on-line sales keeps fraud to a
(15) ,_________helping to ensure consumer confidence.
So why do we still want to talk to a live human being when we buy something? Last week I had to book a plane
ticket which cost a month's salary and, although I'd spent hours combing the Internet for deals, I couldn't
(16)_____ myself to actually purchase my ticket on-line. I could only (17) _______my credit card number once I'd
racked up a big long-distance phone bill talking to a real person. In the (18)_______,my cheap ticket cost the same
as it would have if I'd bought it from my local travel agent.

13 A clean B tidy c neat D fresh

14 A off B away c out D around

15 A fraction B minimum c smidgen D trifle
16 A get B push c bring D make
17 A hand out B part with c give away D share out

18 A event B case c end D way

1
0
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Unit
1
Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Task)

The Camping Trip

1 why do you think the writer agreed to go on a 2 What is the writer doing when she uses the phrase
camping trip with her brother? absolute necessities? why?
______________________________________
_____________________________________________

Bollywood
3 Two words or phrases in this extract both 4. Why do you think the writer describes the
suggest the ideas of success and an Kashmiri rebel as behaving 'ludicrously'?
enthusiastic reception. What are they?
_____________________________

E-Commerce
5 What advantage does the writer suggest is to be 6 How do you think the writer feels? why?
gained if someone buys a plane ticket on the Internet

rather than through a travel agent?

____________________________________________

1
1
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Unit 1

1
2
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Unit 1

Prepositional Phrases
Fill the gap in each sentence with the missing preposition. Remember to write all these prepositional phrases in a separate section of
your notebook, for study purposes.

1. What's --------- the agenda for today's meeting?

2. He is worried about making a mistake, so he does everything________________the book.
3. Although the boss is polite to me, it's obvious that I'm _______________a cloud because I lost that deal.
4. think the accountant and the manager were-----------------------collusion - otherwise the accountant would have
found the discrepancy.
5. Since she told me about it--------------confidence, you don't expect me to tell you, do you?
6. have a file of all our correspondence with that firm _________________date.
7. When the nightwatchman saw flames, he realised the warehouse was__________________fire.
8. I haven't got any money, but I'll pay you------------------kind; you can have half the olives you pick.
9. The witness testified - ---------- oath that she had seen him set fire to the car.
10. People were chosen--------------random for the survey.
11. We never sell all our oil - we always keep some______________reserve.
12. The way she speaks about her colleagues, you'd think she was----------------------war with them.

Word Formation
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
There is an example at the beginning (0).

Floods
We are still unable to predict with any (0) - _ precision _ _ when an (1)________________may occur. Even as PRECISE
recently INUNDATE
as the early years of the 21st century, Europe was (2)
_______________as the rivers which flow across the WASH
continent burst their banks. (3) _________________rains TORRENT
meant that countries were ravaged by swollen rivers, cities were
swamped and isolated. Although the levels the rivers rose to are
not (4)_____________________, some of PRECEDE
them were at their highest since the late 19th century, and the
death toll from this natural disaster was
(5) A____________high. Many flood victims began to ACCEPT
question government policies, which had proved
(6) ______________as a defence. ADEQUATE

Cities which erected flood barriers for their protection largely

escaped (7) ____________________flooding, so those SPREAD
authorities who had not built such barriers laid themselves open to
criticism for lack of (8)______________With growing concern in SIGHT
the (9) ______________world about the rise in the sea level SCIENCE
caused by melting polar ice caps and global warming, it became
apparent that there was a need for more countries to take
precautions against further (10)__________________of this
nature. OCCUR

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Unit 1
Phrasal Verbs
A Match the definitions below with the phrasal verbs in the sentences.

A. emit, produce from a central position G separale/isolate from

B. happen; occur H slate a lol of information
C visit sb for a short lime I take the best part
D die J be very noticeable
E eave K remove quitkly/roughly
F think oul and produce L do sth that needs to be done

1 The bomb disposal operation passed off without any 7 I never knew my mother-in-law because she passed on the
mishaps. week before I first met my wife.
__________________________________________

2 By the end of the World Cup my ten-year-old brother could

reel off the names of all the players who had taken part in 8 As soon as Tom was given his birthday present, he tore all
the tournament. the wrapping paper off.
___________________________________________
3 If you have time, stop by on your way to the lecture and 9 The bad-tempered man told the youths outside his house
we'll have a little chat. to push off, even though they were actually waiting at the bus
___________________________________________ stop.

4 Cheryl's very good at organising: she's put together a full __________________________________________

programme of events for the fortnight that the foreign
students will be here.
10 What really stuck out was their coldness towards US.

5 Whenever she thought no one was watching, Grandma used to

skim some of the cream off the milk and give it to the cat. 11 The criminal was released from prison on condition that
__________________________________________ she always wore a tagging device that sent out signals to a
computer at the police HQ.

6 Due to the storms and heavy snow, the village was cut off 12 I 'm still very busy with the cooking, so rd be grateful if
from the rest of the world. you would see to the guests when they arrive.
__________________________________________

B Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries in the Phrasal
Verbs Appendix, then make up your own examples to illustrate how they are used.

14 áỂ

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Unit 1
Collocations
BODY LANGUAGE
Behavioural experts can tell a lot about a person by their body language and, on a daily basis, all of US make instinctive
judgements about other people and their feelings, based on physical cues. Some gestures, like the ones below, leave little room
for doubt about their meaning.

R Match the items related to body language (1-13) to their meanings (A-M).

shrugging your shoulders 1 A shows ignorance, or a lack of interest

clenching your leelh/fisl 2 B is a formal greeting
hand in hand 3 C is a sign of an honest, open character
rolling your ('yes 4 D shows impatience or irritation
folding your arms 5 E shows worry or concentration
putting your head in your hands 6 F shows no feeling or understanding
shaking your head 7 G means 'yes'
nodding your head 8 H shows dominance or confidence
shaking hands 9 Í shows aloofness or refusal
a blank stare 10 J shows anger
putting your hands on your hips 11 K is a sign of affection
eye contact 12 L shows desperation or frustration
a furrowed brow 13 M means 'no'

B Complete the sentences below using an appropriate form of one of the items above.

1 Hours after hearing the news that his stocks were worthless, Brian was still sitting at his desk with his___________

2 When I asked her where her brother was, she just_______________________________and looked away.
3 Interviewers are often suspicious of job applicants who do not make____________________________when
answering questions.
4 The young couple strolled around the park
5 Mary stood with her ,-------------------------------------and lectured US about our bad manners.
6 The Chief Executive officer--------------Susan's--------------warmly and welcomed her to the organisation.
7 I could tell from his -----------------------------that he was racking his brain for an answer to my question.

c Now write sentences of your own that illustrate the meaning of the six remaining items.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

4 15
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Unit 1
Set Phrases
1 above and beyond the call of duty: more than would usual way, in order to hide a loss of money, social status,
usually be expected from sb etc
His lending me the money to get me out of debt was They're on the brink of bankruptcy, but they're intent on
above and beyond the call of duty. keeping up appearances.

2 get your act together: become organised so that you 8 ’ back-seat driver: passenger in a car who gives
can achieve sth unwanted driving advice
You'd better get your act together, or you'll never I refuse to drive with my father in the car, as he's a
finish your degree. persistent back-seat driver.

3 get the better of: defeat; be more powerful than 9 be/hang in the balance: be uncertain or on the point of
sb/sth being decided
In talks with his boss, his anxiety always got the better After his indiscretions, his career hung in the balance.
of him. 10 not bat an eyelid: show no sign of surprise or worry when
4 against your better judgement: even though you sth unexpected happens
know you shouldn't He didn't bat an eyelid when they told him he was sacked,
Against my better judgement, I lent him the money. as he’d been planning to resign anyway.

5 agree to differ: accept that you disagree with sb, to 11 be at sb's beck and call: be always willing to do whatever
prevent further argument sb asks
I'm not going to change my mind, so let's just agree to His mother was always at his beck and call, and now he
differ on this. thinks everyone's his personal seryant.

6 make amends: do sth to compensate for sth bad you 12 add insult to injury: make your relationship with
have done somebody worse by offending them
He was upset that I'd forgotten his birthday, so I She declined my invitation to dinner, and added insult to
bought him a nice gift in an effort to make amends. injury by saying that my cooking always gave her
7 keep up appearances: try to behave and dress in your indigestion.

A Use a phrase from the presentation in the right form to fill in the gaps.
a He gave up his job as a waiter, as he hated__________________everyone's_______________________________
b I put him in charge of the petty cash, much__________________________
c I wanted to______________________for not going to her graduation ceremony, so I invited her out for a meal,
d In a pathetic attempt to____________________________, she spent all the money she had left on a new outfit.
e He arrived late and then, to________________________, he said he could only stay for half an hour, despite the
fact that I had spent so much time preparing dinner.
f I shall have to______________________or I won't meet the deadline for completing this work.
g He was viciously attacked and, by the time the ambulance got to the hospital, his life__________________________
h There's no point in arguing. We'll never see eye to’eye on this, so we'll just have to __________________________

1
6 Given the opportunity, I would travel round the world. (a
favourable time for doing sth youDownloaded
want to do, abychance)
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Confusing Work

event chance
The whole town gathered together to celebrate the There's a chance I will come to the party, (possibility) You
Inauguration of the mayor, which they regarded as an should plan more carefully instead of leaving everything to
important event, (important happening; occurrence) In chance, (fate, luck)
the event of fire, do not use the lift. (collocation: if sth
case
happens)
Ordinarily, you should not be late for class, but I am prepared
circumstance to make an exception in this case.
The circumstances surrounding the murder are not known. (a particular situation, often in connection with a
(facts connected with an event) particular person)
Under no circumstances should you contact him.
situation
(idiom: in no case, never)
The economic situation on the continent continues to
occasion worsen, (set of circumstances at a certain time)
A birthday is an occasion for celebration, (a particular time
funtion
when sth happens; a time which is socially suitable
I attended a civic function at the Town Hall. (formal
for a particular activity)
organised reception or dinner)
opportunity

SET 2

group
Is the game suitable for this age group?
(a collection of people or things placed together)
Patrols were sent out periodically to make sure the borders
were secure.

team (a group of people who go round an area in order to

keep it secure)
Our sales team did very well this year.
(a group of people who work together toward a common squad
goal) The squad of detectives began investigating the murder. (a

force small group of soldiers or police officers who work

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Choose the best alternative to fill each gap.

1 A children's party is hardly a(n) — for an argument about politics.

A event B occasion C circumstance D funtion

2 I took the----to congratulate him on his promotion.

A opportunity B chance C occasion D circumstance

3 The art exhibition was the cultural--------of the year.

A occasion B function C event D situation

4 There is widespread concern about the worsening political------------.

A occasion B situation C circumstance D case

5 The----of tourists, under the tour guide's supervision, walked through the historic city.
A team B squad C party D patrol

6 The condemned man faced the firing---------and prepared to die.

A group B team C squad D force

7 The foot-----diligently searched the area for signs of the enemy.

A squad B force C party D patrol

8 If everyone works together as a------ the task will be accomplished quickly.

A party B team C squad D group

Vocabulary - ECPE Type

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank. d off their hands
5 She was distraught when she learned that her mother had a—
1 Unfortunately, no one noticed the-------- between the illness.
two eye-witnesses' accounts. a terminal
a distinction b lethal
b discrepancy c mortal
c distortion d deadly
6 The----serial killer was finally captured after a
d distraction long investigation.
2 She was such a-------political figure that she could a famous
go nowhere without being recognized. b notorious -
a prevalent c reputable
b predominant d conspicuous
c prominent 7 He-----his dog so much you'd think it was a child.
d predicament a treats
b trains
3 When he was arrested, his lawyer issued a flàt; — of the c pets
charges brought against him. d pampers
a rejection 8 / wanted to resign, but my boss--------------with me to stay.
b dismissal a pleaded
c refusal b parted
c argued
d denial d bargained
4 / offered to do the job, but soon found that I was - , as it was
more difficult than I had thought.
a pushing up daisies
b knocking on wood
c in over my head

18 k

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Unit 1
9 The president was elected in December and--------- 17 He is usually so —; I had no idea he could be so aggressive.
in January. a pacific
a instilled b relaxed
b inaugurated c placid
c installed d complacent
d inculcated 18 At the age of 60 she was looking forward to--------,
10 Adolescents are------to mood swings. when she could have as much leisure time as she wanted.
a liable a redundancy
b prone b retirement
c accessible c resumption
d discernible d freedom
11 He asked the question rather-------, as his boss was 19 The speaker was given a very--------welcome and
in a bad mood and he didn't want to annoy her. roundly applauded.
a tentatively a cordial
b admirable
b explosively c authentic
c provokingly d austere
d insolently 20 The design team were asked to------any problems
12 When her father died she-------a small fortune, that could affect the new product before it hit the market.
mostly in works of art and property. a decipher
a came across b elicit
b came into c express
d anticipate
c got together
21 He — his gaze in embarrassment, realizing he'd been staring
d got away with at the couple sitting opposite.
13 The stray dog looked so--------sitting in the rain that 0 avoided
we took pity on it and brought it inside. b averted
a superficial c cancelled
b cute d concealed
c forlorn 22 It was difficult to------his handwriting, which was
d disturbed little more than a scrawl.
14 The store issued its customers with a(n) — card to ensure they a discern
kept on going back. b decode
a loyalty c decipher
b incentive
c creditor d describe
d debit 23 Her — laughter soon spread through the whole room.
15 After careful investigation, the committee----------the a infectious
accountant and recommended that the police should not b humorous
charge her. c caustic
a acquitted d calamitous
b expelled 24 The shy child was-----by the noisy children and
stayed away from them. -
c dispelled
a dispelled
d exonerated
b revoked
16 His----expression left US in no doubt as to how
c intimidated
much her rejection had hurt him.
a plausible d provoked
25 The — windmill is an amazingly spacious house now.
b anguished a dilapidated
c resigned b preserved
c customized
d downright d converted

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Part 2 17

Student’s memo
Remember that this part consists of four
short texts with two multiple-choice questions
on each. These questions may test comprehension
of the whole short text Or may focus on the detail in a
ection or sections of the text.

These texts are broadly linked thematically. It is important to read

the text for a first overall impression before you read the multiple-

choice questions. Don't forget to read the questions carefully, as

well as the four possible answers. If a question is based on a

detail in a text, identify and underline the relevant lines in the

text so that you can cross-check later on. when you read the

four possible answers for a question, try to isolate the two

most likely alternatives and concentrate on them. Don't

get stuck on unknown words. Try to guess their meaning

from the context.

2
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Unit 2

You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with behaviour. For questions 19-26, choose the
answer (A, B, c or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

POLITICALLY INCORRECT
We consider ourselves civilised. We talk about political correctness and believe in tolerance and equal
opportunities for minorities. But just how tolerant were our forebears? We would probably be horrified if Line2
we knew what attitudes our ancestors had. Why is it that Homo Sapiens are the only humanoids now Line 3

surviving on the Earth? The unpleasant truth is probably that our predecessors slaughtered all the others.
We were a savage and war-loving species. I'm not saying that the Neanderthals and their friends were any
less bloodthirsty - they were probably just less intelligent. It was survival of the brainiest and the most
belligerent, and we were probably just trying to survive, by getting rid of the opposition; or were they just
a nuisance that tended to get in the way?

There is still a violent streak in some of us, and many of those who exhibit this trait are behind bars, safely
out of the gene pool. I wonder if perhaps they are the real Homo Sapiens. Times have changed, but have
we? A violent nature can come in very handy in times of war. Just how far below the surface do our
brutal, primitive faculties lurk? Is it only a small portion of the population that possesses violent genes, or
are they in all of US, just below the surface, waiting for some extreme situation to provoke what might
euphemistically be called 'unsociable' behaviour?

19 Why does the writer pose the question she asks in lines 2 and 3?

A She doesn’t know how tolerant our forebears were.

B She wants to emphasise that we haven’t always been tolerant,

c She is drawing a contrast between past and present behaviour.

D She is suggesting that it is wrong to be tolerant all the time.

20 The writer suggests that

A our ancestors had no qualms about committing genocide.

B Neanderthals were more violent than Homo Sapiens.
C violence has been bred out of us.
D there is no use for savage behaviour in our society.

2
1
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COLLABORATIVE RECALL
That memory declines with age is a well-established fact. However, two or more
individuals co-operating on a memory task may offer a means for older adults to retain their ability to function at
a high level. For this reason, collaborative recall has been the subject of extensive scientific research.

Older adults who have been living together usually develop 'interactive expertise', where rich memories of
shared experiences may be cued by a brief remark or a single gesture. Similarly, in memory research, cueing is
considered the cause of facilitation in collaborative memory tasks. Information remembered by one person is
expected to act as a memory cue and lead to recall by other group members that would not have occurred had
this cue not been present.

Research on collaborative recall in younger adults, however, suggests that collaboration may not in fact enhance
performance. Groups are sometimes less effective than would be expected based on individual results, and this
is known as 'process loss'. Many causes of process loss have been identified in experiments involving college-
age students. One such cause is 'social loafing', where people do not work as hard when they are in a group as
they do individually, and there may be a number of reasons for this, such as mitigated accountability, or
inhibition. Some of these influences on process loss are social factors, and may function differently in groups
made up of older individuals.

21 According to the passage, 'process loss'means that

A researchers mislay their research results, and have to repeat an experiment.

B a great deal of time is wasted during the process of experimentation,
C subjects forget what researchers had expected them to do during an experiment

D group performance is inferior to researchers' predictions based on individual performances.

22' .

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UNIT
2
FELINE PSYCHIATRY

Lifestyles have changed. Population density is rapidly increasing, more single people are living alone, and life in
the city is becoming ever more impersonal and lonely. Nevertheless, we all need an outlet for our caring and
nurturing instincts and, increasingly, we are turning to pets for unconditional affection. People want to own a
pet, but they don’t want the ties, time and effort that dogs demand and, as a result, there has been a dramatic rise
in the popularity of cats.

The term ‘behaviour therapy’ usually evokes images of a patient lying on a couch while a psychiatrist asks
questions about their disturbed childhood so, naturally, the idea of a cat behaviour therapist may be amusing to
some. Nevertheless, as people are buying expensive pedigree cats, they are becoming more prepared to pay to
find solutions to any problems their pampered pets may be facing.

Feline behaviour problems could be due to medical ailments, diet or environmental influences. Although few
cats display problems, some can exhibit obsessive compulsive disorders, such as those recognised in humans, so
feline behaviour therapy is a growing part of available support services for cat owners in Britain and the USA.
The ultimate aim is to help owners to understand their cat’s behaviour and establish a mutually beneficial
relationship between owners and their pets, with advice and solutions for overcoming any problem behaviour
which might arise.

23 According to the text, one of the reasons why the number of cat owners has increased is that

A dogs are more expensive to buy.

B people crave affection from a pet.
C dogs need more attention than cats.
D cat ownership does not involve any ties.

24 Some people might consider the phrase 'cat behaviour therapist' amusing because

A it seems like a waste of-money.

B they imagine a cat being psychoanalysed.
C they can’t imagine such attention being lavished on a cat.
D the concept of having a disturbed past is not relevant to cats.

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Umit 2

DEAR READER
I can understand your concern. However, you shouldn't consider your son's behaviour abnormal, or even
unusual. As I'm sure you've noticed, children change continually as they grow up. There's an on-going process of
physical and mental adjustment in their image of themselves and their relationships with others. Just as a child,
growing physically taller, sees the world from a different perspective, so it is that, with mental maturity, behaviour
and attitudes change, and ideas of authority, responsibility, right and wrong, acceptable and unacceptable
behaviour adjust accordingly. It is a difficult balancing act which we have all had to go through and which
depends on feedback from others. No one grows up in a vacuum. Your son will modify his behaviour according to
how you react to him, so what you say and do is very important.

Given his age, he will naturally want to rebel, display his individuality and independence, whilst at the same time
he still needs to know that he is loved. Although this may sound contradictory, when a person is mid-way between
childhood and adulthood it is not surprising that there are conflicting messages and emotions. Try to remember
how you felt when you were his age.

This is nature's way of driving a wedge between the child and the comfort of the nest, line 16 It has developed
over thousands of years of evolution, and affects everyone's child, without the children themselves really
understanding it. You have to do the understanding and, fortunately, the vast majority of US do survive the
experience!

25 The writer compares physical growth in childhood to mental development, so as to

A show that they happen concurrently.

B prove that they occur at different rates.
C demonstrate that both involve regarding the world from an ever-changing slant.
D explain why adolescence is an especially difficult stage of development.

26 What do you think the writer means by the phrase 'driving a wedge between' (line 16)?

A leading someone away from

B forcing a detachment
C creating attachments
D generating bad feeling

24 >>

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Unit 2

Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension

(Optional Task)

POLITICALLY INCORRECT
1. What do you understand by the term 'politically What is the writer's opinion of our ancestors?
Correct?
If 'unsociable' is a euphemism, what term would be more
appropriate?
In line 10, who does 'they' refer to?

What is the style and register of this extract?

COLLABORATIVE RECALL
Explain in your own words why collaborative recall has of "inhibition" in terms of collaborative recall performance?
been a subject for scientific research. What is the relevance

What do you understand by the term 'interactive expertise'?

Explain the term 'mitigated accountability'.

Why is 'cueing' important in aiding conversation?

2
5
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Omt 2

FELM t I >'ề y
1 Explain in your own words why cats have become 3 Can you explain the term 'obsessive compulsive disorder'
more popular than the traditional 'man's best and give an example?
friend'.

2 What would you say is the difference between a vet and a 4 How do we know that, according to the writer, feline therapy
feline 'behaviour therapist'? aims to help both the cat and its owner?

READER ■

1 Where might you expect to find this piece of writing?

2 In one word, describe what period of life the boy is going

through.

3 Explain in your own words the 'balancing act' which we

have all had to go through.
4 What style is used in this text? Explain why it is
appropriate.

5 What, according to the writer, is the purpose of the

rebelliousness of adolescence?

2
6
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Omt 2

2
7
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tlmi 2

Select a preposition and word/phrase to complete each sentence. Remember to write all these prepositional ‘i phrases
in a separate section of your notebook, for study purposes.

Words/Phrases

cheque I acknoxJedgemenlo^nnpL^^ good faith

ihcdbS
the off chance I aid
................. . . .
1 there was a news blackout yesterday _______________________the strike by journalists.
ộur product is also manufactured ______________________in Australia.
2
Tqe giving of loans is ___________________the bank manager.
3 A Sponsored walk was held------------------------------the Shelter for Stray Animals.
4 He^oesn't accept payment______________________; he only deals in cash.
5 TheiVỵ children grew up and,----------------------------, left home to make their way in the world.
Thert is a lot of criticism of government ministers flying round the world____________________________the taxpayer.
6
Shề was given a golden handshake_______________________________her long years of faithful service.
Ĩ He didn't mean to harm you; he was acting________________________
8
It waồ announced that the firm was going into liquidation and,
9 would be made redundant.
10 He suddenly found himself
She bought a lottery ticket , that the workforce

11 ____and being marched out of the airport between two police officers. ; she
12 didn't really expect to win anything.

Illi
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the
same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
The Pain and Pleasure of Driving
Driving can be the cause of a (0)__________variety_____of emotions in the driver. If VARY
you are driving along a (1)_____________________country lane, communing with LEAF
nature, then it is a (2)-------------------------- experience; but being stuck in a traffic PLEASURE
jam can be a driver's worst (3) ___________________, as anyone will tell you. NIGHT ■ .
The media frequently report incidences of road rage, an (4) _________________________ INCREASE
common phenomenon, which is becoming ever more (5)________________________on PREVAIL
our roads. Given this, together with the problems associated with pollution, (6)____should
be encouraged to abandon their cars and use other MOTOR
forms of transport. Perhaps fortunately, some people are deterred from learning to drive
because of (7)__________________________________, engendered by the aggres NERVES
siveness and carnage they encounter on the road. Governments are constantly engaged in
trying to find (8) _____________________________________________ which will SOLVE
(9) --------------------- the death toll caused by reckless or careless driving. LOW
There is nothing to compare with the feeling of freedom you get from driving a sports car
with the top down and the wind in your hair; but, first of all, you need to find an (10)
__________________________________stretch of road. CLUTTER

2
8
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Using your knowledge of English, choose phrasal verbs from the list to fill in the gaps. Put the verbs in the correct tense and form.
Use each phrasal verb only once.

come across go over hand o hang back

pack into pull into put by root around

1 It was only when my uncle retired that he realised he should___________________________more for his retirement.
2 You should never assume sendthat
offyou can-------------------------------------all
set against stop offbusiness expenses-------------------------------,
your think over
tax.
3 I don't know why you're still______________________; it's an opportunity you should seize with both hands.
4 If you'd only____________________it ___________________ more carefully before doing it, you wouldn't have
got into such a mess.
5 Why didn't the team leader ---------------------------------the plan in detail with you before sending you off to carry
out your tasks?
6 Once you've memorised this sketch plan, rd like you to____________________________it___________________to the
next member of the team.
7 Everything on my desk and in my drawers was in a mess; someone must have-------------------------------------------- for the
confidential list of prize winners.
8 I've never known anyone else who could __________________________ so many meetings__________________-______a
working day.
9 He's so miserable that, even if he________________________ an envelope full of money in his pocket, he'd still
say he'd had an awful day.
10 Although she still had some petrol left, Sheila________________________ the first petrol station she saw, because
she knew it was a long way to the next one.
11 If any player uses such a rough tackle next week, I'm definitely going to ___________________________________ them

12 On my way south for the conference, I----------------------------------- at a health farm for a day's relaxation.

B Two of the phrasal verbs used in this task have another meaning. Look them up in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix and write an
example sentence for each to illustrate these other meanings.

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Í
S'

Omitt
2
Communicating unimportance
Several adjectives can be used to state that something is small or insignificant.

A Match each of the adjectives in the circle with the group of nouns it collocates correctly with.

c alteration
injuries
I matter
I operation
J modifications ị
objection
chore part/role
job task 1 offence
work I repairs
\damage

- cash minor - - (dis)advantage

crime/theft ị petty change error
details ; slight headache
jealousies trivial improvement
squabbles menial problem
< grievances
rules

detail dispute matter offence problem

B Complete these sentences using one of the collocations.

Unfortunately, as he had no qualifications, all he could find was a ____________________________
The athlete had a______________________over his opponent.
Luckily, the car only needed--------------------------------
-------------------------among employees were common in the staff canteen.
Being arrested on suspicion of murder is not a_____________________
1 The boy only had a_______________, but his mother kept him home from school anyway.
2 Immigration policy played a_________________in the party's election platform.
3
4
s
6
Ĩ

3
0
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wit 2

c rind the collocation which best matches the meaning of the phrase in bold.

'* 1 Paul's uncle went into hospital for routine surgery. ___________________________________________________________
2 A small mistake in our calculations meant that the spaceship went off course. ------------------------------------------------------
3 I don't need to hear all the unimportant minutiae about the meeting. ----------------------------------------------------------------
4 We took on an office junior to do some of the more boring jobs, like photocopying.-----------------------------------------------
5 Lil took a few coins from the amount of money kept in the office and bought some coffee. ------------------------------------
6 The children let their silly feelings of envy come between them.-----------------------------------------------------------------------
7 A little difference in the weather is expected tomorrow. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Luckily, only a few small changes were needed for the room to be converted into an office. -------------------------------------

D Now choose ten more of the collocations, and write sentences of your own which Illustrate their meaning.

3
1
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1 bite sb's head off: speak angrily or sharply to sb There 'I breaking and entering: illegally forcing your way into a
was no need to bite her head off; it was hardly her fault. house, usually to steal
The burglar was eventually caught and charged with
2 bite your tongue: make a huge effort to stop yourself
breaking and entering.
saying sth you really want to say
I was just on the point of saying that her new hairstyle 8 buck the trend: deliberately do sth differently from the
was horrible, but I bit my tongue. way it is now normally done
Soon, videos will be obsolete and we will all have to
3 make a case (for/against): give reasons why you
buy bVb players — there's no point in trying to buck the
support/oppose sth
trend.
She made a good case for expanding the department's
operations, but it simply can't be done at the moment. 9 call a spade a spade: speak frankly, even if this involves
saying sth unpleasant
4 a bone of contention: something that two people or Let's call a spade a spade: you were just too lazy to do
groups often argue about your homework, weren't you?
This border has always been a bone of contention
between the two countries. 10 call sb's bluff: dare sb to do what they are threatening
to do
5 the bottom line: the total profit or loss that a company The company threatened to sack anyone who
has made; the deciding factor participated in the demonstration, but I called their bluff
Are they prepared to meet our demands or not? That's and went anyway.
the bottom line.
11 carry a torch for: secretly love or admire sb
6 (be in) breach of: break a rule, law, etc. He still carried a torch for his high school sweetheart.
If the government refuses the press access to this
information, it will be in breach of the law. 12 blow your top: lose your temper
He blew his top when he heard the news.

A Choose a phrase from above to complete the sentences.

a rd appreciate it if you'd stop speaking so obliquely and _____________________________________________

b He was pleased to be awarded first prize in the debating competition, as he knew he had
------------------------good ____________________against capital punishment.
c It was the owner of the property whom the police caught, supposedly __________________________________________
d I was sure they wouldn't carry out their threats so I________________________________________
e When she realised he had been lying she couldn't take any more and________________________________
f A boy from the boarding school went out after 11 pm, which was a flagrant -------------------------------------------the rules-
ỊỊ We have been informed that we must break even or else lose our jobs. That's ________________________________
h I have no idea what's wrong with her. when I said 'Good morning' she practically-------------------------------------------------

B With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.

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Unit 2
Confusing Words

deny irrespective
He Strongly denies any involvement in the incident, (say that Everyone is welcome, irrespective of age or origin. (without
sth is not true) considering; without having to allow for)
refuse
He refused to tell me why he had declined the job offer. (say You mustn't treat people in such a disrespectful way.
you will not do sth; not accept sth) (show a lack of respect; be impolite)
reject gardless

He flatly rejected my suggestion, (refuse to accept or He acted on impulse, regardless of his own personal safety.
consider sth) (paying no attention to)
disregarding
5he disclaimed all responsibility for the incident. Disregarding his parents ‘ advice, he did exactly what he
(say that you do not have or accept knowledge of or wanted.
responsibility for sth) (ignoring; refusing to consider sth)
resist
Traditionalists resist changes in language, wanting to keep it He was completely unresponsive to our requests for help,
“pure", (oppose sth; try to stop sth happening) and ignored US. (not reacting to sb or sth in an
appropriate way)

They say the spray will repel mosquitoes, (keep away, prevent an attack)

rebuff
He rebuffed my attempts to strike up a friendly relationship. (refuse or reject an offer or request, etc unkindly)

Choose the best alternative for each gap.

1 He was dismayed when he learnt that his job application had been — out of hand.
A denied B refused c repelled D rejected
2 She------to acknowledge her mistakes.
A refused B denied
c rejected D resisted
3 The judge was unwilling to be lenient when she learned that the offender had-----------------arrest.
A refused B resisted c rejected denied
4 The thought of having to cut up a frog ...........- her.
A rejected B rebuffed c repelled
resisted
5 He stated his opinion--------of the views of the other members.
A disregarding B irrespective c disrespectful
unresponsive
6 She had fallen into a coma and was completely —.
A unresponsive B regardless c irrespective
disregarding
7 Her------ attitude caused many problems at school as she was impolite to teachers.
A disregarding B unresponsive c irrespective D disrespectful

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Unit 2

' Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

ỉ 1 At parties, she is often----------------by shyness. b inventions
a inhibited c frontiers
b rejected
d technology
c shunned
d displaced 11 We're learning about the--------of the Earth on its
axis.
2 When he was younger, his mother---------him from a rotation
reality and now he finds it difficult to cope. b circulation
a kept b shielded c isolated d saved c running
3 They — outside the concert hall, long after everyone d marking
else had gone home.
a handled 12 The storm continued------and people feared for their
b darted safety.
c shunned a unabashed
d lingered b unaccompanied
c unabated
4 He was a(nj----reader and got through several books d unaccountable
a week.
a atrocious 13 The company had a disastrous year, and is now on the of
b avid bankruptcy.
c careful a side
b verge
d diligent
c slope
5 The — were thwarted in their plans to overthrow the
government. d cliff
a conspirators 14 They're going to build a hotel on that---------lot.
b jurors a vacant
b free
c convenors c open
d arbitrators d loose
6 She — illness so that she could have a day off work. 15 Many people are of the opinion that graffiti is a
a pretended form of------, whilst others believe it's artistic.
b attracted a ugliness
c feigned b transgression
d amassed c vandalism
7 The — were so strong that trees were uprooted. d recklessness
a tycoons 16 / know you're angry, but you should fry to keep your
b gales
c blizzards a temper
d hailstones b conduct
8 They decided that his story was at best - - - 'and at f c mood
worst a downright lie. d temperament
a untrue
, b exasperated 17 Tall trees — from side to side in the high winds.
c exaggerated a shivered
I d fallible b shook
9 It is believed that the police should be given more c swayed
powers to---. the law. d trembled
a espouse
b extol 18 He has amassed many sports--------as he is a good
c exert all-round sportsman.
d enforce a competitions
10 The----of science are being pushed back on a b rewards
daily basis. c tournaments
a exploits d trophies
19 He's got no manners! How can you tolerate such b stubborn
a(n)------person?’ c villainous
a uncouth d sullen
3
4
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20 The members of the board came to a(n)---------- d clarified

decision to appoint him. There were no dissenters. 23 She is allergic to pollen, so she only has --------
a quick flowers in the house.
b amicable a beautiful
c unanimous b artificial
c wild
d striking d domestic
21 The country’s economy is-------after substantial 24 When the state health care system was-----------, many
investment in industry and agriculture. large hospitals closed down.
A transparent a outlawed
b thriving b uprooted
c turgid c denounced
d placid d abolished
22 The news reporters could not give full details of the story as 25 When I checked in for the flight, I was asked if I
their information was still - - - by official sources. wanted a window seat or a(n)----------seat.
a rejected a corridor
b unanswered b reclining
c unconfirmed c comfortable
d aisle

3
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sitional

Part 3
Student’s memo
Remember that this part consists of a long text from which paragraphs have been removed and
placed in jumbled order after the text. There is always one extra paragraph which does not fit any of the gaps.
This is called a gapped-text task.

when you start doing this part, you should read the gapped text first in order to gain an over-
all idea of the structure and the content of the text. You should consider the text as a whole and
notfocusoneachgaDseoarately. Try and understand the organisation of the whole of a text.
Word Formation
attention to the information and ideas before and after each gap as
well as throughout the whole of the gapped text. You should try to identify extracts or sections
which contain the same key words as the missing paragraph. These are called linguistic
devices and consist of words/phrases indicating sequence of events, cause and effect,
premise, conclusion, etc. Don't forget to identify the person(s) where possible.
Sometimes the missing paragraphs are similar and you may have two alterna-
tives. You have to identify any links before or after this paragraph. It is
essential to underline any words, phrases or sentences which
' lead you to choose a particular paragraph.

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You are going to read an extract from an article about global wanning. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose
from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

HOW CLIMATE CHANGE MAY AFFECT OUR LIVES

The dangers of global warming caused by our profligate use of fossil How many of US would not jump at the chance to orbit Earth and
fuels are now becoming apparent as the climate is changing; this is admire our planet from a different perspective? The first space
particularly noticeable in the northern hemisphere. Some scientists, tourist was a millionaire who suffered certain physical hardships on
however, refute these claims, by pointing out that there have been his journey, but living conditions in space capsules will undoubtedly
climate changes throughout the world's evolutionary history, with improve as research and development continue. Space travel will
Ice Ages and warmer periods, some resulting in desertification. Still become a viable alternative holiday.
others blame climatic change on the phenomenon of El Nino, and
cite this as a cause of the natural disasters which occurred all over
the world at the end of the 20th century.
31

Other threats to health may be caused by disease, for example,

Apart from the destruction caused by such natural disasters, and the hepatitis in areas which have been affected by severe flooding,
human suffering that ensued in their aftermath, the worsening especially if drinking water becomes infected by sewage.
weather conditions affect everyone, as well as the economy of a Mosquitoes may start transmitting malaria in some European
country. For example, people like ice cream manufacturers and countries where summer conditions are becoming more tropical.
vendors, who depend on seasonal trade, will not be able to maintain Even more worrying, perhaps, is the growing incidence of the
their business if the increased summer rainfall persists. potentially fatal West Nile disease in the USA, and its related death
30 toll.

There are other businesses, conversely, which benefit from Many low-lying countries have responded to a worst-case scenario
depressing conditions; for example, manufacturers of fake tanning by erecting flood barriers and defences, whilst others, in an ostrich-
products and tanning salons. There may be several reasons for this, like fashion, ignore the possible dangers, adopting a wait-and-see
one being that people get a psychological boost when tanned, and stance. Countries which rely on beach tourism need to maintain their
another, that people are now aware of the health risks associated beaches by replenishing them with sand, which may need to be
with over-exposure to sunlight. imported, thus preventing or at least delaying land erosion.

29 33
Eco-tourism might benefit from this trend, as more people might opt
for a trip to Antarctica to view the wildlife, and at least they will go
prepared for the weather. Of course^ this in turn may cause problems
as, with the best will in the world, hordes of tourists inevitably
damage the environment, and an increase in the volume of shipping
heightens the risk of oil spillage, thus polluting the sea and endan-
gering the lives of many marine creatures and birds.
The human species has shown its versatility and adaptability
throughout its long history. Unfortunately, those most vulnerable to
changes in climate would be those living in abject poverty where
there are inadequate social and physical infrastructures. A certain
level of the political will needed to attempt to eradicate poverty has
been demonstrated at the international Earth Summits, and this could
be spurred by global threats to the environment, thus helping to
prevent the deaths of millions from natural disasters.

3
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A Of course, if this change in climate continues, with bad weather rebuild, renovate and restore them to their former glory.

Unit 3
affecting countries which previously basked in sunshine, at least E The future may not be all doom and gloom, however. Scientists
during the summer months, this will have a negative effect on believe that certain crops and other vegetation will benefit from
those countries' economies. Fewer tourists will be attracted to higher levels of humidity, as plants will respond positively and
once-popular haunts, and travel companies will have to be more become more water-efficient, in this way becoming resilient to the
ingenious, advertising different types of holiday which are not extremes of heat and drought that may occur more frequently,
focused on sun, sea and sand. especially in Mediterranean countries.

B There are, however, more serious consequences of climate change F Another tourist area which might stand to benefit is that of space
- its impact on our physical well-being, for example. Apart from tourism, with more people choosing to leave the trials and
the risks of skin cancer, research has shown that when the tribulations of our planet behind them, if only for a short time.
temperature rises above the population's physiological threshold, Eventually the cost of such journeys will become less prohibitive,
accompanied by a high level of humidity, susceptible people (eg - as has been the case with commodities such as DVDs, camcorders,
the elderly) will die. The death rate increases two to three weeks and so on.
after a heat wave, affecting city-dwellers most. This can probably
be attributed to the increase in smog caused by high temperatures G This may seem contradictory, however, if we examine the facts,
and humidity levels. because although it is getting wetter, it is also getting warmer. But
people in northern Europe think that if it is raining and the sky is
c Greenpeace has long been campaigning for commercial enterprises grey, winter is upon them, and rush out to stock up on comfort
to be more aware of the risks they take with the environment, and food, abandoning salads for foods high in carbohydrates. They
commonly cites disasters to particular eco-systems when the main feel less willing to eat in restaurants or, indeed, to go anywhere
concern is profit. Everyone bears some responsibility for the that is not absolutely necessary in such atrocious weather
environment and should act accordingly, but people still persist in conditions. As a result, there is a drop in revenue for food and
putting their own interests first. entertainment industries.

D Flooding on a wide scale caused havoc in Europe, Asia and the H Scientists are becoming increasingly concerned about the size of
American continent. Prior to the torrential rain in the USA, there ice floes breaking away from the Arctic and Antarctic, one of
had been droughts which threatened some farmers with a loss of which was reported to be the size of a small country. It was
livelihood. All over Europe, rivers burst their banks, inundating carefully monitored,' and alarm spread as it began to melt at a
some of the most historic cities. Billions of euros were needed to much faster rate than had originally been calculated, causing more
speculation about rising sea levels.

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Umit 3
Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Task)

1 Why is it difficult to prove that it is people who are What is happening in the Arctic and Antarctic which is
responsible for climate change? indicative of global warming?

2 Which word in the paragraph beginning "After the 6 Why might certain governments, in an 'ostrichlike fashion',
destruction..." means 'the result or period following a bad ignore the threats posed by potential rising sea levels?
event'?

3 In paragraph G it is suggested that in bad weather people ’I What reasons does the writer have for ending the text on
tend to stay at home, which businesses may lose an optimistic note?
customers because of this, and which stand to gain?

4 What is meant by the phrase "trials and tribulations" in paragraph F?

39

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Unit 2

bounds daylight
edge terms
hook jest defiance
good

1
2
3
4
s
6
Ĩ
8
9
Choose a word from the box to fill each gap.
10
11 length circulation detention issue
12
It was a daring robbery carried out in broad_______________in front of many witnesses.
Everyone is anxious and feeling on------------------, waiting for the election results to be announced.
Although the book was banned, there were some copies in________________________
We could go wherever we wanted - except to the quarry, which was out of___________________________
If the negotiations are to succeed, the two sides must meet on equal__________________________
The boss spoke at-------------------------- about the international economic situation before announcing a pay cut.
The protesters marched in___________________of the police ban.
There's nothing wrong with the phone - the receiver is off the ______________ that's all.
I'm sure that man skulking outside is up to no_______________________
The government denied that political prisoners were being held in________________________without trial.
Although she spoke as if in--------------------------, we all recognised the cold ruthlessness behind her smile.
The point at-----------------------is the fate of the sea urchin.

Word Formation

4
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Unit 3
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
There is an example at the beginning (0).

HOW USEFUL IS SELF-STUDY?

"Self-study" is a blanket term which means different things to different people. It
can be used to mean "autodidactic", or refer to self-help material for those who,
for (0) - - whatever ~ _ reason do not have access to a teacher. WHAT ■
For students following a (1) -------------------------learning course, such
methods are {2)-------------------------as they are designed for those DISTANT
who cannot attend (3) _________________courses, which are far more WORTH
expensive. RESIDENCE
There are many drawbacks to self-study for university students, however, as one
studies in (4J :_____________________________________ and cannot
enjoy exactly the same lifestyle as the traditional type of (5) , who is combining ISOLATE
new social and academic
experiences. Those who choose to use self-study as a path into the realms of GRADUATE
(6)_____________do so for very different reasons,
which depend on their (7}---------------------------background to a large ACADEMY
extent. Today, no one frowns on this, seeing it as a positive step towards FINANCE
(8)___________Self-help courses are also available for those who recognise they
have some kind of (9) ________problem but who cannot LIGHT
afford the fees charged by psychoanalysts. Such courses need to be carefully
selected, but they can be (10) _____________________________to those PSYCHE
who seek self-help.
BENEFIT
4
1

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Unit 3
Phrasal Verbs
A For each of the following sentences, choose the correct words or phrases (a, b, or c). More than one option may be correct.

1 We'll keep going until the_______________________________starts to peter out.

A path b interest c road

2 I wouldn't have expected Sarah to cop out of-------------------------------------------------

a doing her share b owning up to her mistakes c spraining her ankle

3 Geraldine soon struck up a_____________________________with her new neighbour.

a conversation b quarrel c friendship

4 They eagerly roped in all the______________________________they could.

a answers b helpers c volunteers

s I'm willing to wait up --------------------------------------------if I have to.

a all night b longer c this once

6 The disappointed teacher reluctantly pulled her class out of the -------------------------------------------------------
a competition b computer c difficulty

7 They're not likely to ladle out________________________________during the current armed conflict.

a footholds b information c medals

8 I think she's just torn up our_______________________________

a agreement b diamonds • c happiness

9 Please don't let in the_____________________________.

a draught b headache c sales representative

10 You shouldn't rely on your______________________________to step in whenever you have a problem,

A privileges b supervisor c talent

11 -----------------------------whipped up a first class picnic.

A childminder b elements c response

12 pushed in while we were boarding the train and spoilt our enjoyment, music b pensions c shoppers

B Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that Seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries in the Phrasal Verbs
Appendix, then make up your own examples to illustrate how they are used.

4
2

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í __ Units

< „ The mind and memory

«
A Choose one of these two words, mindfs) or memory, to complete the collocations and expressions below.

1 be in two -----------------------about something 1 slip your_________________

2 have something on your------------------------- 2 fade from (your)_____________________________
3 _____________lapse 3 cross your_______________
4 commit to---------------------- 4 make up your___________________________________________
5 speak your--------------------- Sin living ____________________________________________
6 boggle the --------------------- 6 refresh your_____________________________________________
7 call to -------------------- 7 jog your _______________________________________________
8 -------------------loss 8 change your _________________

B Now match the expressions from Group A to their meanings below.

A decrease in the ability to remember things E (help you to) remember sth
B learn and remember sth F be undecided about sth
c be thinking about sth <3 temporary inability to remember sth
cD amaze
Match theorexpressions
confuse from Group B to their meanings below. H say what you think
that can be remembered by people who are I still E decide
alive F alter your decision
I B occur to you G slowly become more difficult to remember
c cause/help you to remember something J 0 forget H remind sb/yourself of sth

D Complete the following sentences using the correct form of one of the collocations from Group A.

1 You look as if you ------------------------------------ Tell me about it.

2 Gavin ----------------------------whether he should accept the job until he found out how good the salary was.
3 The humour and patience of the long-suffering refugees really___________________________!
4 Unlike many employees, Jane never hesitates to-------------------------------------in meetings with the boss.
5 He---------------------------the shopping list-------------------------------and set off to the supermarket.
E Complete the following sentences using the correct form of one of the collocations from Group B.
1 Ten minutes before the trial was due to start, the lawyer looked over her notes to about the details of the case.
2 Have you -----------------------------------about where you want to live, yet?

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3 It never even ------------------------------------that John might be embezzling funds!

4 I'm sorry I didn't call you last night. It completely______________________________!
5 Last night's storm was the most destructive ______________________________

F Now write sentences of your own with the remaining expressions from both groups.

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A Read the phrases 1-8 and

their example sentences, then write each of the meanings A-H (below) in the space next to the appropriate phrase.
1 catch somebody napping:______________________ Ĩ dress to kill:___________________________________

Our opponents caught US napping, and we had to She went to the party dressed to kill.
struggle to regain our lead.
8 make/put a dent in (an amount of money,
2 haul sb over the coals:------------------------------------- work): -------------------------------------------------------
We've been up all night but we've hardly put a dent in
My brother was hauled over the coals for coming home our backlog.
late last night.
9 in all/good conscience: fairly, honestly, without feeling
3 return the favour: ____________________________ guilty
I could not, in all/good conscience, refuse their request
Thanks so much for your help. I hope you'll let me for support.
return the favour some day.
10 the cutting edge: the most recent, most advanced stage
Milan has always considered itself to be at the cutting
4 take sb/sth for granted:______________-__________
edge of fashion.
My parents took it for granted that I would want to go 11 a drop in the bucket/ocean: a small and insignificant
to university, but I didn't. amount
He had always taken his wife for granted, and was quite Public spending on education is little more than a drop
shocked when she left him. in the bucket/ocean.
5 make a dash for: ________________- - -___________ 12 ill at ease: uncomfortable.
She got out of the car in the pouring rain and made a He went to the office party, but was ill at ease with his
dash for the front door. new colleagues.
6 draw a blank:______________1__________________

He asked me if I remembered where I'd put the car keys, but I drew a blank.

4
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Omiẵt
3

A run quickly towards E surprise sb; gain an advantage over sb when they
B reduce are unprepared
c criticise sb severely for sth they have done F fail to remember or find sth you are looking for
wrong G intentionally wear clothes that attract admiration
D bel ieve sth to be true without thinking about it; H do sth to help sb who has helped you

B Write sentences with the following: ill at ease, in all/good conscience, the cutting edge, a drop in the bucket/ocean.

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Unit 3

The constant criticism he encountered destroyed his self- Parliament was formally dissolved before the General Election,
confidence. (ruin) so that politicians could concentrate on their election
campaigns, (end an arrangement, organisation or
abolish assembly officially)
A majority voted to abolish the unpopular tax.
annul
(bring a system or law to an end)
The marriage was annulled, so she was free to re-marry.
demolish (announce officially that sth is not legally binding)
The house was in such poor condition that it could not be
cancel
renovated, so the decision was taken to demolish it. (knock
down or destroy a building or theory) The band were forced to cancel their concert because the lead
singer was ill. (say that sth which was arranged will not
4 7. .-_________- happen. NB: to postpone = to delay sth)
We had to call in a pest control expert to exterminate the
disallow
cockroaches.
(completely destroy a group of animals or people) There was uproar at the football match when the referee
disallowed the home team's final goal.
annihilate (not allow, approve or accept something)
Witnesses to the massacre claimed that the whole tribe had
execute
been annihilated, (destroy or defeat sb/sth completely)
He was executed after being found guilty of murder, (kill a
person as a legal punishment)

Choose the best alternative for each gap.

1 It is hoped that the new inoculation programme will-------------the disease.

A exterminate B annihilate c destroy D abolish

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Omiẵt
3

2 They claim to have - all the mosquitoes in the area.

A demolished B abolished c annihilated D exterminated
3 The outdated law was---------by the new parliament.
A annihilated B abolished c destroyed D demolished
4 Flash floods-------the crops.
A exterminated B annihilated c demolished D destroyed
5 This article brilliantly-------the racist's arguments. .
A destroys B demolishes c abolishes D exterminates
6 He was-------at dawn by a six-member firing squad.
A annihilated B destroyed c executed D destroyed
7 After much legal wrangling, the contract was------------.
A annulled B dissolved c disallowed D destroyed

8 The judge-------the evidence because the witness was obviously prejudiced.

A disallowed B dissolved c annulled D abolished
9 The meeting was — when the organisers were arrested. A
cancelled B annulled c destroyed D abolished

,'L-. . ..........S s-r ................ ........................................................................ .ùitóidũíi

42

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sẩ
Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank. ữ minor
b convict c delegate d delinquent
1 The books in the attic are just------- dust; perhaps we
should get rid of them. 10 After the earthquake, we were left with the task of
ỈĨ acquiring removing ---- from the streets.
b accessing c accumulating d aligning a garbage
b slime
2 As people grow older, they lose calcium and their
c debris
bones become--------.
d dust
a brittle
b crisp 11 The CD is a----of the singer's early work.
c snappy d fragile a complication b consolidation c compilation d
conglomeration
3 The statue of the nymph had been---------with
garlands for the festival. 12 Their work had to be finished by 6th January, which
a affiliated was a very tight--------.
b cascaded a deadline
c adorned b limit
d bunched c fit
d call
4 The police have recently------ down on. motorists
who drink and drive. 13 He was-----when I met him: homeless, and
a turned b clamped c put d pulled begging in the streets.
a dormant b despicable c destitute d devout '
5 All the drains are — with dead leaves.
a passed over b stuck up c singled out d clogged up 14 He was-----by the amount of work he had been
given, and afraid of failure.
6 We’ve been working hard for weeks; now it's time a daunted
to-------. We’ve achieved enough. b dissuaded
a call a spade a spade b call it a day c call it quits d call c consoled
their bluff d constrained
Ĩ We have a full---------for this meeting, so any other 15 It was very-----of him not to admit that he'd lost the
business should be put off until next week. keys, ana to let his brother take the blame.
a timetable b quota c agenda a defective b compulsive c commendable d cowardly
d house .
16 The teacher----the girl’s mobile phone until after
8 The-----of the mist made it impossible for US to find school, as she was using it during lessons.
our way in the forest. a commissioned
a density b displacement c dispersal d diversity b collected
'9 He was branded a juvenile —, although all he'd done was to c confiscated
break a window. d conceded

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(J Hit 3
................... *w

22 rhe child was really--------, and wanted to know

what everything was.
a inciting b inquisitive c grateful d ham-fisted
23 Tap water often contains--------, so it's a good idea
to use a filter.
a debris b impurities c impediments d moisture
24 Now that you have more money, you’ll be able to a little; you
have no excuses any more.
17 Shops are now equipped with machines which can
a live it up b make a break c cut and run d fly off the
tell if money is-------or not.
handle
a artificial
w
b counterfeit 25 I'll tell you the secret, since 1 know 1 can rely on your - - -.
c fabricated a decision
d sham b wits
c discretion
18 He felt that he had been — against when a younger, but d confidence
unqualified, applicant got the job.
a held b turned c reacted d discriminated
19 The language became extinct on the-----------of its last
surviving speaker.
a demise
b wishes c sayings d intervention
20 Although he came to work the day before his retirement,
everyone knew he was just - - - .
a going with the flow b going through the motions c
going against the grain d going along with them
21 Her whole personality--------a warmth which was
very endearing.
a germinated
b dazzled
c formulated d generated

5
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0 TUDENT’S MEMO

ẩBílỂi
Bầ-
Illi

Part 4
' Remember that this last part of the paper consists of a long text followed by seven multiple-choice questions. In this part you need
confidence in your detailed understanding of a text.

It is important to read the text before reading the multiple-choice

questions. You should remember that you will be able to answer the
questions correctly only by close reference to the text, which means
that you should identify the words/phrases/sentences or lines where
rhe information relevant to the answer is to be found. You should
develop your ability to infer underlying meaning. It is essential that you
read the four possible answers for each question and try to concen-
trate on the two most likely alternatives. Don't forget to underline
the words/phrases/Iines where your answers are referred to.

Remember that the final question may depend on inter-

pi elation of the text as a whole, for example, the
writer's purpose, attitude or opinion.

.i 51

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UnSit
4
Reading - Part 4
You are going to read an article about an opportune meeting. For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B, c or D) which you
think fits best according to the text.

LIVING
Living on an island, the song goes, is like 'living in a dream' and We headed off to change and eat an early dinner, as Jean- Marie
certainly some events had dream-like qualities. The cosmopolitan was still adamant that I would be in danger if I was out during
nature of the people who lived there made every day a the night. We headed back to my apartment, and stayed up late
fascinating experience; different responses to the same stimuli, into the night, talking, eating, playing Yahtzee until I finally fell
because of the variety of backgrounds, captured a writer's asleep on the sofa. I awoke occasionally during the night to find
imagination. The scenery was spectacular, sparkling blue sea my devoted friend wide awake, the poor soul, watching over me
contrasting with the dazzlingly white houses. sleepily but vigilantly, making sure I didn't stray from the shelter
of his concerned presence.
There was an atmosphere of bohemianism, perhaps even
decadence, influenced no doubt by the history of Bacchanalian The next day, we headed out for breakfast and heard the news;
revelry which the island boasted, with wild beach parties on the one of my friends had been attacked by a tourist with a knife and
night of the full moon, an upsidedown day with no one surfacing had been airlifted to hospital, where he was fighting for his life.
until 2 pm and then converging on the harbour for a late Had i been there I would probably have stood between them, and
breakfast or lunch. it could have been me in that condition. I had a lot to thank Jean-
Marie for.
It was here that I met Jean-Marie, a professional astrologer who
claimed to read the stars for the rich and famous, his clients He left the island shortly after that and promised to return in
including the then President of the USA. He was unpretentious September. Unfortunately, this didn't happen, so my friends and I
but good at his job. He saw my future and offered me an escape took off for another country for a holiday. By the time we got
route. I could go and live with him in a European capital, I back, having been delayed by bad weather and boat timetables,
wouldn't have to work, he would take care of me. By this time I Jean-Marie had already returned and left again, omitting to leave
was in my late twenties and too young to appreciate what I might his address. Fate had taken a hand and I had to accept mine,
have been escaping. whatever it brought. This was doubtless for the best, as I would
probably not have accepted his offer, since I was not as mature as
He probably saved my life one night - but who can be sure? He I might have been for my years.
looked up at the stars and boldly stated that 1 would not be going
out the following night and, to that end, he would stay with me I still think about him and wish we could at least have stayed in
for the next 48 hours. So we arranged to go to a beach, and that touch. I'd really like to go back to the island and try to establish
was where the problems started. I had imagined that we were his whereabouts, or at least to find out if he is dead or alive, but I
going to the usual beach, involving a bus and boat trip, but no, he know the reality would be a disappointment, as I lived an idyllic
headed for the taxi rank in the square and shoved me into a cab. existence there, but 'that was in another country, and besides, the
We negotiated a price with the driver and asked him to pick us up wench is dead.'
again in the evening, but he refused, as there would be a cruise
ship in the harbour and taxis would be at a premium. The locals
had no chance of a ride.

We thought we'd find someone on the beach who would give us a

lift back to town, but the beach was deserted all day. I fell asleep
and woke up a lovely shade of lobster, and at that point we
headed for the restaurant, where we were the only customers. We
were treated royally and later decided to walk to the main road
and so on to town, about 7 kilometres. I panicked when Jean-
Marie picked up a rather hefty stone as protection against the
deadly black snakes, but just then the restaurant owners trundled
up in their 'motor vehicle' and offered US a lift almost into town;
we accepted gratefully, even though it involved sitting in the i
back with an assortment of chickens.

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34 In the first paragraph, the author reveals that

her time on the island was ethereal and surreal.
the island develops the imagination, she found the experience stimulating, her experience improved her creative
abilities.

35 When describing the atmosphere on the island in paragraph 2, the author shows her
disdain for its visitors.
B admiration for its idiosyncrasies.
c awareness of its reputation, appreciation of its lifestyle.

36 What does the author state about Jean-Marie in paragraph 3?

He was a renowned astrologer.
He was a modest person.
He liked taking care of his friends.
He was respected by his clients.

37 When describing the day at the beach, the author indicates she was surprised by Jean-Marie's confidence, she was
amused by the unforeseen difficulties, she had expected things to run more smoothly, she was thankful for her good
fortune.

38 The author's tone when describing her friend's all-night vigil is

A worried.
B ambivalent.
c amused.
ữ appreciative.

39 Upon hearing about the attack, the author

A was saddened by the news.
B was impressed by the astrologer's accuracy, c felt lucky that she hadn't been there.
o thanked Jean-Marie.

40 The overall impression given by the text is that the author A regrets not having taken Jean-Marie up on his offer.
B wishes she knew where he was.
c is nostalgic for that time and place.
D is grateful to her friend for saving her life.

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Unit 4
OỄBilỄỄllBiỂlỊỆỆIlỄỆ)

Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension

(Optional Task)

1 Why does the writer use the phrase "an upsidedown day" 4 How was Jean-Marie able to tell people what would
in paragraph 2? happen to them?

5 Why is the writer reluctant to go back to the island?

2 What does the phrase 'shade of lobster' tell US, and why does the word 'lovely' precede it?

6 Which of the following adjectives might be used to

describe the mood of the text when describing life on the
island? sombre, whimsical, reminiscent, bitter, buoyant,
irreverent, despondent
3 What does the writer imply about the restaurant owners' vehicle in paragraph 5?

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«4

I didn't know what to do; I was at my mind's/wits' end. __________________________________________

Due to the recent bad weather, fresh fruit is at a price/premium. ___________________________________
Ke's on record/camera as saying that women should not be given driving licences.------------------------------
The building project is on hold/delay while archaeologists examine the site.__________________________
So far our sales figures are on aim/target, so we should reach our projected total. ______________________
The reporter caught the Prime Minister off balance/step with her question.___________________________
He is generous to a mistake/fault, with the result that people take advantage of him.-----------------------------
Each proposal will be judged on its advantages/merits.__________________________________________
We haven't really got enough time. At a pinch/press, we'll have to work overtime.______________________
After today's performance, it looks as if we have a gold medallist in the making/doing. _________________
I never take politicians' promises on trust/truth. ________________________________________________
I'm afraid the marketing manager is on leisure/leave until the end of the month.----------------------------------

For each of the following sentences, choose the correct alternative. Then write out the prepositional phrases.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that
fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

ALLL-RGIfS
In extreme circumstances, allergies can be (OỊ___feta/ If FATE
we look back to the past we might wonder whether some 0) deaths
occurred due to allergies which could MATURE
not, at the time, have been (2)____________________. But this might be DIAGNOSIS
the wrong perspective. Are we, in fact, developing allergies because we are
living in an advanced (3) ------------------------------------------------age? Are TECHNOLOGY
we the masters of our own destruction?

PUBLIC 5
ABLE 5

ANSWER
IMMUNE
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INDUSTRY
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Unit
Is it because of (4) ---------------------------that allergies have appeared
on the national health agenda? Is it true that more children are suffering from eczema and asthma? Does pollution cause such

4problems? These seem to be (51___________________questions.

The ịố)----------------------of societies seems to have a bearing on the

growth of incidences of allergies. We are now alerted to the danger of eating peanuts, and (7) foods carry
health warn
ings for allergy suffers. Indeed, some people suffer such extreme allergic reactions that they need to live in an absolutely sterile
environment, (8)------------------------to live a normal life.

We have a built-in immune system, but diseases such as AIDS, which attacks our natural (9) to viruses and
bacteria, can leave us (10) ____________________. We need to take a
good, long look at our lifestyles and concentrate on improving our environment so that our health will
not suffer further.

A Match the items in the box to the verbs in bold. Then use the phrasal verbs once each in the correct form to complete the
sentences 1-10.

be caused by sth: boil ___________________________

revise your knowledge of sth: bone____________________________
look for: cast_______-_______________-
mention continually: keep_________________________
encourage competitiveness between others for your own benefit: play----------------------------------------- - --------
make sth available for a purpose: put_____________________________
write for sth to be delivered to you: send - ______________________________
continue to demand (a certain amount of) sth: stick________________________________
change the purpose for which sth is used: turn______________________________
enter a place and find sb doing sth (embarrassing): walk__________________________________

1 Claude manages pop groups, and he's always -------------------------------------new talent.

2 Colonial powers like to------------------------------different groups in the indigenous population

each other.
3 When the couple inherited the big house, they converted it into small flats and --------------------------------1
it
--------------------------holiday lets.
4 Jeremy thought he ought to---------------------------------the highway code, since so many new regulations had
been brought in.
s Mary entered the office without knocking, and__________________________her boss admiring himself in the mirror.

56

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Unit 6
Jenny hardly ever goes shopping for new clothes; instead, she _____________________________them through mail
order.

4 7 We had to-----------------------------our house_____________________sale in order to pay for our child's operation.

8 I do wish you wouldn't------------------------------my mistakes in front of the others.
9 Charles is convinced he's a good enough worker to___________________________more pay.
10 Their dismal performance in the exams_________________________a lack of self-discipline.

B Two of the phrasal verbs used in this task ha ve another meaning. Look them up in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix and write an
example sentence for each to illustrate these other meanings.

57

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Unit 4
J

HIE li

Expressing opinions and ideas

Choose the correct options from the items in bold. More than one may be correct.
A
be of the opinion/view/idea
1 express a(n) suspicion/impression/opinion air a(n) view/opinion/notion hold a(n) impression/view/opinion take a dim
2 suspicion/notion/view conceive a(n) idea/impression/opinion not have the slightest notion/idea/view be under
3 suspicion/an impression/the impression get the impression/an idea/a notion regard with an idea/suspicion/a notion
4
5
6 B Fill each blank with the correct verb.
7
1--------------------------Sally a dim view of people who tell lies.
8
2--------------------------I don't the slightest idea where I left my keys.
9 3--------------------------We of the opinion that company policy should change.
10 4-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Anyone who is not wearing an identification
badge is---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------with suspicion.
5 You will have the opportunity to----------------------------------your views at the meeting.

c Complete the sentences below with one of the collocations above.

1 The banker is ----------------------------of insider-trading, but they don't have enough evidence to arrest him.
2 I don't--------------------------slightest------------------------------what's wrong with Barry; he's been in a foul
mood all day.
3 Anne is--------------------------------------------that funding cuts are imminent. (2 possibilities)
4 Graham ---------------------------view of pbople trying to copy from him during exams.
5 At staff meetings, employees are encouraged to_________________________views.

D Now write your own sentences using collocations with get, conceive, express, hold and regard with.

5
8
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1 ebb and flow: a frequent change of style, direction, Ĩ from far and wide: from everywhere, from a large
intensity number of places
By now, we're accustomed to the ebb and flow of the They came from far and wide to attend the annual fair.
stock market.
8 be a far cry from: be completely different from This
2 by a process of elimination: by removing from several room is a far cry from 'a little untidy'! It's a complete
possible answers the ones which are unlikely to be mess!
correct until only one is left
9 be few and far between: rare, infrequent Employees
I figured out who had revealed my secret by a process of
with integrity are few and far between, so we should
elimination.
try to make them feel appreciated.
3 be of the essence: be a very important factor We need to 10 have a field day: enjoy/take advantage of an
get there before the traffic builds up, so time is of the opportunity
essence. Whenever there's a hint of political scandal, the press
4 take exception to: be offended by or object to She took have a field day.
exception to being asked to wait outside, and 11 with a fine-tooth comb: carefully and in detail The
complained to the manager. police searched the premises with a fine-tooth comb,
5 have eyes in the back of your head: be able to see but could find no trace of the stolen goods.
everything going on around you, even when it seems 12 put the finishing touches on: finish and make perfect
impossible They were just putting the finishing touches on the
The teacher must have eyes in the back of her head - birthday cake when the guests arrived
how did she know I was the one who passed the note?

6 under false pretences: pretending to be sb else or to

have particular qualifications in order to obtain sth The
swindler gained access to their money under false
pretences - he claimed he was an accountant.

A Complete the sentences with phrases from above.

a We went through the evidence----------------------------------------------, looking for proof of his guilt.
b The warm weather in Mediterranean countries attracts tourists_____________________________________
c I sat there quietly, listening to the----------------------------------------------of the conversation.
d Living in remote areas of the country_______________________________living in the capital city.
e Don't write out a second copy of the composition, because speed--------------------------------------------------------
f In this day and age, good friends are________________________________so we can't afford to lose any.
g When the school authorities announced an unexpected holiday, the pupils---------------------------------------------------------
h The police interviewed all the suspects and discovered who the culprit was--------------------------------------------------------

B With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate them meaning.

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Unit 4
ng Words
w< Set 1
. ẵksẩ’’ w esL
grant scho
Elderly people can get a grant from the local council to insulate Since their daughter won a scholarship, they don't have to
their homes, (specific amount of money given by a pay school fees, (award for studies given by a school,
government or other institution to individuals or university or other organisation)
organisations for a particular purpose)
allowance
I've spent all my allowance already, but my parents won't give
The government will meet a lot of opposition from farmers if it me any more until next month, (money given regularly to
tries to cut farm subsidies. sb, usually a family member, for living expenses)
(money given by a government to help organisations or
sectors of the economy in order to save an industry or
annuity
jobs, or keep prices down)

My aunt boughtan annuity to guarantee an income for herself

compensation
in her old age. (an investment or insurance policy that
The accident victims were not satisfied with the compen- pays a fixed amount each year)

Set 2 (money given by a person or organisation to reduce the

sation offered by the firm and threatened to take it to court,
8 ỄSBI3
Now my sister has retired and is living on a pension, she
bad effect of damage done)
deposit donate
can't afford expensive holidays, (an amount of money paid
I She puts asidealimony
a third of her salary and deposits it in a Every year, my uncle donates a lot of money to animal welfare
regularly by the state or a former employer to a retired
I separate account. organisations.
person)
I (put ex-husband
Her sth in a certain
has place; put money
disappeared in atobank)
in order avoid paying (give money to a person or organisation in order to
alimony, so she has hired a private detective to find him. (the support and help them)
r, ■ 2 pay ordered by a court to be paid to a former
money
gamble
I He felt in ahusband
generous or wifeand
mood after a for
paid divorce)
all the tickets I himself, (give
money in order to buy something, or She went to the casino and gambled away half her pay.
[ to settle a debt) (play games of chance for money)

invest sponsor

I decided to invest in a microwave oven, in the hope that it If we don't find enough firms to sponsor the event, we shall
would save me a lot of time, (place money, time or effort in have to cancel it.
a firm, property or scheme in order to make a profit or (to pay all or part of the expenses of an event, usually
to benefit in some way) to get publicity)

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Unit 4
Choose the correct word in each sentence.

1 The government has announced an increase in the family grant/subsidy/allowance for families with two or more
children.
2 We received a grant/subsidy/compensation from the government to repair our house after the earthquake.
3 His parents were delighted when he won a(n) subsidy/scholarship/allowance to Leeds University.
4 I'm so glad I didn't gamble/deposit/invest in those shares: their value has plummeted.
5 This track and field event is being paid/sponsored/donated by Keepfit, the chain of sports clothes outlets.
6 The famous film star is trying to get alimony/compensation/allowance from her ex-husband for the damage he caused
to her penthouse.

Vocabulary - ECPE Type

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.
1 The characters in the novel are — and have no connection with any living person.
a existential
b distorted
c fictitious 7 Many non-smokers find the smell of tobacco smoke
d episodic
Q reputable
2 They're a real-----organisation; they're only b tedious
interested in making a profit. c offensive
a devil-may-care d unconventional
b fly-by-night
c open-handed 8 He's a real miser. I’ve never met anyone so — .
d down-to-earth a tight-fisted
b mealy-mouthed
3 The country was threatened with--------unless it c thick-skinned
complied with international demands. d light-fingered
o terminations
b actions 9 / cannot------to that point of view; it is diametrically
c obstructions opposed to mine.
d sanctions Ỡ adhere
b affiliate
4 / would like to hear the-------behind your c subscribe
suggestion. d cohere
ị a rationale
10 The information was given to me in the strictest---------,
b prospective
so I cannot divulge my source.
c perception
a discretion b regard c fidelity d confidence
■ d inflection
11 She wore a bracelet---------with diamonds. "
5 He is a typical - businessman; he only thinks of
a gl impsing
\ profit ana loss. b gliding
I a inhibited c
c glittering
b humane d glimmering
j c inflexible
; d hard-headed 12 Having decided to study carpentry, I — on an evening
course.
ị 6 / made a(n)-------movement and knocked over all a enlisted
J the glasses on the table. b enrolled
’ a unwilling c enjoined
b involuntary c outrageous : d nonchalant d endorsed

61

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Unit 5
■ t'"' J...........,.._................ .,......,..._. ..._..._....._........._.......... ......., ,....,..._ _ _

..................,... ........ .. ...... J

13 There are some — expressions which are 20 The children were quite safe, playing in the — pool.
commonly used, and to which the response is a turbulent
automatic. b shallow
a distorted c slight
b engaging d swirling
c fabricated
16 Shedwas extremely elegant and obviously very-----------. 21 The audience were — by her inspiring lecture.
formulaic
o entitled b upheld c upstanding d well-heeled a uplifted b soared c upheld d ascended
14 His
17 The charm
NGO relies on —
is------; to enable
it has it to carry out its
no substance! 22 You always know exactly what she's thinking -
work. she's so------.
oCltarnished
promotionsb superficial a opaque
18 19
WhencbThehecar
subdued washer
threw
donations old book
and -on the floor, she------------by b transparent
the elements
fire to hisfor
dc reassurances
setting unobtrusive years.
newspaper. c crystal
6 Q rusty b
od equalized
pigments decomposed cl overt
2 bc silted
resortedd tarnished
15 Thec refugees
reprimandedwere offered---------in the embassy. 23 The glad------brought the villagers together in
»3 sanctuary
d retaliated Downloaded by Xuan Hieu Luu celebration.
([email protected])
having been exposed to
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For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, c or D) best fits each gap.
M

Tk Chef
Being a chef is not all it’s (1) .......................to be. People have an image of chefs dreaming
up exotic dishes, experimenting) with delicious expensive ingredients, and then (2) exquisite meals
with panache. That isn’t really how it is. There are a lot
of things to do, and most of them are done in a sweltering hot kitchen with 80 to 100 people waiting for the
finished product.
Even the creative part is riddled with the difficulties posed by having to take mundane details (3) -
.................................................consideration. Firstly, for example, the items for the
weekly table d’hote must (4) _____________the food left in the fridge from the previous
week. Secondly, the food must be something a customer might (5)-----------------------------buy, which
means that burgers are often on the menu, despite the chefs disdain. The real opportunity for artistry comes
when someone orders the poached salmon with dill butter, and there’s not a (6) of butter in the place.

1 A talked out B shaped up c cracked up D broken off

2 A generating B creating c forming D shaping
3 A above B under c with D into
4 A incorporate B compose c integrate D amalgamate
5 A truly B actually c genuinely D certainly

6 A speck B pinch c drop D pat

Mosaics
Notwithstanding the recent proliferation of trendy coffee-table books on the subject, the art of making
mosaics has a long history. Made famous by the Romans, its existence actually stretches as far back as the
Hellenistic period, if not further. Mosaics were especially (7)___as floor coverings, since their

scale (8)------------- itself to large spaces and because they could stand up to daily
(9)-----------and tear.
I can't say that it was an awareness of this lofty past which induced me to take up mosaics; I just liked the
look of them. So I (10)____________________________________________________ off to sign
up at the local community centre, where my classmates and I were soon earnestly poring over art books,
deep in thought about our future masterpieces. It took me well over a year to complete a table-top the size

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of a dinner plate (thus cleverly (11) - - - beauty with function) and, in the end, it was so
uneven that you couldn't even (12) a glass on it.

7 A enjoyed B praised c favoured D encouraged

8 A suited B adapted c fit D lent

9 A wear B use c friction D neglect

10 A limped B hurtled c trotted D trudged
11 A including B combining c merging D mixing

12 A situate B install c locate D stand

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My family doctor had been (13)______________ me for several years: 'Exercise!', 'Exercise!',
'Exercise!'. It was like the irritating jingle from a commercial that just won't go away. Of course, I had been a
little more sporty in my youth but, somehow, sports had all fallen by the (14) I was no longer able to fit
them into my life.
That left the gym. I'd been (15)_______________ it over for about 5 years, but each and
every time I glanced through a gym window, I was convinced it was a ghastly idea. Everything about it put me
off: the bulky, competitive, exhibitionist fypes, grunting and sweating, performing mind-numbingly monotonous
activities like lifting weights, all in front of huge picture windows in (16) ____ view of dozens of
passers-by! Nothing about it was the least (17)___________________appealing. And yet, when
I finally (18)------------ the gym, I was pleasantly surprised. With careful planning,
the grunters can easily be avoided, and I'm becoming quite fond of weights.

13 A badgering B belittling c beguiling D bantering

14 A backlog B wayside c backdrop D roundabout
15 A pondering B reflecting c contemplating D mulling
16 A total . B great c full D apparent
1Ĩ A bit B trace c spot D fragment

18 A enrolled B enlisted c registered 0 joined

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Ml()W”iip Questions for Further Comprehension

(Optional Task)

The Chef
1 How is the reality of being a chef different from most 2 Why might a chef regard hamburgers with disdain?
people's image of the job?

The Mosaics
Gym
Who is the
3 Explain writer
in your referring
own words to when
why she uses
mosaics werethe In yourphrase
4 Which own words,
in thiswhat are the 'studying
text means three or paying
phrase 'the grunters'?
especially popular in ancient times. disadvantages of the gym?
close attention to something written or printed'?

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Units

Prepositional Phrases
Complete each sentence by supplying the correct preposition.

1 Don't take him at his word. Get him to put it ______________writing.

2 Once the train had left the station and the journey was_________________way, I began to relax and feel safe.
3 Avocados are not sold----------------weight; you pay so much per avocado.
4 My aunt works out at the gym twice a week to keep________________shape.
5 Do you realise what's-----------------stake here? Your whole future!
6 Newspaper editors must sense when the public's interest in a story is ___________________the wane.
Ĩ University tutors have been warned to be___________________the watch for plagiarism when assessing students'
assignments, now that students can download material from the Internet.
8 What with the wedding only a few days away, we are all _______________a whirl finalising the arrangements.
9 For once, the sports commentator was lost________________words and couldn't continue the commentary.
10 Although, at first glance, the terms of the contract seemed favourable,---------------------------scrutiny, they turned out
to be disadvantageous.
11 As far as I'm concerned, that deal is_____________the bag and we needn't spend any more time or effort on it.
12 The children were enthusiastic about the beach-cleaning project and tackled the task----------------------------a will.

Word Formation
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the
same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
THE EFFECTS OF OVERCROWDING

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To some extent, the effects of overcrowding undoubtedly depend on the

Units
society in which one lives, since in some cultures (0) —privacy— is
seen as an absolute necessity, while others don't even have a word to PRIVATE
express the concept. In the latter, the idea of being alone is equated with
the feeling of (1)-------, an emotion which is in sharp contrast to
the one felt by those who crave solitude. LONE
Regardless of subjective (2) ___________________, overcrowding
can lead to real social and health problems and has even been shown to PERCEIVE
be detrimental to (3) -----------------------------------------History is rife
with tales of death and destruction as a result of prolonged exposure to SANE
cramped conditions. Before the (4) — --------------------------------------
of slavery, slaves were transported around the globe on board (5) ABOLISH
___________________i.____crowded, filthy ships and suffered
(6)______________misery and even death. During the industrial EXCESS
revolution, disease was rampant among (7) --------------------------------- TELL
who were forced by economic necessity to share living space with LABOUR
dozens of people.
In some developed countries, land is at a premium, so there is a (8) -
______________to build high-rise apartment blocks,
while individual flats are becoming increasingly smaller. This TEND

BEAR

GAIN

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Phrasal Verbs
A Match the phrasal verbs on the left with their meanings on the right, then complete each of the sentences below with the right
form of the correct phrasal verb.

1) bleat on about .. keep complaining in an annoying way

2) cry out for b keep talking about sth (boring)
3) go on at express confidence in, guarantee sb/sth
4) rabbit on .- make sth sound better than it is
S) rattle off
lllllllol explain beliefs, facts, etc in a clear, organised way
e
fi) rattle through — f express support for sb
7) rip/tcar/lay into ...... be in great need of
ft) root for say/do sth quickly (in order to finish it)
9) set forth have a full discussion about sth
10) talk over keep criticising
1Ê) talk up ... speak very critically to sb
12) vouch for say sth quickly and easily

Alex___________ - - all the maths exercises in twenty minutes.

Can't you stop the children for not behaving the way you did as a child?
this employee's reliability.
I'm perfectly willing to------------------ about your boyfriend. Haven't you got anything more
I wish you wouldn't keep___________
interesting to talk about? Sandra really into Matthew when he finally arrived, an hour late.
Of course, the fund manager will try to the new scheme, but I'm convinced it
will be
a failure.
I'm fed up with Melanie--------------------------------how badly she's been treated.
8 I-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------thought you'd be upset
9 about it, but I feel reassured now that we've been able to ------------------------------------------------------it ---------------
I hope you win the game on Saturday. We'll al I be_____________________you.
10 Ted's been to the city centre so often that he can_____________________the names of all the stations you pass
on the way.
After two years of drought, the country_______________________rain.
The prosecutor------------------------------the evidence against the accused in a most convincing fashion.

B Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries in the
Phrasal Verbs Appendix, then make up your own examples to illustrate how they are used.

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Omt 5
Collocations
Phrases concerned with growth and decline
V

A Choose the correct preposition from the three below to form phrases used to talk about growth and decline.

1 an increase --------------- 7 (be) -------------------- -- the decrease

2 (be) ________________ the decline 8 rise --------------------
3 (be) ________________ decline 9 go ---------------------- - (a) decline
4 (be) ------------------------ the rise 10 (be) ______________ __ the increase
5 to fall --------------------- -- (a) decline 11 a reduction ________ _. ----------
6 a decrease - -._________ 12 a drop ____________
—

on into in
B Choose the adjectives below which collocate with all the nouns from Task A.

.slight trivial significant clear

important minor marked noticeable
cpnsjderable evident negligible gradual
'blunt Solid

c Complete the following sentences using phrases from Task A and suitable adjectives from Task B. More than one answer may
be correct.

1 Over the last few years, there has been_____________________________ the number of university graduates.
2 Meteorologists are predicting a-------------------:______________in temperatures for the weekend.
3 Some industries-------------------------------------after the war.
4 There has been--------------------------------------in the birth rate over the last seven years.
5 Tolls indicate that there has been--------------------------------------in the mayor's popularity since the last election.

D Some of the phrases cannot be used with adjectives. Which are they?

Write four sentences of your own using these phrases.

7
0
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Unit .5
Set Phrases
1 like a fish out of water: uncomfortable because of a Although it went against the grain, I tried hard not to get
situation or the surroundings involved in an argument with the overtly racist
I felt like a fish out of water among all the university politician.
graduates, as I had had little formal education.
8 a Freudian slip: sth said accidentally, which is believed
2 fit to drop: very tired to show sb's true thoughts
After running for an hour, he was fit to drop. His accidentally calling me by his ex-wife's name was
definitely a Freudian slip.
3 flat out: as fast or as hard as you can
They worked flat out for two whole days, and finally 9 be up for grabs: ready to be won or taken
completed the project. You should enter the contest, as there are lots of great
prizes up for grabs.
4 take the floor: start speaking; start dancing
After the council members' speeches, the mayor herself 10 win hands down: win quickly and/or easily
took the floor. We were expecting a close game, but the home team won
hands down.
5 fly in the face of: go against (convention, reason,
common sense) 11 give a big hand: applaud enthusiastically
This strategy flies in the face of company policy. When the school band took the floor, we gave them a big
hand.
6 food for thought: sth to think about
The film was rather disturbing, and gave the audience 12 hard to swallow: difficult to believe
plenty of food for thought. I find your story about him once being a spy a bit hard to
Ĩ go against the grain: be opposed to your nature or swallow.
principles

A Choose a phrase from above to complete the sentences.

a He said that he hadn't meant to put it like that, but to me it sounded like a very revealing

b I was determined to be polite to the obnoxious man, but it-------------------------------------------------------------

c The audience was extremely appreciative and the comedian was____________________________________
d The story was very unlikely. Even though it could have been true, I found it_____________________________________
e I was so new in the job that I felt________________________________
f No one else was allowed to dance, until the newly-weds_____________________________________
g After working for twelve hours straight, I was _______________________________.
h Not trusting your regular babysitter with the keys of the house_____________________________rational judgement.

B With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.

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Unit 5 -

released
There was a single rose in the box, with a card attached. /1 hundred balloons were released into the sky. (set free)
(only one)
liberated
sole
He described how his country was liberated from colonial rule,
The sole survivor of the crash is being questioned by the (freed from the control or influence of)
police, (only one existing or remaining)
unattached
unique
He is handsome, unattached and has a good job. Do you want
This is unique — there's not another like it. (the me to introduce you to him? (not tied or connected to
only one of its kind) anyone or anything)
one loosened
She is the one person who might be able to help. He took his jacket off and loosened his tie.
(the only, for emphasis) (make weaker, less firm or tight)

independent discharged
An independent enquiry into the allegations of bribery has I was anxious to be discharged from hospital as soon as
been announced, (separate from, not involved with, not possible.
dependent on others) (give permission to leave)
autonomous
Although our association is affiliated to others, it is autonomous: we take our own decisions, (governing yourself, taking your own decisions)

Choose one of the following words for each gap.

1 This music video offers a ---------------------------- blend of visual and acoustic effects.
single one independent
2 Despite strenuous police efforts, not a(n) ___________________member of the gang has been caught.
3 The -----------------------slaves
ea had nowhere to go and no way to earn a living.
unattachi
4 She's looking for work because she wants to be______________________
5 He was -------------------------from the army after the explosion damaged his eyes.
6 His-------------------------reason for resigning was to find a job where he would earn more money.

tin 72
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tjmts
Vocabulary - ECPE Type
Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank. d choked
1 The spy wove a------of intrigue to cover his tracks. 13 We always invite George to our dinner parties as
o system b web c network d yarn he's a very-------guest.
2 He was a(n)-----expert on Egyptian antiquities. a congenial
o acknowledged b severe c ambivalent d adverse b congenital
c considerable
3 He was arrested for traveling on a(n)--------passport. d conical
O synthetic b incorrect c false d artificial
14 The examiner tried to------a response from the
4 The----of sheep moved slowly up the hillside. candidate, but to no avail.
a pack b lock c herd d fleece a expose
5 It was a complicated situation which, even when b elicit
explained to me, was still beyond my-----------. c protract d propose
a wit 15 The torch------slightly, then went out. The battery
b knowledge was dead.
c ability a flashed
d comprehension b guttered
6 He spoke the language fluently, but when confronted c considered d flickered
with a large audience he was by no means-------------. 16 The rescue team — the scene, trying to work out the best
a eligible way to find any survivors.
b articulate a estimated b surveyed c considered d esteemed
c organized 17 One-----of the epidemic was that all the schools
d analogous were closed.
7 The errors have now been-------, so the manuscript a proposal
should be ready for publication. b expectation
a eroded c consequence
b eliminated d forecast
c annihilated
d deleted
8 The weather was not------to a picnic, so we
abandoned our plans.
a complimentary
b corporal
c conducive d collaborative
9 They were forced to-------as the enemy outnumbered
them.
a conform b dispel c yield d contract
10 The lawyer----the facts of the case in an effort to
make the defendant seem incapable of committing the
crime.
a distorted
b distended
c dismantled
d disturbed

11 Every year the local inhabitants - - - the battle which was

fought on this site.
a revisit
b reconsider
c re-enact d replay
1,2 His grandfather — on a fish bone and couldn't breathe.
a gulped
b throttled
c chewed

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Unit 5

18 The operation itself went smoothly, but — arose, and the

patient died shortly afterwards.
a injuries
b disease
c distortions
d complications
19 His work is always-------and thorough; he can
always be trusted to do any job.
a mellow
b meticulous
c avid
d powerful
20 As the house neared------, our excitement grew; we
would soon be moving into our own home.
a finishing
b accommodation
c accomplishment
d completion
21 The celebrity temporarily lost her-------when
someone threw a tomato at her.
a composure
b confusion
c discretion
d dissolve
22 Many schools now insist on-------learning so that
no single individual has to work on their own.
Q pair b rote c collaborative d consecutive
23 The judge ruled that there was no-------evidence,
and threw the case out of court.
a circumstantial
b ad missible
c adamant
d discrete
24 I've managed to complete a fair---------of my
assignment.
a chunk
b scale
c bunch
d lump
25 A single----stood guard at the entrance to the
army camp.
a rustic
b armoury
c sentry
d recruit

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Reading - Part 2
You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with the environment. For questions 19-26, choose
the answer (A, B, c or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

The Coral Reef

28th December

; It was a bumpy bus ride to the resort, and the facilities are not quite what we had expected, but we got down
to business right away. Our group spent the morning learning about equipment and safety procedures. The
instructor seems extremely knowledgeable. I'd never have imagined that coral reefs are home to a quarter
of all the marine species in the world. This afternoon, we practised putting on our tanks and masks, and
then breathing underwater just offshore. It's a big day tomorrow; we're finally off to the coral reef.

29th December

It's amazing what you can do if you put your mind to it! Scuba diving had seemed an impossible dream
until I eventually took the plunge. The coral reef is an astonishing, magical world. All you can hear is the
sound of your own breathing as you glide above the strangely shaped corals from which colourful crea-
tures peek at you inquisitively, and larger fish swim majestically by, while keeping a beady eye on
intruders.

Sadly, some dead, bleached coral stands out stark and white against the deep hues of the living coral. The
reefs are under threat from global warming. Fortunately, here they are protected from unscrupulous
fishermen using explosives to kill and collect fish. As this is part of a national marine park, fishing is
prohibited and the reefs are safe - from direct human intervention at least. Iinei8 Elsewhere, however, the
situation is dire. Unfortunately, it seems it's impossible to get away from the countless perils threatening
our planet.

19 The writer indicates that

A there was too much emphasis on safety procedures.

B hers was the only group at the resort.
c the resort was not as luxurious as they had hoped.
D they had expected to be taken to the coral reef on the first day.

20 What does the writer suggest when she says, "the reefs are safe - from direct human intervention at least"(line 18)?

A There is no need for the ban on fishing to continue.

B Human beings are responsible for climate change.
c The condition of coral reefs is improving due to human intervention.
D Factors other than human intervention are affecting the reefs.

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Unit -6

Transfrontier Parks
Today I'd also like to talk about two nature reserves which are in very different parts of the world, but whose aims are the same:
to promote peace and conservation through sanctuaries which transcend political boundaries.
I'm sure you all know of Kruger National Park in South Africa. This wonderful park, whose origins go back to the establishment
of game reserves in the area in 1898, shelters 147 types of mammal and 500 bird species in its 7,523 square miles, and may soon
become part of a tri-country reserve called the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. This will include regions of Mozambique and
Zimbabwe in addition to the South African part. It is hoped that the co-operation involved in setting up and protecting the park
and its inhabitants (both human and animal) will foster peace in this strife-torn area and, of course, attract tourism, bringing
tangible benefits to the local populations and teaching them the importance of protecting the natural environment.
Now, moving on from Africa to Europe and, more specifically, to the Balkans, the governments of three neighbouring countries
signed an agreement in the year 2000 to create Prespa Park. The lakes of Prespa and Mikri Prespa are actually two of the oldest
in Europe, and the surrounding wetlands are a vital breeding ground for over 160 bird species. Any co-operation between nations
in this region is an exceptionally significant step, as the Balkans have experienced a great deal of upheaval over the years. If this
also manages to bring about the protection of the environment, it is certainly an endeavour worthy of our support.

21 According to the text,

A the Great Limpopo covers a larger area than Prespa Park.

B of the two sanctuaries, only the African reserve will have human inhabitants, plans have already been ratified in the
c case of the Balkan park.
D the Balkan lakes are the oldest in Europe.

22 What similarities between the two areas are mentioned in the text?

A Authorities hope for an increase in tourism.

B Both parks are very old.
Both areas have suffered from conflict.
c
They are important breeding grounds for birds.
D
Near Earth Objects
Roughly fifty thousand tonnes of rock from space reach the Earth each year. These fragments range in size from
particles of dust to pebbles, and most of them don’t reach the surface of the planet, but burn up in the atmosphere as
graceful shooting stars. How likely is it that a larger fragment might slam into the Earth one day? It has happened
before.

It is believed that, about 65 million years ago, the impact of an object with a 10-kilometre diameter wiped out 70
percent of life on Earth, ending the reign of the dinosaurs. The destructive energy of near Earth objects (NEOs) is a
result of their breathtaking speeds, as they can reach 64 kilometres per second (over 230,000 kilometres per hour).

7
6
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Umt ế

Unfortunately, objects big enough to affect our environment aren’t that rare. In fact, they skim past this blue planet
every year or two. For instance, NEO 2002 MN was discovered on 17th June 2002, three days after it had passed
within 120,000 kilometres of Earth. It was between 50 and 120 metres across.

Obviously, something has to be done, and that is why we have launched this campaign to get our representatives in
parliament to act. The asteroid threat must be pushed up the agenda, and clearly there has to be an international
effort. Ideally, to be able to take preventative measures, we should aim for advance warning of 10 years or more,
although that may not be feasible at present.

23 The writer implies that at present

A the technology necessary to help us identify NEOs is available. B we are in a position to detect NEOs before
they reach Earth, c we have the means to deflect objects before they reach Earth. D scientists give governments
sufficient warning of NEOs.

24 The writer hopes that

A the government will begin considering the threat of NEOs. B a campaign will be launched to inform the public
about NEOs. c the government will work closely with other countries.
D the public will take the threat more seriously.

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Units

The EnviroiĩẰhent — Where Do We Stand?

In 1 992, the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro resulted in pledges to safeguard ecosystems, reduce global warming and
promote human welfare through sustainable development. This focused public attention on the environment, and further
conferences on environmental issues have taken place since, but has there been any progress, or have the promises been
forgotten?

There are some positive signs. The ban on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which destroy the ozone layer, has limited
releases of these compounds. Hydrogen-powered cars, ecotourism and acid rain reduction, through the curbing of
sulphur dioxide emissions, are all steps in the right direction. On the other hand, the clearing of tropical forests doesn't
seem to have slowed at all, and at this rate we may well have annihilated half the world's plant and animal species by the
end of the 21 st century. Indisputable evidence shows that fossil fuels are warming up the planet, with unpredictable
consequences. Greenhouse gases are now at their highest level in 420,000 years. Nevertheless, our consumption of fossil
fuels is still increasing at an alarming rate, with an incredible 140 cubic metres or more of oil flowing out of wells
world-wide every second, incredibly, this is happening despite the public's familiarity with the greenhouse effect.

Not enough is being accomplished, and time is running out. The Internet and mobile phone communications have
facilitated grassroots environmental efforts, and even one person or a small group can make a difference. We must let
our leaders know that we want action and we must do it now, before it's too late.

25 The text as a whole suggests that

A the 1992 summit achieved very little.

B some steps have been taken but more needs to be done.
c nothing has changed and we continue to destroy the planet.
D we are unable to do without fossil fuels.

26 In the writer's view,

A governments have managed to acquaint the public with environmental issues. B governments are lagging behind
public opinion on environmental issues.
c the public are not as aware of environmental issues as they should be.
D governments are not as aware of environmental issues as the public.

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Unit 6
Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension.
(Optional Task)

The Coral Reef

what are the two meanings of "took the plunge"? 3 With reference to the last paragraph, explain in your
own words the threat to the reefs.

2 Are scuba divers welcomed by the sea creatures, according to the text? Explain why/why not in your own words.

Transf rentier Parks

1 Explain how tourism might teach local populations 'the 3 What does the word 'this' in the last sentence refer to?
importance of protecting natural environments'.

2 Explain in your own words how sanctuaries might promote 'peace and conservation'.

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9
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Unite

Near Earth Objects

1 In your own words, explain the purpose of this text. 3 What is implied by the use of the phrase 'is believed to
have' when describing the extinction of the dinosaurs?

2 Who is the intended target audience?

4 Was NEO 2002 MN considered a threat in May 2002?
Why/why not?

The Environment — Where Do We Stand?

1 Explain the term 'sustainable development' in your 3 How have modern methods of communication
own words. facilitated grassroots environmental efforts?

2 What do you understand by the sentence 'fossil fuels are heating the planet, with unpredictable consequences'?

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Unite

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Omits
OSiBliaSsiBisisMi

Prepositional Phrases
Choose an item from the box below to complete each of the following sentences.
’ reservation • measure • arms
• suspicion • pretext • air
• stretch » rage • end/long run
• strength • transition • parole
1 The country's economy is currently in______________________and will soon focus on service industries.
2 She realised she was under-------------------------------z but could do nothing to prove her innocence.
3 Production is down because the workforce is below __________________________ due to the flu epidemic.
4 It's tough sticking to my diet, but it will be worth it in the__________________________when I have lost weight.
5 I can recommend this new gardening book without__________________________
6 The driver jumped out of his car in a_______________________and attacked the taxi driver for cutting in.
7 If you're lucky, you'll be let out on______________________after serving three years of your sentence.
8 Our holiday plans have been up in the______________________since we heard about the flooding.
9 Pensioners are up in-----------------------------against the proposal to tax their income.
10 I find it too exhausting to work ten hours at a_______________________z so I'm going to look for another job.
11 I boiled extra macaroni for good_____________________, since I guessed the boys would be hungry.
12 She went to visit him on the------------------------------of borrowing a book.

Word Formation
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the
same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

THE IMPORTANCE OF DECOR

The urge to decorate our surroundings is a (0)_____basic______human BASE
instinct. We need only look back to (1)____________cave paintings HISTORY
to see that people have always felt the necessity to improve their home
environment. Students at university obviously find objets d'art too (2)
-------------------but decorate their rooms with cheap COST
PRODUCE
posters, which are often (3) _____________of paintings by old
masters.
DEVELOP
An unfortunate (4) ---------------------------- in architecture, however,
ignores the needs of the very people who occupy the buildings. This
phenomenon, aptly named "sick building syndrome", emphasises the (5)
------------------------------------------------structure and design concepts ARCHITECT
(6Ị --------------------.of the needs of those who spend a great REGARD
proportion of their lives working in them. Sofne such buildings can be
completely (7)- - - -----of natural sunlight and, as. a result, VOID.
are totally (8)----B----------on artificial light. RELY

The Western world has recently taken an interest in Feng shui and other
Eastern theories about creating a (9) _______________________ HARMONY
atmosphere in one's dwelling or work place. Adherents of these methods of
arranging things inside the home or office claim they can bring (10) and
happiness. PROSPER

7
2
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Unit 6 r .... ... ■.. .... .. Í,-

,..8^.^
Mm
A Match the phrasal verbs with the meanings given, then answer the questions below using one of the phrasal verbs given. The
first one has been done as an example.

A pay for sth (unwillingly)

B take most of/the best of sth for yourself c easily make a lot of profit from sth o ■
buy off Ỉ dub together
pay a large sum of money for sth E gain access to a resource or supply F bribe sb
cough up cream off
to get support or agreement • G manage to survive, but only just H keep sth from
eat into eke out
being available for use I carefully make a supply last
' :. palm off
J join others in giving money towards sth
rake in scrape'
K stop sb making demands by giving sth of lower quality or value L use
by shell out tap
resources, thus diminishing them
into tic? up

B Four of the phrasal verbs in this task have more than one meaning. Look them up in the
Phrasal Verbs Appendix and write an example sentence for three of them to illustrate
some of their other meanings.

1 Your friend saw a car that he really wanted. It cost a Ĩ A pensioner owed a money lender some money.
fortune, but he bought it anyway. What did he do? What was he told to do with the money he owed in order
__________He shelled- out ajortune- for it-__________ to avoid a beating?
2 Your parents' income was very low, but they managed to
live on it. what did they do on their low income? 8 This library holds a wealth of information. What are
students advised to do with the information?
3 Forty players of varying ability have applied to join a
football team. The coach only wants the best players, 9 The angry customer wanted a full refund, what did the
what does he do? shopkeeper manage to do with a partial refund?

4 You want to buy a house, but your money is invested in

long-term bonds, why can't you use it? 10 My business has started making huge profits. What am I
now doing?

11 The country has started selling its gold reserves to deal

with the crisis, what is the crisis doing to the gold
s A multinational wanted to build a nuclear reactor in a poor reserves?
country, what did it hope to do to those in high places who
opposed the reactor? 12 When the winter fuel strike began we had very little
heating oil. what did we have to do with our supply of oil
6 How did the school students manage to buy their teacher a during the strike?
new bicycle when she retired?

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Collocations
One
■J

A Choose which nouns go with the adjectives given to form collocations which express oneness.

1 single man, market, woman, room, bed, parent, ticket ■ parent,

2 only child, children, people survivor, father, child, proprietor,
3 sole charge bed, figure, relative, wolf, parent
4 lone

B Write sentences using ten of the collocations you formed above.

c The adjectives above can be used in other ways for emphasis. Choose the correct adjective to complete the following
sentences.

1 A(n)----------------------------------figure could be seen wandering in the valley below.

2 Chris is very annoyed with me; he hasn't said a(n)____________________________ - word to me all day.
3 His-------------------------------- - aim was to have the mayor removed from office.
4 Cynthia was the-------------------------------------candidate for the position.
5 A(n) ---------------------------------gunman shot and killed twelve tourists in the city centre today.
6 She completed the bulk of the assignment in a(n)_______________________________afternoon.
7 After her partner died, she had-----------------------------------------responsibility for running the company.
8 She was the-------------------------------------- woman to complete the marathon.

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ự A Fill each of the gaps in sentences a-h with an appropriate set phrase from 1~12.

1 make inroads (into): have a direct and noticeable Ĩ effect on

The government is starting to make inroads with its mass-inoculation programme.

2 for/to all intents and purposes: in almost every 8 way or very

mend fences: try to be friendly again after a period of
nearly
dislike, arguments or disagreement
There are ten minutes to go, but for/to all intents and purposes,
They hardly spoke for years, but now they've mended
the game is over.
their fences.
3 be over the hump: be past the most difficult part 9 of an
take the mickey: make sb feel silly by copying what
activity
they do in a humorous or unkind way They spend a lot
Now were over the hump, the rest of the work will be easy.
of class time taking the mickey out of the teacher.
4 knows no bounds: is limitless
hold sway: have a very strong influence
Her commitment to animal rights causes knows no bounds.
There are parts of the world where those outdated ideas
5 laughingstock: person or thing that is ridiculous to 11 others still hold sway.
His efforts at portrait-painting made him the laughing stock of
have/get itchy feet: want to travel or move on from
his friends.
what you have been doing
6 be at a loose end: have nothing to do 12 She'll get itchy feet if she stays in the same job too
If you're at a loose end tonight, why don't you come round to long.
watch a video?
leave no stone unturned: do everything possible to
achieve sth, especially to find sth
He left no stone unturned in his quest for a solution to
the problem.
a She is an intrepid traveller, always ready to visit somewhere new.
she must have a lump in your throat: feel sad or emotional
When the horse in the movie died, I had a lump in my
throat.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b His unfortunate mistakes made him____________________________of the office.
c His enthusiasm and energy for the project_______________________________; he has accomplished so much more
than the others on his team.
d Mary may not be the child's biological parent, but____________________________________she is his mother.
e If you're------------------ - - - - - you could take the dog for a walk. I'm busy cooking dinner.
f He's always — — - -_____out of people, but hates it when others do it to him.
g The table is groaning under the weight of the food, but the guests are rapidly_________________________________it.
Il When the soprano sang the aria, I was filled, with such emotion that I-------------------------------------------------my

B Now write sentences of your own to illustrate the meanings of the four remaining set phrases.

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Omit ê
■■ Ị
/í

-1«
■

Set 1 . Set 2
careless
she's a very careless driver and doesn 't think about what It was an inconclusive meeting; we came to no decision.
she's doing, (not paying enough attention to, not taking (failing to lead to a decision)
care)
inrlpricivp
distracted ____________________
I wish I weren 't so indecisive, I can never make up my
You look distracted. Is something wrong? (unable mind.
to think clearly because worried) (being unable to decide)

inattentive undecided
I must admit I was generally an inattentive pupil; I day- r ve have been thinking about applying to do a distance
dreamed a lot in class, (not paying attention) learning course, but I'm still undecided.
(not having made a decision yet)
in T6 Gnt^
ỉrrpcnlntp
Who can remain indifferent in the face of such suffering?
(having or showing no interest in sth) The government seemed irresolute in the face of massive
public opposition.
(showing uncertainty)
Michael was so preoccupied with the crossword puzzle
u n r e s pl
that he didn 't realise his boss had walked in.
yea
(thinking so deeply about sth that you are not aware Several problems remained unresolved after the summit
of anything else) meeting, (with no satisfactory solution)

absent-minded
My father is so absent-minded my mother has to remind him to eat. (tending to forget things)

Choose the most appropriate alternative in each sentence.

1 I'm worried about my brother. He's been so irresolute/indecisive/distracted lately, I'm sure there's something on his mind.
2 I don't think your friend is inattentive/indifferent/careless to your plight; she simply doesn't know how to help you.
3 We cannot leave this issue indecisive/inconclusive/unresolved until the next meeting; it must be decided today.
4 I'm undecided/indecisive/unresolved as to whether to accept their proposal.
s she seemed distracted/preoccupied/absent-minded with her household accounts, so I didn't disturb her.
6 The results are inconclusive/irresolute/unresolved. We'll have to run the tests again.

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Unit '6

. Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank. o generations b antiquities c ancestors d ancients
11 The detectives wanted all suspects to - - - for their
1 These cards are numbered, and should be kept in . whereabouts on the night of the crime.
Don't mix them up.
a account
a theory b fumble
b system c root d yearn
c sequence
d concordance 12 He asked us to-----him while he searched for the
book we wanted.
Ỉ If he doesn't-------- from speaking his mind to his a hold on
boss, he'll be fired. b bear with c cope with d wait out
I a refrain
b pause 13 It is hoped that the indigenous population will live in
. c seek peaceful-------with the newcomers.
d restrain a ambience
b environment
3 His — laughter was extremely loud, and people turned c acquaintance
to stare. d co-existence
a caustic
b raucous c ravishing d raw 14 When confronted with the evidence, she----------that
she had been wrong.
< During the festival thousands of sheep were-----------, a conceded
roasted and eaten. b seceded
a frayed b scraped c sloughed d slaughtered c contradicted
The final dress-------of the play was performed in d advised
front of an audience. is The small, family-run hotel was really - a home away from
a rehearsal home.
b practice a crafty b cozy c courteous d contagious
c show
Ỉ6 Prisoners are---------of their freedom, which is the
d act
worst punishment they can be given.
Í The coating covering the surface is water------------z so a dispatched
it b dreamed c despised d deprived
doesn't matter if it's left in the rain.
a defiant
b resistant
c pursuant
d resilient
Ĩ The country's economy now seems-----------after the
wild fluctuations of last year.
a calm
1 b sporadic
c stable r'
d stale
I K Because I'd been wearing my new shoes, my heel was rubbed
- - - and there was no skin left on it.
a raw
b sore
c open d ripe
9 Having been exposed to the sun, his already dark complexion
became----------------------.
a tarnished b sweltering c sullen d swarthy
10 Our----must have been remarkably intelligent to
have designed such wonderful buildings.

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MW ♦ iiỂí

Unit 6

1Ĩ Some painkillers work better if you-----------them in a indelible b inedible c intelligible d illegible

water. 22 He just — down his food without chewing it at all.
a thaw a minces b gulps c squeezes d grills
b dissolve 23 Nowadays there seems to be a---------- of fast food
c resolve outlets but, as we become more aware of nutrition, this
d melt trend should reverse.
18 He lies — r so you never know whether to believe him or a growth
not. b proliferation
c earnestly b involuntarily c habitually d conspicuously c glutton
- d decline
19 The miser----his money and hides it under the 24 Her---- as chairperson was approved by the
floorboards. committee.
a hoards a donation
b stores b desire
c banks d disposes c nomination d remuneration
20 She has had a(n)-------career as an artist and is now 25 rhe bride looked absolutely-------- as she walked
world famous. down the aisle.
a illusionary a radiant
b elusive b hearty
c illustrious d gratuitous c vigorous
d bright
21 His handwriting is-----; nobody can read it.

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You are going to read an article about native peoples. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from
paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

THE INUIT
The way of life of aboriginal peoples the world over has been fuel, as well as for whalebone, which, among other things, was
in decline for decades now, if not centuries, slowly but surely, used for making women's corsets. Inuit men and women were
all of it, from its spiritual underpinnings to its actual hired to work on the bases and also on the ships, and slowly
geographical homeland, is being whittled away by the abandoned their way of life.
developed world. And now that it is very nearly too late, the
demise of these cultures has reached the attention of some 31
international aid organisations, and occupies a miniscule Nowadays, our role in the erosion of Inuit tradition has
position on the world stage as a problem needing our generous changed, but it continues unabated, if in a more modem way.
attention. And as always, we in positions of power have cast To help solve the problems rampant in Inuit society, such as
ourselves in the role of the master with plenty to teach his poverty, unemployment and alcoholism, governments have
needy pupil when, in reality, we are the ones who have much to encouraged the promotion of tourism in the far north, unlikely
learn. though this may seem. Dog-sledding adventures and whaling
expeditions are now advertised on the Internet. You, too, can
-~27~~~| ~~ ~~~~
experience life in the frozen north, learn the seventeen words
Their spiritual views, for example, provide the basis for all for snow, live in an igloo, and risk your life ice-fishing.
other activities, lending them in turn a coherence and meaning
which ensure that nothing is taken for granted. They believe 32
that everything possesses its own spirit - not only people and Our influence has altered their art, as well. Thanks to col-
animals, but also inanimate objects and phenomena, such as the lectors' relentless appetite for ivory, a ban on the hunting of
wind or ice. These 'inua', as they are called, have independent animals for their tusks has been necessary to preserve these
existences of their own, and those that are hosted by creatures from extinction, thus depriving the Inuit of materials
particularly strong animals or men can take on a physical for their weapons and crafts. Soapstone has taken its place, as
presence whenever they wish. its softness makes it easy to carve. As such, it is especially
~28 I ~ suitable for mass production, and nowadays soapstone carvings
are being churned out at breakneck speed, often not even by
This belief, in turn, influenced other areas, such as art.
Inuit carvers, to meet the demands of collectors. Sometimes
Weapons like knives and harpoons were beautifully and intri-
stone for carvings is imported from Brazil or Italy.
cately crafted, as this was believed to reflect the hunter's
esteem for the 'inua'. Materials selected for weapons were 33
chosen because they were familiar and comforting to the prey; Certainly, it is too late to turn back the clock, but is it too late to
sea mammals were the most important creatures to the Inuit, learn from the past? The industrialised nations are frightfully
and weapons were most commonly made from walrus tusks, slow learners, despite all their laudable technological
showing a concern for the hunted which approached sympathy. achievements, for they learn neither from the example of the
Given that a single animal could provide food, oil, clothing, ageing sages of days gone by, nor from the lessons provided by
weapons, and even boats - often made out of skins - it is easy their own errors. But our own irreverent age would
to see how it warranted the proffered reverence. undoubtedly benefit from the meaning and guidance afforded
:
~~29......1.. ~~ ~~ by a view of nature which believes there is a soul in every
Rather than revealing the folly or the quaintness of peoples we single thing on Earth.
consider more primitive than US, such practices and tales show
a deep awareness of and respect for the true relationship
between people and their environment. As also revealed in
Inuit carvings of two-faced creatures, one face human and the
other animal, the relationship one of mutual interdependence;
nature preys on us as V • prey on It, and both factors in the
equation need the other.

30
In the mid nineteenth century, European whalers began to
actually live in the Arctic, where they felt they could better
control the whaling industry. Whales were hunted for oil and

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.UnJi
A The practice of engaging the help of Shamans for hunting awareness of the Inuit culture and the problems surrounding
purposes testifies to the respect and fear with which the its survival, and selling art, however cheapened and removed
7
natural world was viewed. A shaman was a mere mortal who
had been revealed, usually through some especially difficult
from tradition, does the same. We cannot change history, say
supporters, and at least these are ways to help revive and
circumstances, to have a special spirit, one which was maintain those few crafts and skills which survive among the
stronger and in closer contact with others. He was often Inuit.
called upon to intervene in the hunt and persuade the prey to
give itself to the hunters. Inuit legends also illustrate feelings F Soon, fashions changed and fur was in demand, so the Inuit
of awe for the natural world. Sedna, for example, was a became trappers, which was fundamentally opposed to their
drowning girl whose severed fingers are transformed in the hunting traditions. They had previously hunted big game,
water into narwhals, whales and seals. which required the combined efforts of the extended family
unit, but trapping foxes was a solitary pursuit, and
B Wood was scarce, so Inuit art was generally carved out of involvement in this field further eroded their traditional ways
ivory or caribou antlers or local stone, which had to be of life. By the time the fur trade collapsed in the mid
mined during the warmer months, sometimes at great twentieth century, the Inuit lifestyle and economy had
distances from the hunting base. The carvings had simple changed so drastically that it was impossible to revert to the
shapes and smooth lines which were reminiscent of the old way of life.
flowing snowy landscape. They might have been used as
religious amulets or toys, and probably also served as a way G Nowhere is this allegory more true than in the case of the
of spending time during the long, dark winter months. native people of the northern polar regions of the world, who
could instruct US mightily if we let them. The Inuit, whose
c Needless to say, these spirits were respected by the Inuit, name means 'living people', are believed to have migrated
because they affected their very tenuous daily lives in so westward from Greenland about a thousand years ago,
many ways. Warmth could be a blessing for the hunt, but it merging with or possibly assimilating other, older peoples.
could eventually drive game north. The sea could be Many aspects of their culture reveal a noble and cohesive
bountiful, or it could withhold its gifts. Animals could be world view which shows a deep respect for all living
hunted or they could evade the hunters. All these simple creatures as well as the natural environment, and
phenomena were governed by their respective spirits - a acknowledges their interconnectedness.
whale's spirit, if offended, could direct its host well away
from the whalers, or, having been shown the proper respect, H Fortunately, the prohibitive cost and the near-impossible trek
it could allow itself to be caught. to the far north, which involves several flights in single-
engine aircraft and several hours on a snowmobile, have
D Instead of learning such a valuable lesson from the Inuit, a deterred all but the most determined travellers from such
lesson which could inform our own world view and form the northern fantasy trips. But there is no doubt that it is only a
basis of a more rational approach to our planet, we have, matter of time before insatiable adventureseekers look to
amazingly, inverted the relationship and have elected, in our these regions as the last frontier to visit and impress their
wisdom, to teach them a few lessons. This particular friends with.
approach is rather new, a product of our confidence in what
we see as progress, but feelings of superiority towards native
peoples is nothing new; indeed, we have been contributing
to their decline for quite some time.

E There are those who will argue that these efforts have
benefited the ailing Inuit culture, and perhaps they have,
albeit in a limited way. Tourism brings in money, helps raise

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íi

I what does the author think we have to learn from the Inuit? 4 What is the effect of the word 'too' in the sentence, 'you,
too, can experience life in the frozen north, learn the
seventeen words for snow, live in an igloo, and risk your
2 Why are the Inuit's daily lives 'tenuous'? life ice-fishing'?

3 Summarise the factors which illustrate the Inuit respect 5 How has legislation protecting the environment affected
and awe for nature. the Inuit?

. .........................................................■■mi....... 81

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Unit 7

y Select an item from the green boxes and an item from the brown boxes to fill each gap.

your breath

the off-chance a nutshell I the clear I place I the teeth

1 I'm calling_________________that you'll be free to go out this evening.
2 Their house is nothing like ours; it's always immaculate, with nothing ---------------------------------------
3 Alcoholics who do not admit to themselves that they have a problem are------------------------------------;
4 When my husband went to university as a mature student he felt---------------------------------------at first.
5 It was such a relief when the blood test results showed that I was------------------------------------------
6 It's a long story but,___________________, I got annoyed and handed in my notice.
1 The man was muttering___________________as he walked down the road.
8 She pushed the reforms through------------------------------- - of fierce opposition from hardliners.
9 The new CEO seemed all smiles and politeness at the reception, but we saw her ---------------------------------------- - at the
first management meeting.
10 _______________, our practice sessions last a couple of hours.
11 I'd love to be__________________when his boss finds out what he's been up to, and fires him.
12 He is very accident prone and always leaves a trail of destruction-------------------------------------
MgjMgMHaaB
— — _...._. __________________ ________.

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
There is an example at the beginning (0).
AN UNHEALTHY OBSESSION WITH DIETING
In contemporary society we are (0} - Pfessurispst - to conform to current PRESSURE
ideas of what is considered the ideal figure, and this is true for both sexes.
According to notions prevalent in our society, women should be svelte and
men should be the (1)_____________________________________he-man MUSCLE
type. Obviously, not all people can conform to this ideal, perhaps because
they are (2Ị ________________________incapable of doing so as they GENE
are big-boned or (3) -------------------------to gaining weight. DISPOSE
Because of the power of advertising and the (4) ---------------------------------- SIGNIFY
magazines attach to the 'body beautiful', many women, and some men, have
fallen prey to the image-makers. Such people fail to see that the (5) of
models have been air-brushed PERFECT
out in the (6) __________________process, and seek to achieve an CREATE
ideal which is (7)__________________ ATTAIN
Even the rich and famous succumb to pressure and become anorexic or
bulimic despite their apparent success. Instead of being victims of our (8)
______________________________________with weight, we should OCCUPY
try to be less Ị9)__________________critical of our own appearance. RELENT
This would increase our self-confidence and self-esteem, whilst at the same
time decreasing the (10)__________________________- - harmful effect DEMONSTRATE
that advertising has had on our lifestyles.

9
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’ ****"* *

Using your feel for the English language, match the verbs on the left with the prepositions to make phrasal verbs with the meanings given.
Then rewrite each of the sentences below with a phrasal verb, using the word given.

------------------------off (with): end demands/qaestions with excuses/cheap bribes over: surprise (pleasantly)
------------------------with: treat without care or respect
barge
up: (make sth) become more accessible on: suddenly start to attack or criticise sb - out: listen carefully to
bottle
everything sb has to say up: try to please sb in order to get their support up: avoid expressing
bowl
or revealing feelings
butter
____ over: treat sb badly
egg
---- on: encourage sb to do sth foolish
fob
---- in (on): rudely interrupt in: willingly share tasks/accommodation
hear

muck

open

round

trifle

walk

1 I had expected the boss's husband to be a bit of a bore, so I 7 Sorry to interrupt your meeting, but this can't wait, m
was really surprised by his witty conversation. over

8 If you let them do what they want to you, you deserve no

2 Don't expect a relaxing holiday on the farm; everybody is respect, over
expected to lend a hand, in

9 She wouldn't have wasted her money at the casino if you

3 The manager is not a woman to be treated disrespectfully; hadn't persuaded her to. on
she never forgets any perceived insult. With

10 You shouldn't suppress your anger: it's bad for you. up

4 Even though I knew what he was going to say, I resolved

to pay attention without interrupting so as not to hurt his
feelings, out
11 This law will make university education accessible to the
poor, up

5 those who had sought her help began to attack her when
her idea failed, on
12 You promised to take the children to the circus, so you're
not going to persuade them to settle for a walk in the park,
off
6 It will be impossible to use charm to persuade Mr (jrumpy
to give you a good personal reference, up

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Collocations
w Victory
A Choose the correct verb to form phrases and collocations connected with victory. In some cases, there are two possibilities.
clinch

1 ______________the traffic 8 ________ _____the right (to do sth)

2 --------------------a team 9 ---------- _____a victory
3 --------------------a title 10 ---------- _____an argument
4 ______________a deal 11 ---------- _____a battle
s -----------------------a bargain 12 — - - _ _ acclaim
6 ________________an opponent 13 ---------- _____the record
7 ________________approval 14 __________ _____a seat (in parliament, etc)

B Choose a collocation from above to complete the following sentences.

Ỉ We left work well before the rush hour since we wanted to______________________________________
2 After hours of negotiation, he finally____________________________with the manufacturers.
3 Her novel_________________________critical__________________________, then became a best-seller.
4 Women only _________________________to vote early in the last century.
5 I was surprised to see such a young candidate______________________________in the election.

c Write sentences of your own with the remaining collocations.

D Below are six more collocations or phrases which include the verbs win or beat. Match them with their meanings (a-f) on the
right. Does “beat” ha\ c the same meaning in all four collocations?

1 beat the rap c. persuade sb

2 beat sb to sth ______________ i; talk without coming to the point
3 win hands down — c escape without punishment
4 win sb over — d succeed easily
5 beat about the bush______ e be first to achieve sth or reach a place
6 beat an egg f mix it with fast movements of a fork

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Unit 7
1 a mine of information: sb who knows a lot and shares 7 (be) an open-and-shut case: (be) sth that is easy to
their knowledge prove or answer
Why don't you ask George about it? He's a mine of The lawyer said it would be an open-and-shut case, but
information. it ended up dragging on for months.
2 (be) a mixed blessing: sth which has both advantages 8 come into (your) own: show your true qualities and
and disadvantages value
Winning the lottery was a mixed blessing, since She really came into her own when she was given
everyone I know expects me to give them money. responsibility for that project.
3 be neck and neck: have an equal chance of winning 9 (be) par for the course: (be) what you would expect
Half the ballots have been counted and the two parties Money problems are par for the course when you start
are still neck and neck. your own business.
4 have occasion to: have a need or reason to 10 (be) part and parcel of: (be) a necessary feature of sth
If you have occasion to stay in town overnight, I'll put Long hours and stress are part and parcel of being a
you up. doctor.
5 old-boy network: the system in which men who went 11 perish the thought: may it never happen (used to show
to the same private school help each other throughout that you hope sth won't happen, or is a ridiculous idea)
their lives What? Me become a politician? Perish the thought!
The old-boy network makes it hard for certain people to
get ahead professionally. 12 put sb in the picture: inform sb about what has
happened
6 an old flame: sb you were in love with in the past Before we talk about our next step, we need to put
I ran into an old flame of yours at the cinema last night everyone else in the picture.
— he hasn’t changed a bit.

M Complete the sentences with phrases from above.

a If you ----------------------------be in that area, you should try the new Indian restaurant.
b The judge realised it wasn't----------------' - _ A-------------------------( as the police had little concrete evidence.
c No one's told me what's going on. Could you________________________________?
d It's raining again! That's----------------------- ________at the weekend!
e Everyone soon realised he had got the job because of who he knew rather than what he knew; another example of the
___________________—__________
f If you should lose your job, - ----------------------------------------, you can come and work for us.
g Coping with dilemmas is----------------------------------------of having the ultimate responsibility.
h The new regulations are-----------------------------------------They will promote health and safety but seem very
strict.

b For the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.

95

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untidy
His hands were dirty because he had been working in the Her room is untidy, but she always knows where things are.
garden. (not tidy, not neat, not in order)
(not clean)
rotten

filthy
There were lots of rotten apples under the tree.
His clothes hadn't been washed for months, and were (having gone bad; decayed)
filthy.
(dirty in a disgusting way) mouldy

This cheese has gone mouldy. Throw it out. (covered

squalid
with fungus and therefore inedible)
He lived in shockingly squalid surroundings.
(dirty and neglected) rusty
The balcony railings will go rusty if they areri t painted.
(metal goes
The bread rustystale;
is really - becomes a reddish-brown
it was baked colour
a fortnight ago. (not
Themessy
furnishings were shabby and had obviously seen and corrodes)
fresh)
Choose
better the
When theybest
days. word
go on in each
holiday sentence.
and leave the children at home,
they
(old always find the
and worn; house
badly very messy on their return. (dirty
dressed) 10 stale
1 Sheand untidy)
needed a shower as she felt dirfy/squalid/messy after repairing the car.
2 The squalid/messy/shabby building was infested with rats.
3 I'm sick of stale/messy/untidy ideas; can't anyone come up with something fresh?
4 The fridge wasn't working properly, and the kitchen stank of stale/mouldy/rotten meat.
5 Be careful not to cut yourself on that rotten/rusty/shabby knife or you'll need an anti-tetanus injection.
6 That bread is stale/rotten/mouldy: it's bright green!

86 HMMKĨÌ II lim I. torn to ....11IIIIIIBIII ■Will 111 iliiiMigliiimii I.jamawii

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(Jnli 7
F F ‘w.

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

1 when his first book of poems was-----------, he 9 There were a few---------of snow throughout the day,
celebrated with his friends. but none of it settled.
a published b rejected c staged d considered s trickles
2 She became increasingly---------as the time came for b spatterings
her to make her decision. c scurries d flurries
ữ avid 10 Her-----were completely unknown to US, so we were
b prismatic unable to help the police in their search for her.
c pensive 0 whereabouts b positions c locations Ể traces _ ‘
d prevalent ■ ..
3 The conversation soon--------to the key figures in the 11 She was chronically ill as a child, and had to be taught by a
latest scandal. private
ữ overturned reverted c ceded d reversed . professor lecturer
4 The mayor's — was a lavish affair, with lots of food and c governor
fine wine. CỈ tutor
a banner
12 They understood each other very well, so any comment
Õ banquet would have been - -.
€ barnacle
a extraordinary
Ó occasion
b tangible c transient Q superfluous
5 There was a(n) - - of talent on stage that night as the
13 You can insult him as much as you like. He's so-----------
president was in the audience.
it doesn't bother him!
■ corporation b accumulation c abundance d aggregate
■ tight-fisted well-heeled
6 We had thought that it would be difficult to get ■ thick-skinned heavy-handed
everyone to agree, so were surprised when there was a
14 / was terrified standing at the edge of the cliff, as it was
general...................
afn) - - drop to the sea below.
Ci contradiction
w sheer
b depletion
r. absolute i' complete d utter
t consensus
d congeniality 15 The law was no longer appropriate to modern life, so they
decided to — if.
'1 He is extremely - and hates losing any game.
•Ĩ competitive b dignified £ flushed d engaged •'.< repeal
b ban
8 She's unconventional, and keeps up to date with what's c veto
going on, so her views are — . d resurrect
ữ enforced
b eloquent 16 Use the — to mop up the water; it's more effective than that
c enlightened cloth.
■d exaggerated a rag
b yarn c sponge d sump

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lĩ She was---------to tell her parents the truth as she

knew they would be angry.
a resonant
b deviant
c dominant
d reluctant
18 When the shelves had finally been---------from the kit,
there were two screws still left over.
o Finished
b assembled
c completed d arrayed
19 His greatest - - - was his integrity.
■ assertion
B asset
Í coercion
O discretion
20 I decided not to buy the car, as its gas - - - was so
high- . ; /
a consumption
b thirst ' ■■
' ■ c use
d extension
21 He was already angry, and her rude comments-----------
him.
a engulfed
b enticed c enraged tì exaggerated
22 After — over the pros and cons for weeks, she finally quit
her job last Friday.
Q moralizing
b agonizing
€ sterilizing
d rationalizing
23 There is a new - --of early Dutch paintings at the
national museum.
G exposure
b exhibition
c depiction
d illustration
24 She was temporarily blinded by the - - - of the headlights
and crashed info a tree.
G stare ■ ■
o glow
glare
d glitter
25 If was such a magnificent — that the experts couldn't
decide if it was genuine or fake.
o authenticity
b tangent
c scheme
d forgery

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You are going to read an article about obesity. For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B, c orD) which you think fits best
according to the text.

A MODERN HEALTH PROBLEM

There is growing concern about the way we view food, which save half for the next day; they eat the whole thing. It would
goes beyond the 'do we live to eat or eat to live' debate. More and appear that fast food marketing people have seized upon
more children are leading inactive, sedentary lifestyles and are children as being brand-loyal line 5 from the cradle to the grave.
suffering from obesity. In the 1990s, tobacco-related diseases were the They target small children with give-away toys, a worrying
problem, but aggressive anti-smoking campaigns caused the focus of trend which, some believe, warrants government action.
concern to shift. In the new millennium, obesity appears to be the
major health concern, and not only among children, with far-reaching Experts want governments to begin to treat the fast food industry as
repercussions. Obese children suffer taunts, jibes and bullying from they do the tobacco industry, insisting that such food should carry a
their peers and this, instead of causing them to rethink their eating government health warning, especially on food with a high fat
habits, may perpetu- hne 12 ate the vicious circle; in other words, content. They would also like a ban on vending machines in schools,
these children turn to 'comfort eating' which adds to their weight as it is estimated that one- fifth of children get more than 20 per cent
problem. of their energy from sugar, with 5 per cent of that coming from the
consumption of fizzy drinks.
Researchers have noted that some children are doing less than
one or two minutes of 'moderate activity' in an hour, which is an Of course, children are not the only ones to suffer from obesity. In one
alarmingly lower amount than that recorded in previous studies. survey, only 40 per cent of adults claim to sit down for a meal, which
The problem seems to be worse in teenage girls than in teenage means that the majority are eating on the hoof. Only around 30 per
boys, with older children getting much less exercise than cent say that they cook all their own meals. It becomes reasonably
younger ones. obvious that this is so when you look around you in the street or in an
underground station. Walking and talking are interspersed with eating
Parents realise that their children are overweight, but do not and drinking; people carry a can to swig from, and clutch food to
know enough about nutrition to give their offspring the support scoff.
they need in order to help them change their lifestyles. Given
time pressures from work and family, more and more people We live in a culture which actively promotes fast food while
rely on pre-cooked convenience foods or quick fry- ups, thus simultaneously showing images of svelte models who are supposedly
exacerbating the problem. the ultimate in 'beauty'. The majority of us will never achieve this
perfect look, given our sedentary lifestyle and increasingly unhealthy
There is some recognition of the problem, but it is not widely diet. This, in turn, will give rise to both over-eating and its extreme
advertised. For example, there are 'Weight Loss !we28 Camps' aimed opposite, anorexia.
at obese children where, along with their slightly less overweight
peers, they learn to read food labels and understand the nutritional It is obviously time for us to take a close look at our relationship to
content of food, or lack of it, eat healthily and do exerciles. This food. The ideal daily diet, or so the experts say, would consist of 5
experience can also restore their self-confidence, as they are sur- portions of fruit and vegetables, some protein (but not too much) and
rounded by youngsters with the same problem. only a few carbohydrates. No one would deny, however, that the
occasional lapse would be acceptable. Remember the old adage: a
But by and large, it is not an issue which is taken very seriously. little of what you fancy does you good!
Schools are partly to blame for the worsening of the problem, as they
have marginalised physical education due b to the pressures of the
national curriculum. Also, they have 'e 38 bowed to financial pressure
and sold off playing fields, often in order to buy more up-to-date
computers, which in turn encourage sedentary lifestyles.

The food industry must also shoulder some of the respon-

sibility, as their, advertising campaigns promote foodstuffs
which are nigh in fat and sugar content. Such advertisements are
often aimed at children, and frequently feature such products as
fizzy drinks, king-size chocolate bars and ever larger packets of
crisps. Such foods are attractive to families on low incomes
because you now get more for the same price as the original,
smaller portions. However, children who have large bags of
crisps or bars of chocolate in their school lunch-boxes don't

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Unit B
ị...... .. ...

34 In the text as a whole, the writer's purpose is to

A discuss the eating habits of those with eating disorders.

B draw attention to the causes of obesity.
c extol the benefits of healthy eating.
D criticise those who encourage children to eat junk food.

35 The writer uses the example of Weight Loss Camps to show that

A a number of people are aware of the problem of corpulence.

B solutions to the problems of obesity are available.
c a large percentage of children are obese.
D programmes involving people who share a problem are effective.

36 Which phrase, in its context in the text, suggests exploitation ?

A turn to (line 12)

B aimed at (line 28)
c sold off (line 38)
D seized upon (line 52)

37 The writer states that a significant number of schools

A have taken inappropriate decisions under duress.

B are obliged to purchase state-of-the-art computers.
c have exacerbated the problem of obesity by axing Physical Education.
D are under pressure to report overweight children to a government agency.

38 What does the writer say about adults in the eighth paragraph?

A Most of them sit down to eat.

B Eating is an important element of the daily routine, c Seventy percent eat in restaurants.
o Most of them eat on the run.

39 What is the writer's attitude to contemporary culture, as expressed in the penultimate paragraph ?

A Svelte models are extremely beautiful.

B Citizens are encouraged to follow a healthy diet, c It promotes ideals
which are virtually unattainable. D We are fortunate to have a
sedentary lifestyle.

40 In the final paragraph, the writer suggests that

A we should eat what we like.

B we should change our eating habits, c most of us need to go on a diet.
D we should become vegetarian.

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Omit 8
wF
FoHov’ op lotions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Tasỉc)

1 what does the question 'do we live to eat or eat to live?' in helping their children to develop healthier eating habits
suggest? (para 3)?
4 How does the writer explain parents' lack of effectiveness

2 In the first paragraph, what does the writer say about the s Why do experts want governments to treat the food
anti-smoking campaigns of the 1990s?
industry as they do the tobacco industry (para 7)?

3 What is the writer's attitude towards the trend of young 6 According to the passage, why are young children
people taking less exercise than they used to? How do especially attracted to fast food restaurants?
you know this (para 2)?

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Unit Ồ

Choose the right word in each sentence.

1 Many people feel that their traditional values are under danger/threat/risk from globalisation.
2 The actor was ill, so his performance wasn't on/in/up to par.
3 He thinks I'm bossy and, for my part/side/view, I find him indecisive.
4 Opinion polls show that, for the most/major/greatest part, people are in favour of decentralisation.
5 For this operation I want all police officers in ordinary/casual/plain clothes.
6 The files are kept with/under/behind lock and key, so no unauthorised person can see them.
7 My son was in tears/smiles/rage because other boys had been bullying him.
8 She's won the lottery three weeks running - she's obviously with/in/on a roll.
9 No funding was available, so the plans were left on’the table/house/shelf.
10 The job of editor of the college newsletter is up for takes/grabs/grasps. Is anybody interested?
11 I soon realised that widespread pilfering was going on right under the manager's nose/eyes/face.
12 Martha and I are in the same house/boat/shoes; both of us have lost our jobs.

Word Formatio
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the
same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Biography of Joan Littlewood

Joan Maud Littlewood was a prodigy of the (0) ^theatrical— world. She was THEATRE
considered by some to be eccentric and (1) , and is perhaps best known for
her play ■QUIRK
"Oh What a Lovely War", which had its first (2)---------------------------- PERFORM
in 1963 and, years later, still remains a (3) ---------------------------------------- POWER
snub to the propaganda of war. It was later made into a film which reached an
audience of millions, and which was an (4) for a
generation of anti-war activists, she hated INSPIRE
its (5)---------------------success, but went on to produce several box COMMERCE
office hits which made her (6)---------------------------in the acting world. MORTAL
She wanted to bring the world of the theatre to the masses and, to this end,
during the Second World War, began radio (71 — to American
listeners about everyday people. TRANSMIT
These programmes were the (8}----------------------------of modern soap TYPE
operas.

In the early '5()s she rented a theatre in a run-down area of east

London, and staged not only Jacobean classics, but also (9Ị
---------------productions which could be enjoyed by all. MUSIC
After the death of her husband in 1974, she spent the rest of her life in France
battling against the (10)------------------------------------------from which he DOMESTIC
had always shielded her.

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Unit B
Phrasal Verbs
A Using your feel for English, match the verbs on the left with the correct particle and meaning. Then replace the items in bold
in the sentences below with one of the phrasal verbs, using each verb once only. Make any necessary changes. One has been
done for you as an example.

about: approach/tackle a task/difficulty

bos. around: search everywhere for sth
away (at): work hard at sth
dig foil
away: make continuous efforts to achieve sth
down: become or make sth/sb stuck and not able to make progress in: take part willingly
pitch in a group activity
pack out: cease to take part
pitch out: cause a task, etc to take longer
I
up: employ sb
Zil to: be the duty of a particular person
together: co-operate with others to achieve sth
spin up: stop working properly (machinery, etc)

1 Our car broke down on the flooded road, but some other motorists joined forces with US to
help push it out of the deep water. pitched in
2 Jean has been working hard to ensure the success of the festival.
3 Some workers have been making the job last as long as possible in order to be paid overtime.
4 After such a defeat, the coach wasn't sure how to handle the job of rebuilding the team's confidence.
5 She'll be quite happy to leave the job because she is going on to better things.
6 If we all work on this in a spirit of co-operation we'll easily achieve our goals.
1 The older boys did their best to discourage Harry, but he kept making a determined effort until he succeeded.
8 If you want the project to get held up, appoint a committee to supervise it.
9 Rebecca had high hopes of being given a job by the company, since it was owned by her aunt.
10 Don't imagine that you'll find our secret formula by searching everywhere in these offices.
11 1 had to walk up to my office on the twenty-fifth floor because the lift had stopped working
12 In our family, the job of feeding the chickens is the responsibility of the youngest member.

B Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries in the
Phrasal Verbs Appendix, then make up your own examples to illustrate how they are used.

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A Complete the collocations below using either life or living.

way of — (be) larger than ______________

B Now write the collocations from
costTask
of - A beside their meanings, below.do sth for a __________________
earn a - - (a) walk of __________________
1 show sth by being alive or existing:____________________________________________________________________
(be) -----------------------------proof
2 sb's occupation or position (a) fact of
in society:___________________________________________________________________
standard (a) ___________________wage
3 usual pattern of social or working lifeofof a person or group:_________________________________________________
4 unpleasant truth that can't be avoided:_______________________________-____________________________________
5 level of comfort and wealth available to people in a given country or area:__________________________________- -.
6 amount of money paid which is just enough for you to live on:_______________________________________________
7 do a particular job professionally in order to earn money:____________________________________________________
8 average amount of money needed to pay for necessities:_____________________________________________7_______.
9 exaggerated and likely to attract attention:_______________________________________________________________.
10 get money by working:__________________________________________________________________-___________

c Choose one of the collocations to complete each of the following sentences.

1 With their swimming pool, three cars and domestic staff of six, they enjoy a high ________________________________
2 Characters in movies are often improbable and_______________________________
3 Maureen has friends from all----------------------------------------: politicians, greengrocers, stockbrokers, pensioners,
to name but a few.
4 The----------------------------------in modern industrialised countries nowadays is very different from what it
was a hundred years ago.
5 You'll just have to accept that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. It's a___________________________________
6 The----------------------------------has increased dramatically in the past five years and many families are
having trouble making ends meet.

D Now write your own sentences with the remaining four collocations.

104

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Unit 8

1 make a pig's ear of: do sth very badly, wrongly Jim freedom
really made a pig's ear of the party preparations. The new CEO keeps a very tight rein on company
spending.
2 poetic justice: an appropriate or deserved
punishment/reward
After telling me off for driving too fast, bad got booked A Choose a phrase from above to complete the sentences.
for speeding. That's what I'd call poetic justice.
a After all his complaints about our work, we could not
3 go to the polls: vote
help feeling that his being hauled over the coals by the
Citizens go to the polls this Sunday.
boss was--------------------------------------------- z
4 make a practice of: do regularly --------------------------------------------------------
I don't make a practice of drinking champagne, but this b That cake looks like a disaster area. You've really___________________
news calls for a celebration.
it,
5 at a premium: not common, and therefore valuable c Thanks to her mother's-----------------------------------------------------
Spacious homes near the underground are at a premium in , the infant was saved from drowning.
this city. d The union ---------------------------------------------A-
6 presence of mind: ability to make good decisions in a ignored their leaders' advice.
crisis e The government is
She had the presence of mind to grab the fire extinguisher ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
and use it immediately. the economy so as to prevent inflation.
'Ĩ raise your hand to: hit or threaten to hit He never once f There's nothing I can do, so please stop____________________________
raised a hand to his children.
about it.
8 the rank and file: all the ordinary members of an g Unfortunately, the boy's father is very bad-tempered and
organisation; ordinary soldiers, not officers frequently______________________________________________________
The party rank and file disapproved of the proposed
him.
economic measures.
h In countries which suffer from drought, water is____________________
9 rant and rave: show your anger by shouting and
complaining
You can rant and rave all you want; you'll still have to B With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your
wait your turn! own which illustrate their meaning.
10 rear its ugly head: appear (used for sth unpleasant)
Their relationship was fine until jealousy reared its ugly
head.

11 be on/at the receiving end of: be the one to suffer sth

unpleasant
Her secretary is often at the receiving end of her foul
moods.

12 keep a tight rein on: control firmly; allow very little

1
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Unit '8

ive
His authoritarian manner may be off-putting, but it's just a front. He is a compulsive eater: that's why he'sgrossly over-
He's not very confident, (imposing authority on others; weight. (unable to control your desire to do sth)
demanding obedience)
compelling
authoritative
You must confess that this new argument about global
His authoritative manner made people believe what he warming is compelling, (holding your interest or
said, but he was not, in fact, reliable. attention)
(commanding respect, showing authority; reliable)

officious
His arbitrary decision caused bad feeling in the office; many
lhe officious curator spoke sharply to anyone going too close of his colleagues felt they should have been consulted.
to the artefacts on display at the museum. (behaving in an (without reference to other people's opinions or
unnecessarily bossy way; being too eager to give feelings)
orders or claim authority)
autocratic
official
He is very autocratic in his attitude to employees, and
The minister was trying to foster trade on her most recent insists on having absolute control.
official visit abroad. (having or showing unlimited, absolute power)
(approved or organised by people in authority, eg -
the government)
I've just bought the authorised biography of Martin Luther
King.
School is compulsory for children up to the age of 16. (given approval or permission)
(obligatory; sth that must be done)

Use one of the following words to fill each gap. distinguish the truth from lies.
5 This article makes----------------------reading; it raises
important issues and provides plenty of food for thought.
6 The senior analyst made a(n) — --------
decision about policy, and was roundly criticised for it by
her
boss.
1 At his school, the wearing of school uniforms is --___________________
.
2 This has been a(n)---------------------- text book for some
years, endorsed by the previous head of department.
3 The school is run on---------------- — lines, with the head
teacher exercising total control.
4 She is such a(n)-------------------------- - liar, she can't

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Unit B

ữ aisle
Choose the most appropriate d prospective b corridor
answer for each blank. 8 Despite her - - - , which c alley d path
meant she was confined to 15 The sergeant------the
1 He was such a(n) — a wheelchair, she led a
person that no one noticed soldiers when the exercise
very full life.)
his presence. was over.
a inaction a expelled b
Cl vehement b deficiency compounded c
b unobtrusive c disability dismissed d dispersed
c jovial d depletion
d susceptible 16TThe mural------a scene
9 Unfortunately, the elderly from everyday life in the
2 After their win over the witness gave police a
16th century.
world champions, the team rather — account of what
had happened. a depicted b
was------.
s confused b designated c composed
a justifiable b
discernible c d inscribed
triumphant c tantamount
d juvenile assimilated d elusive
3 A mass of snakes — in the
10 While he was in the
nest.
desert he was----------------------------------------
ữ writhed
by a
b curled
Bedouin, who assisted
c deviated
him in his research, ữ
d swirled
acknowledged b
4 Life in this region has cautioned c befriended
changed very little, due to the d affiliated
locals' strict------to
11 The snow storm increased
traditional values.
in intensity until it
Q caution
became a —.
b angle
a gale
c accommodation
b blizzard
d adherence
c precipitation
5 She had allowed the d cascade
interest to---------------------------------------
12 rhe sound was
on her initial
because of the
investment, and now had a
acoustics, so no
small fortune.
one had a problem
ữ assert
hearing.
b assume
o distorted
c accrue
b cohesive
d add
c announced
6 We were informed that d amplified
the burglar had been
13 Having----the truth of
by the police while in
the matter, the police began
possession of the stolen
an extensive search for
goods. a apprehended b
the missing girl.
accounted c blocked d
a ascertained
compounded
b asserted
7 He made a point of trying c authorized
to get along with his đ aggregated
in-laws.
14 Go down the------r then
a prohibitive
turn left, and you'll see the
b productive
accounts office directly in
c proactive
front of you.

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Unit®

17 The poet said that her------face which could appear

came from nature. either ugly or handsome.
o aspiration <3 rude
b respiration b shallow
c inspiration c sheer
d concentration d rugged
22 Having got to know him
18 Although he was on a
better, I — my opinion of
diet, the cream cake proved
him.
— and he gobbled it
a retarded
down.
b scanned
a intoxicating
c revised
b addictive
c indulgent d revoked
d irresistible 23 If you live in a
19 When she saw the area, there will be no
amazing success of the electricity.
proịect, a remote
she felt that all her hard b downmarket
c distant
work had been----------------------------------------------
. d downtown
a grudging 24 After a brief break to
b justified clear fans from the field, the
c measured game------.
d plausible G registered
20 It's very stuffy in here. I b resumed
think there's something c stalled
wrong with the d revised
------------------------------ 25 The bonfire sent----info
system. the nearby wood and
a ventilation caused a huge fire.
b versatility a coals
c vibration b flickers
d vocation c sparks
21 He has a-----masculine d spores

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Units

For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, c or D) best fits each gap.

Bob
Almost two years ago, I adopted a (1)---------------------puppy. Something about the cold rainy
day, the plaintive whimper and pathetic appearance of the black bag of bones (2) at my heartstrings.
Though it was made on the {31---------------------of the moment, it was not a decision I took
lightly. Having grown up with a dog, I knew that dog ownership is a demanding long-term commitment. But how
could I have known that little Bob would one day (41 out to be as big as a small'bear? Or have all the daintiness
of a buffalo?
Or that he’d shed enough hair to stuff a pillow in a single week? (5}--------------------------------, he has
the disposition of an angel and nothing amuses me more than the terror he (6Ị-------------------------------
into the hearts of passers-by, who cross the street to avoid him. How can they be frightened of a dog carrying a pink
rubber ducky in his mouth?

1 A lone B stray c homeless D vagrant

2 A pushed B wrenched c tugged D hauled
3 A spur B urge c prodding D impulse
4 A come B grow c turn D take
5 A Joyfully B Happily c Hopefully D Gratefully

6 A beats B smacks c causes D strikes

Natural Habitats
Last Wednesday morning, a moose was (7)--------------------------in one of the busier suburbs
of the city. It had probably wandered in from the nearby reserve, which is something of a rural oasis in an otherwise
densely populated area. Despite their silly appearance, moose are extremely bad-tempered, especially when (8) ,
so the authorities had to have it removed from the streets quickly. The local animal welfare organisation was (9) in
and, with the (10)---------------------------------------------of a
highly-trained team of freedom-fighters, moved in for the kill. And a kill it was. The animal was so panic-stricken
that they shot five tranquilliser darts at it to subdue it, and it died of a heart attack en route to the temporary care
facility.
The incident renewed concerns about our continuing encroachment on our (11} creatures' natural,, habitat. As
we (12)------ more and more land
for our own purposes, what will become of its original owners?

7 A inspected B spotted c viewed D watched

8 A cornered B captivated c secured D imprisoned
9 A phoned B summoned c asked D called

10 A defensiveness B defiance c deftness D deflection

11 A associate B companion c attendant D fellow
12 A gobble up B eat out c clear up D fend off

liflili 99

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Unit 9

Beyond the CD
The privileged few in the (’13)______________ echelons of power at the big companies
responsible for hi-fi equipment have a secret: the technology which will one day replace the CD already exists.
The new disc will look and feel like a credit card, and will (14) significantly more data than the CD,
which could mean
hundreds of songs on the same card, for example.
So where is it? It's in a vault, heavily guarded, (15)----------------------------- in the wings for the
pundits to decide the time is right - that is, when the market is completely (16) with the current CD
technology. Only then will the new technology be
allowed to appear in the shops, where it will soon (17)--------------------------------------- the CD as
obsolete as the vinyl record and the eight-track cassette. Watchdog organisations will certainly be up in (18)
about it but, once again, consumers will have
little choice but to replace all their expensive equipment.

13 A taller B better c upper D finer

14 A retain B store c house D hoard

15 A waiting B staying c hiding D lurking

16 A saturated B satiated c satisfied D sated

Ẫ* A trigger B create c cause D render

18 A shouts B arms c feelings D revolts

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Unft $
Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Task)

Bob
1 What does the phrase 'all the daintiness of a buffalo' How do people react to Bob, and why does the writer
suggest to you? think this is strange?

Natural Habitats
3 What do you deduce about the reserve from line what adjectives might be used to describe the incident
three? Which word tells you this? with the moose?

Beyond the CD
5 When will the new disc be allowed to come onto the market, 6 Why does the secrecy over the new technology smack of
according to the writer? Explain this in your own words. conspiracy?

11
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Unit 9
Pre
The following words and phrases all follow ON. Use one expression to complete each sentence. You may have to add more
words.

the loose ■ the make I the ball principle I the cards I the spot I the dole
x_..x_..1 ■ 1 ■ .. 1
your high horse tenterhooks I your last legs I the house
..._ ............................*"............ ........... ...........

1 I refuse to buy chickens from battery farms----------------------------------

2 If you are caught going through a red light, you will be fined-------------------------------------
3 People in Wingate have been warned that a lion has escaped from Wingate Zoo and is -
4 Journalists are always looking for stories of politicians________________________
5 Life------------------------can be pretty hard, but people sometimes prefer that to working.
6 The dessert is --------- - ------------; they don't charge you for that.
7 It's - ---------------— that the team will be sold next season.
8 She's really----------------------------she has all the latest information.
9 The contestants were----------------------------1 waiting for the winner to be announced.
10 Our cooker's_________________r I'm afraid. We'll have to buy a new one.
11 He really infuriates me when he's_____________________and acting superior.
12 He's planning to call his new recipe book "Cordon bleu cookery__________________________".

Word Formation
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form space in the same line. There is an
example at the beginning (0). word that fits in the

First day in a new job

The first day in a new job can be reminiscent of one's (0) - -Childhood _ _ and the (1)
-----------------------------experience of one's first day at school, separated from CHILD
home life for the first time, feeling alone and far away from one's safe environment. Again, TRAUMA
one is faced with a (2)_______________________________________new experience
which must be successfully dealt with. CHALLENGE
By the time most people enter the work place they are better prepared, as they have
probablyvCompleted a university education and have become (3) tó changes in their
social contexts. However, the first day
in a new job is a time of (4)______________t_____-, and no amount of preparation HABIT
(5) --------------------will eliminate the stress. ANXIOUS
Everyone fears the (6)--------------------------and meeting new people with whom BEFORE
one will spend a considerable part of one's working life. Whether they are friendly or not, they KNOW
will be part of one's life, and this is (7)__________________________________________
Just as the (8)------------------------cope with the first day at school, so do they
AVOID
cope with the first day at work, building up (9) _____________________________ with MAJOR
colleagues gradually. Social (10)-------------------------grows and, as it does so, co RELATION
workers might even become good friends. ACTION

112 JI

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Units
Verbs
... ’
Ẫ Read the sentences (1-12) and try to work out the meanings of the phrasal verbs given in bold. Then match the phrasal verbs
to the definitions a-l.

a) ________________ (begin to) fall asleep

b) ________________ discuss all aspects of sth in order to reach agreement
c) ________________ expect or allow for the possibility of sth
d) ________________consider sth, but not seriously
e) ________________ give lengthy consideration to sth
f) ________________ spend time in a certain place/with certain people
g) ________________identify and concentrate on sth
h) ________________ treat sth as unimportant
j) -------------------------- try to discover sb's views/plans, sometimes in a cautious way
j) ________________ choose sb/sth for special attention
k) ___________,-------remind sb of sth embarrassing, etc
i) ----------------------consider sb/sth carefully before making an assessment

1 The public prosecutor, who wanted John to plead guilty to the charge, left him alone in his cell to mull it over.
2 The team leader put the proposal to her two assistants to sound out their opinions.
3 There was a lot of irrelevant material, but George was able to home in on the important points almost immediately.
4 The business executives told their lawyers what they wanted from the deal, then left it to them to thrash out the details of
the contract.
5 When Martin had told his friends to meet him at the funfair, he hadn't figured on his baby sister going with him.
6 I know it was foolish of me to mistake the boss for the office assistant on my first day, but I wish you wouldn't dredge it up
every time she has a meeting with US.
7 The class didn't take long to size up the new teacher and decide she'd be easy to upset.
8 Rodney and his friends have taken to hanging out at the bowling club.
9 Mary's criticism was really scathing, but Frank simply shrugged it off and got on with the job.
10 I hate the way Ms Black always singles out Miranda for praise.
11 He sometimes toys with the idea of a career change, but he'll probably never go ahead with it.
12 Julia was allowed to stay up late to watch the film, but she was already nodding off before it started.

B Four of the phrasal verbs in this task have more than one meaning. Look them up in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix and write an
example sentence for three of them to illustrate some of their other meanings.

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Unit S)
Ỉ■■li®fỆ®Ễ8ỆỆỊỊỆi88IOỆIB8 ỈỆ^ỆỀ® ỆỆWỆỆỆ|S?Ì SỂỂỂÍỄ íỄiiiií
MS4KMKSKtâgtefòSfHI£^^iử£<.K"'£aá>i£&Ể&’'&.->ỉ ^ẳfiS^ứ&Ế^S^ỉ^C Ul^ocNĩtỂ^é •«

Collo
Fall
A Choose the correct option from the pairs in the box to form noun + verb collocations with fall.

the government the slate

prices. expenses
customers soldiers
the temperature degrees
lightness darkness
births the birth rate

B Use one of the collocations above to complete the following sentences.

1 When-----------------------------------, we lit the candles.

2 --------------------------------sharply in the weeks after the government introduced the new budget.
3 Thousands of-------------------------------------in that infamous battle.
4 Despite the many financial incentives offered to prospective parents, ________________________________- continues

5 After the assembly passed a vote of no confidence, - -______________________________

6 Last night-----------------------------------dramatically, and there were heavy falls of snow.

c Choose the correct option from the pairs in the box to form verb + adjective or noun collocations with fall. In these examples,
fall means become. .

asleep sleepy
sick quiet ill silent

prey predator
hurt victim

D Now make sentences of your own using the collocations from Task c.

11
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Pl, ỉ'iỉỉ the gaps in sentences ah with set phrases from the presentation.
1 remains to be seen: is not certain yet 7 rooted, to the spot/ground: unable to move As the
The from
a I suffer negotiations
vertigo continue,
and, whenbut whether the
confronted government
by steep grizzly bear came towards--------------.
stairs, I am------------------------------------- him, he stood rooted
This to the
causes
me great
will agreeembarrassment when people
to the union's demands ask me
remains to seen.
to be move. spot in terror.
b I don't know why I don't believe him, but there is something that just doesn't-----------------------------------------------------.
2 ring true: seem to be genuine 8 coming up roses: happening successfully Since we
c I know my colleagues were pleased that I was promoted, but I think they---------------------------------------------------when
Something about her explanation didn't ring true to me. sold the business, everything has been coming up roses.
they threw that huge party.
d 3Herrise
bosstopromised
the bait:herreact to sth
a pay tempting
rise, or provocative
but whether 9 show/teach sb the ropes: show/teach sb how to do
she gets one or not--------------------------------------------------.
e His His remarks
patience waswere clearly
stretched to intended
the limit,tobut
make her angry,
he kept something
calm and did not---------------------------------------------------.
f They offered to---------------------------------------------,ashe was new to Mary's
but she didn't rise to the bait. never
the office andsailed before,
unfamiliar so the
with we'llsystem,
have to teach her
g 4Theput
bossinwas terribly authoritarian and------------------------ the ropes.
------his staff-----------------------------------.
a good word: speak favourably about sb
h Evento ifa person
we hadn't----------------------------------
who has influence and who may- able for himto al the meeting,
10 rulehe would
with havefist:
an iron got the promotion.
govern strictly and harshly For a
help them , decade, the dictator ruled with an iron fist.
Please put in a good word for me when you next speak
B Now il, give sb a run for their money: compete well, challenge
to write sentences
the boss; I thinkofshe's
yourrather
own for thewith
angry four me
remaining
at the set phrases.
They may have beaten US, but we gave them a run for
moment.
their money.
5 daylight robbery: much too expensive
Did you see the price of that sofa? It's daylight
robbery!

6 rolling in the aisles: laughing uncontrollably The IE go overboard: be excessively enthusiastic about sth
comedian was hilarious and had everyone rolling in the It's a good book, but I think the critics have gone
aisles. overboard about it.

11
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V
priceless
The antique vase I accidentally broke was priceless. I I think we should go ahead with the project, since no one has
don't think my aunt will ever forgive me. (worth too much raised any valid objections, (showing logic or good
judgement: used for reasons, arguments, etc)
to be given a price; extremely valuable)

The professor who gave the talk has done a lot of work in this She showed genuine dismay when she heard that her friend
field and her achievements are worthy of the highest praise, had failed his examinations, (real, true, sincere)
(deserving of sth, eg - respect or admiration)

He couldn ‘t believe that what he was seeing was real, he

pricey
thought he must be hallucinating.
That's a bit pricey. Have you got something cheaper? (sth that exists and is not imaginary)
(expensive)
10 authentic
valuable
The archaeologist verified that the urn was authentic, and not
Some of my possessions are valuable and have to be kept in a modern fake.
a safe, (worth a lot in terms of money, usefulness or (known to have been made, painted, etc, by the
importance) person/people thought to have done it)

precious nature
Diamonds are classed as precious stones. His natural instinct was to stroke the cat, but he knew it
(valuable because rare, expensive, or important for ■would provoke an allergic reaction.
personal reasons) (normal; of nature)
true
It is true to say that we could work harder, (correct)

Choose one of these words to complete each gap.

genuine worthy natun

authentic

1 He donated part of his lottery winnings to a-------------------------------cause.

2 Museum officials were greatly relieved when the experts confirmed that their Rembrandt was indeed

3 This brooch isn't valuable, but it's extremely------------------------------to me because it belonged to my mother.
4 It is only-------------------------to feel homesick for the first fe\y weeks away from home.
5 I wasn't convinced that her concern about my predicament was_______________________.
6 If you miss a lesson, you must give a --------------------- ------reason.

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Unit SI

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank. c premeditated

d prejudiced
1 The tomato sandwiches her father had packed for lunch were
all — by lunch time. 10 His story was so------that we all believed him.
o soaked o fallible b perceptible c plausible d tangible
b soggy
11 The — judge is now passing sentence.
c damp
ữ sitting
d moist
b ruling
2 It began to rain, the tent sprang a leak, and I began to wish I c presiding
was — in my bed at home. d sentencing
a smug
12 He was really-----■ no-one could change his mind
b smooth
once it was made up. !
c snug
ữ obstinate b ominous c precise d prosaic
đ snide
13 She was so------by emotion that she fainted.
3 The sailor spun a(n)-----about his travels and,
a outweighed b unburdened c underdone d overcome
surprisingly, many of his listeners believed him.
<J yarn b saga c epic d drama 14 The little boy tried to count the-------of dust floating
in the sunlight.
4 After such a(n) meal, I don't think I'll be able to eat for some
a partisans
time.
b particles
o effusive
c participles
b substantial
d partitions
c prolific
d abundant 15 The — attitude was one of support, so the meeting ended
positively.
5 We must all-----to overcome the firm's current
' a deepening b spreading c dominating d prevailing
difficulties and work as a team.
G register 16 I tried to speak to her, but she didn't answer, seemingly too
b thrive with her own thoughts.
c accumulate a preoccupied b possessed c employed d governed
d strive
6 Her friends led her------, and she ended up in jail.
a amiss b astray <
c askew
d adrift
Ĩ The scholarship--------her the opportunity to study art'
in Barcelona.
a afforded
b proffered
c approached
d braved *'
8 He is hardly a friend of mine, merely a(n) - - - . a adversary
.
b acquaintance c counterpart d protector
9 rhe defense attorney felt the judge had been — against her

client, and lodged an appeal.

o predetermined
b predisposed

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lĩ His — body was evidence that he had been working out at the 21 He was slow at certain tasks, but very---------; he did
gym. everything thoroughly.
ữ skeletal a methodical
b muscular b obsessive
c corpulent c modest d prosaic
d figurative 22 All day long he's been--------her to mow the lawn.
Q contending b abusing c nagging d agonizing
18 The undercover police officer always wore---------
clothes, to avoid being noticed. 23 The artist was — to paint a portrait of the prince.
a nonchalant b nondescript c nonsensical d nonconformist G hired b contracted c recruited d commissioned
19 The little girl let out afn)-----shriek when a wasp 24. His bravery was--------and won him a medal.
stung her. ữ compassionate b compelling c commendable d
o howling b unassuming c grieving d piercing comprehensive
20 The sky is really-----now; I think it's going to rain. 2S The police ordered the crowd to —, for fear that someone
a overwhelmed b overgrown c overcast d overdrawn might get hurt.
o dispel b disperse c disburse d disclose

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:. t:
Unit 10 J' _ . ..J , . :.„,J. .: ' ,..L :-L L .... ' dỄ
■ Unit 10
■%Ề®K ||||ỊỊ|E <

yWfflggBBMMM
You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned In some way with history. For questions 19-26, choose the answer
(A, B, c or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Robin Hood - Fact or Fiction?

Everyone has heard of Robin Hood, who roamed Sherwood Forest stealing from the rich to give to the poor
(much to the chagrin of the Sheriff of Nottingham) while King Richard the Lionheart was off fighting in the
Crusades. When I recently suggested to my son that the outlaw might simply be a myth, he, having seen
countless Robin Hood films, looked quite shocked and told me in no uncertain terms that he was sure Robin
had really lived. I still had my doubts. I suspected he just symbolised the hopes of the poor in their struggle
against the oppression of the rich. However, I might have been wrong.

According to mediaeval documents, the outlaw made a last stand at st Mary's church when the sheriff's
soldiers surrounded it. What no one could explain is how, when the sheriff's men finally managed to break
down the doors, Robin and his Merry Men had disappeared. Recently, archaeologists excavating some 14th-
century man-made caves below a museum in Nottingham accidentally discovered a secret passageway, about
2.5 metres below street level. The narrow passageway, thought to date back to the 12th century, points back
towards st Mary’s church. In the opposite direction, it stretches up to three miles, running north-west below
the city to what, in Robin's time, would have been open countryside. This physical evidence that the escape
tunnel exists suggests that there may be a great deal of truth in the story of Robin Hood after all.

19 What was the writer's initial attitude to stories of Robin Hood?

A indifference £•
B scepticism c credulity
D disbelief

20 The writer suggests that

A as Robin Hood couldn’t have escaped, the whole story is a myth.

B Robin Hood and his men hid from the sheriff in some caves, c the outlaw went through the museum to
reach the tunnel.
D the tunnel extended to beyond the outskirts of the town in Robin's day.

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Unit 10 Unit 10
Mummies Galore
w One hot, dusty afternoon, we stood on a rise overlooking the excavations which
have disrupted the lives of the poor Peruvians living in the shanty town of Tupac Amaru on the outskirts of Lima.
For these people, trying to survive without access to public utilities, this upheaval was probably the last thing they
needed, but they were unlucky enough to be living above the sacred Inca burial site of Puruchuco, where over 2,000
mummies were recently discovered buried below the feet of the 12,000 unsuspecting residents.

Earlier, in Lima, we had talked to archaeologists about this significant discovery that has rekindled interest in the
Inca empire. This empire dominated a vast swathe of South America until the 1530s, when the Spanish
conquistadors invaded the region. It is hoped that by studying the mummies, a great deal will be learnt about the
Inca people who lived in the area from 1480 to 1540. With their black hair decorated with colourful feathers and
their leathery skin tattooed or adorned with red paint, the mummies had been buried with interesting artefacts that
were to accompany them into the next world.

Although the excavations have created, many difficulties for the residents of Tupac Amaru, they believe that the
mummies will bring hope for a brighter future. They are proud that their shanty town has caught the world's
attention with its cultural treasures, and are pressing for the construction of a museum, which would attract tourism
and, with any luck, improve their lives.

2Ỉ According to the writer

A residents of the shanty town discovered the mummies.

B archaeologists have dug up much of Tupac Amaru.
c the Inca empire covered a relatively small part of South America.
D Spanish conquistadors had massacred the people buried at Puruchuco.

22 How do the residents of Tupac Amaru feel?

A optimistic about their future

B pessimistic about their future c contented with their situation
D threatened by current developments

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Tomb Raiders
The global black market in stolen art and antiquities generates about 9.5 billion dollars a year, making it the world’s
biggest illicit trade after arms and drugs.

Italy is a major source for the world black market in ancient artefacts and fine art. As soon as the sun sets, ‘gravediggers’
break into churches or undiscovered tombs to extract priceless treasures. If the robberies are of previously undiscovered
sites, the loot is hardly ever found, as the thefts often go unnoticed. Not even Italy’s most celebrated sites are sacred,
artefacts having disappeared even from Pompeii, the ancient Roman city preserved by volcanic ash from an eruption of
Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.

France, Britain and Japan are all big markets for stolen art, but the United States is by far the biggest dealer. A large
number of antiquities stolen from the museum in ancient Corinth in Greece eventually resurfaced in the United States,
but were fortunately returned. They are now proudly on display in Corinth again, on distinctive orange stands.
Unfortunately, however, this example is an exception, as only two percent of antiquities are ever recovered worldwide,
compared to 51 percent of stolen paintings.

Nevertheless, the situation may improve in future as France, Spain, England and Germany already have specialised art
police, and more and more countries are demonstrating a commitment to dealing with the problem.

23 According to the passage, many stolen antiquities are never found because

A their existence has not been documented.

B they end up in private collections.
c stolen paintings are considered to be more important.
D the police don’t know enough about art.

24 What does the writer say about the United States?

A It returns artefacts to their country of origin.

B It is a major source for the world’s black market in ancient artefacts, c The Corinth artefacts turned up there.
D Only 2% of antiquities are recovered from there.

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Gre
enwich
V Today we are going to take a boat ride down the River Thames to historic Greenwich.
On disembarking at Greenwich Pier, you will notice a large sailing ship now set fast in concrete. This is the Cutty
Sark, launched in 1869 and, in its day, one of the fastest sailing ships in the world. Nearby is the 53-foot ketch in
which Sir Francis Chichester sailed alone around the world in 1966-67, at the age of 65.

Behind the two elegant, domed buildings of the Royal Naval College, the ground slopes up to a tree-covered hill
surrounded by parkland. This is where the old Royal Observatory, now a museum, is situated. You should just be able
to see it. It was built in the 17th century and designed, like the Naval College, by Sir Christopher Wren. Famous
astronomers such as John Flamsteed, Edmund Halley and Sir Isaac Newton worked there, and it was largely due to
Flamsteed's work that Greenwich was accepted as 'the prime meridian1, which means that longitude zero runs
through this spot. Tourists enjoy being photographed with one foot in the Eastern and the other in the Western
hemisphere.

I know that you will enjoy today's tour. Greenwich happens to be one of the most beautiful areas around London,
and one that very definitely leaves its mark. And let me say that, if some of you find the pace too fast, or are
overwhelmed by the number of things to see, please feel free to stay on at the end of the tour and do your own thing -
as long as you can make your own way back to your hotel.

25 According to the passage, the Royal Observatory

Ầ looks like the Naval College.

B is clearly visible.
c is no longer used by astronomers.
D is near the river at Greenwich.

26 It is suggested that

A Greenwich is a memorable place for tourists.

B it is easy to get lost ill Greenwich.
c everyone goes to Greenwich to be photographed at the meridian. D the tour moves too quickly.

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Unit 10
Foliow»up Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Task)

Robin Hood - Fact or Fiction?

Which word in the first paragraph means Where does the tunnel lead nowadays? How do you
Explain the phrase 'in no uncertain terms' (para 1) in your own words.
'annoyance' or 'disappointment'? know?

Mummies Galore
Explain in your own words what type of town Tupac According to the passage, was there international interest
Why were the Peruvians living in Tupac Amaru unlucky, according to the text?
Amaru is. in the Inca Empire before the discovery of the
mummies?

Tomb Raiders
Ỉ What is the writer's reaction to the theft of Where might this passage have been taken from?
antiquities from Pompeii, and why?

Greenwich

1 What is the significance of longitude zero’? From where would you get a better view of the surrounding
area: the observatory or the Naval College? Why?

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Unit 10

Prcposilional Phrases
Prepositional phrases with time’
Sentences (1-12) contain phrases with the word ‘time’. For each phrase, choose the appropriate meaning from the box.

1 You won't remember when the Berlin Wall came down - ? She may be working on projects for three clients at any
it was before your time. one time, u
2 For the time being I'm content to live with my parents, 8 At times I feel down, but then I cheer myself up by
but who knows how I'll feel in two years? phoning my friends.

3 It's slow progress, this physiotherapy, but in time he'll 9 If we hurry we'll finish in no time. p I
be able to walk again. Q
10 I find him pompous at the best of times, but now that
4 At one time 1 used to go to the gym every day. he's been awarded a prize he's insufferable. Ị
That was before the children were born. I______J
11 The council has finally got round to repairing the flood
s At this rate we'll arrive in good time. We may even have damage - and not before time! [ ]
time for a coffee. p~|
12 Firms which retain a hierarchicalmanagement system
6 If you want to surf the Net, you'll have to do it in your are behind the times. PJ
own time, not during working hours.

early G eventually
sometimes H soon
much later than appropriate I prior to the period you can remember
at present J In your free time
concurrently, at the same time K in the past
old-fashioned Il even in good circumstances
A
B

D
E
F

Word Formation
Read tile text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the
same line. There is an example
at the beginning (0). Why are DIY kits so popular?
There are several reasons why the (0) - - popularity _ of DIY kits is on the
increase. If we consider the (1)---------------------------------------nature of POPULAR
men, then one of the reasons is (2j__________________obvious: rather COMPETE
than allow another man who may have more (3|------------------------------- GLARE
into their domain, they would rather "do it themselves" in an attempt to EXPERT
impress their wives with their (4)______________________________This
of course may go seriously awry, as their (51---------------------------when CAPABLE
confronted by manual tasks becomes all too apparent. COMPETENT
On the other hand, kits are also being bought by women who are willing
to (6)______________________projects which were once considered
to be "men's work". They are striving for (71 ----------------------------- in TAKE
realms which have traditionally been viewed as male preserves and have EQUAL
now become somewhat more (8Ị ------------------------------------to
women. Of course, the refreshing trend toward avoiding (9) has ACCESS
124 ị given women the opportunity to carry out
their own home improvement projects. Finally, as the cost of hiring MARRY
professionals has become (10) — -----------------, doing it yourself is the
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only affordable alternative. PROHIBIT
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Unit 10

125 ị

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Unit 10 Unit
Ê F MMIHW
Phrasal Verbs 10
R. Use the phrasal verbs from the list to fill in the gaps. Put the verbs in the correct tense and form. Use each phrasal verb once
only.

cave in ............... play up

____■ 4_

pull up put up to d't

rub along strjkeback strike out^

tie down

I offered all my children a job in the company, but each of them has on their own and now
an independent career.
My exam results certainly me ------and made me realise I had to study
more effectively.
If you keep up the pressure, you'll eventually agree them , and they'll
to do what you want.
1 wish you'd stop trying to ______________________ things what I'm doing; there's no
hidden agenda behind it.
If they think we're doing this for the good of the village, we should be happy to them

They hoped that if they brought enough pressure to bear on the head teacher she would and do as they asked.
I thought that sparks would fly when those two started working together, but they seem to be quite well
together.
If the problem doesn't go away you'll have to
IB
8 When they tried to put us out of business we ___________the lawyers again.
9 It was some naughty children that ___________by undercutting all their prices, the new
10 teacher. pupil_______making fun of the
Did your mother know she was - -
11 you for babysitting duties? - you so much when she volunteered
No wonder your pupils
12 so much if you don't allow them any freedom.

B Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries in the
Phrasal Verbs Appendix, then make up your own examples to illustrate how they are used.

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Unit in I nil 10

Practise and perform

A Group the following words and phrases into two categories. Then write the correct collocation in the spaces provided.

a ceremony ■ an art ■ a profession ■ self-restraint

an instrument ■ a play ■ magic tricks ■ what you preach

a service I an experiment I a language I an operation I a miracle

Practise Perform

B Complete the sentences below using either practise or perform.

1 Audrey's teacher made her----------------------------------------the piano several hours a day.

2 The registrar who------------------------------------our wedding service was the same one who had married my
parents.
3 You need to have a valid licence to__________________________law in this country.
4 Mungo the Magician has agreed to---------------------------------------tricks at the children's party.
5 The doctor who--------------------------------------the tonsillectomy will be making her rounds this morning.
6 Suzanne was looking forward to her trip to Naples as an opportunity to_________________________________her
Italian.

c Write your own sentences with the remaining collocations.

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Unit 10

1 heap/pour scorn on: say sb/sth is worthless, useless 12 see red: become very angry
We talked about how the problem could be solved, but he I'm quite even-tempered, but some things, particularly
poured scorn on my suggestions. racism, make me see red.

2 settle a/the score: get revenge

A Complete the sentences with phrases from above.
Intent on settling the score, he tracked down the man
who'd turned him in to the police. a My next-door neighbour was convicted of perjury and is
now - - -_______________________________________________________
3 have a screw loose: behave in a strange way
in an open prison.
Our new next-door neighbour seems to have a screw b That kitten seems to have----------------------------------me;
loose; he's decorated his garden with skulls! it follows me everywhere I go.
c The situation had almost turned into a vendetta, with both
4 by the seat of your pants: trusting your instincts rather
parties wanting to-----------------------------------------------------------------------
than careful planning or skill d My lecturer-------------------------------my thesis and, being
She knew nothing about the stock market; she just played a sensitive type, I was reduced to floods of tears.
by the seat of her pants. e He had been trying my patience for so long that 1 began to ------------------
, but I managed to control
5 let the side down: disappoint people who are depending my exasperation.
on you
f He's-------------------------------now that he's got into
Of course I'll help out; I wouldn't want to let the side university.
down. g I take-----------------------------through the park to get to
work. It saves me about twenty minutes.
6 sell sb down the river: betray sb
h We had been partners for a long time, but he_________________________
My accomplice sold me down the river and left town me___________________________________________________________
with the money. and joined
'1 do/serve time: be in prison another company, leaving me facing bankruptcy.
He's serving time for armed robbery.

8 be in seventh heaven: be very happy

Since she bought her own house, she's been in seventh B With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your
own which illustrate their meaning.
heaven.

9 take a shine to; like immediately

I took a shine to my new colleague on her very first
day.

10 a short cut: a quicker and more direct route or method

than the usual one
I'll drive — I know a good short cut to the community
centre.

11 the other side of the coin: a different way of con-

sidering a situation, making it seem either better or
worse than it did originally
It's great that he was promoted to manager. The other
side of the coin is that he' II have to work much longer
hours now.

128
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Omt
10
Confusing Words

1 distant past)
The actual cost of the equipment is quite high, after the various 6 ——■
taxes.have been added, (real) The question of whether to clone or not to clone is a topical one. (of
interest at the moment)
2 LLiXx-
The argument outlined in this book is a reflection of current local
thinking which may quickly become outdated. (of the present
Local history is important if you want to learn about your roots,
time) (related to a particular place)
contemporai
Our gallery is currently staging an exhibition of contemporary art. A concern for the environment is prevalent among students of all ages.
(modern/happening now) Contemporary opinions about the (existing/happening generally)
works of Shakespeare differed from later views in many ways.
(of the period of time being referred to)
The prevailing mood is one of gloom as war looms on the horizon,
4'vB^E™ ...................... . . . (most usual or widespread in a particular place or time)

Your present circumstances are a-consequence of your past eventU'

behaviour, (at the moment, now)
The eventual outcome of the discussions will, we hope, be positive, (in
the end, after a process or period of time)
c
Recent studies have shown that those politicians who warned
momentary
against the importing of GM food were right. (in the not so I can t describe her well, as I had only a momentary glimpse of her.
(brief, lasting only for a second)

Use one of these words to fill each gap. There are two extra words you don’t need.

1 Although fewer young adults are taking up smoking, it is becoming more-----------------------------------among schoolgirls.
2 At the________________time,, it is impossible to predict the outcome of the talks.
3 In_________________years, we have witnessed the rise of consumerism.
4 In a -------------------------lapse of common sense, I agreed to go parachuting with him.
s One____________________debate is whether or not we should try to colonise Mars.
6 The_________________- elections resulted in the inauguration of a new mayor.
7 During the war, several----------------------------writers disapproved of the government's actions.

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Unit 10

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank. avert a disaster.
1 --- of pottery which dated back to prehistoric times a descriptive
were discovered during the excavation. b relative
G Remains b Fragments c Tatters d Shreds c cooperative d imperative
2 Her father did not approve of the places she------------. 14 By great strength of will he was able to---------his
Q haunted b frequented c indulged d inundated emotions, keeping his face impassive.
Ỡ submerge b suppress c suspend d subside
3 The immigrant workers were-------by bosses who
used them as cheap labour. 15 The car broke down in the middle of nowhere, and I was
o exploited — there without a cell phone.
b extolled a startled
c drafted b stashed
d exerted c stationed
d stranded
4 His comments showed a-------disregard for her
feelings. 16 Her — headache made her feel terribly ill, so she went to
G cautious bed.
b casual 0 throbbing b piercing c shrieking d howling
c callous 17 / know it's hard at first when you start a new job,
d candid but you'll soon-------.
5 They have been at-------over this matter for years a show your teeth b find your feet c follow your nose d
now. try your hand
a odds
b evens
c brawls d lengths
6 The king was —- by the military and a democracy was
established.
a detached b deposed c derailed d deregulated
7 His----opinions have always sparked debate.
a controversial b concise c detached d crucial
8 He was afraid to be different, so never----------from the
norm.
0 moved
b detoured
c deviated
d defected
9 The instructions on the bottle say that you must--------
the medicine in water.
a refine
b saturate
c filter
d dilute
10 The lack of rain during the summer led to fears of a

0 dread
b draft c drought d draught
.11 He spoke very--------and soon persuaded others to
join the cause.
G eloquently b cohesively c dispassionately d
colloquially
12 Before she-----on the new venture, she completed
the previous project.

Q engaged b embarked c infringed d invested

13 It is- - -to follow instructions to the letter in order to

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Unit 10
18 Last night I managed to get eight hours of--------- c save
sleep, whereas normally I toss and turn all night. d crave
a unadulterated b unrehearsed c uninterrupted d 22 The detectives had lost the trail and were — up the wrong
unabated tree.
19 Building the bridge was an enormous---------. a looking
o undertaking b barking
b overload c shinning
c assertion d climbing
d attachment 23 The---- stood in court, awaiting sentencing.
20 We tried to reserve a table at the restaurant but it was o witness
fully —. b accused
a hired c prosecutor d culprit
b confirmed 24 He drove a hard —, but we eventually agreed on a price.
c taken a deal
d booked b nut
21 The passengers were told to--------themselves for an c bargain
emergency landing. d shot
a brace 25 He was-----by the police but not arrested for
b crease his misdemeanor.
a blocked b appeased c cautioned d curtailed

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Unit 'J
-.1
You are going to read an extract from an article about young consumers. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the
extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra paragraph which you do not
need to use.

THE NEW CONSUMERS

Have you ever considered your ten-year-old child a consumer? On the whole, advertisers have been slow to recognise the
As parents, you may not have done, but a growing number of potential market for the elderly, as longevity and the increased
business entrepreneurs are targeting 9- to 12-year-olds, and are wealth of today's retirees had not been foreseen by many
doing very nicely, thank you! We have acknowledged that industries. Insurance companies were amongst the first to tap
teenagers have been the targets of advertisements for fast food this market, with ever-increasing success.
outlets, clothes, food and drink for many years, but preteens?
Isn't that going too far? Doesn't it smack of immorality? 31

. 27 It must have taken a lot of courage for businesses to target the

9- to 12-year-old market. They now understand the critical
Today's children aren't just connected via modem - they possess powers of the group and do not underestimate their intelligence
mobile phones and pagers to boot. Other generations absorbed by being patronising. They don't try to sell make-up to young
product information through TV and magazines, but these girls, for example, on the grounds that they're not in the
children live in a technological world which is, in many ways, business of making their customers grow up too quickly, but
more complex than ever before; they have access to may well display nail varnish.
information from sources that were unimaginable fifty years
ago. They have grown up in a world of information and
knowledge that is unmatched by previous eras.
; 32 _ _ /
I 28 ZZZj
Another consequence of the trend towards two-parent incomes Of course, such ideas have their origins in children's radio
is the increasing tendency for parents to take their kids programmes, which began in the 1950s and proved very
wherever they want to go, thus giving preteens more indirect popular. In the 1960s, children's comics had Birthday Corners
purchasing power. And where do the kids want to go? Fast food and would print a child's photograph during the week of their
outlets. Take a walk along the high street and see the number of birthday, even on occasion offering a small prize for each one
families eating in such establishments, which give away 'free' published. Children always get a thrill out of receiving presents
toys with meals. The toys may be of dubious value, but they or public recognition.
appeal to the chains' target group.
L"33f .LL . .Í ’
There is usually outrage when TV stations run a glut of
Children of this generation are referred to as the ‘Millennials’
advertisements for toys at children's viewing times during the
(born between 1982-2002) or ‘Generation Y’, and are more
run-up to Christmas, but it seems that this type of direct
likely to have friends from different ethnic or racial groups.
marketing to 9- to 12-year-olds is becoming accepted. Is this
They are also growing up in an era of community. They have
because the marketing is more direct and unashamed, or are the
more activities to occupy their time, doing group project work
marketing people right in their belief that our children are more
in school, are involved in extra-curricular activities together
sophisticated than previous generations, and that this makes
after school (so that their school day (fits into their parents'
them fair game?
work schedule) and in the evening, they text friends and use the
Internet. In contrast, their partents grew up in an era more
concerned with individuality.

30

£ 132

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A Of course, parents still control the purse-strings of pre- are more adventurous in their tastes than before. Not only do
teenagers, but these parents, known as the generation of they see their friends eating different food and share it with
'Baby Boomers', are those who deferred child-bearing until them, but there is also an unprecedented variety of
later than was the norm. They spend less time on housework convenience foods on the market.
and food preparation, so have more time to spend with their F Another factor which influences these children is that they
cherished children. increasingly come from two-income families, so parents feel
the need to be in close communication with their children.
B Once such marketing proved effective, other manufacturers Because of the increase in the number of working mothers,
began to experiment with mail-order catalogues for this more children have been given greater responsibility. This
group. As an inducement to their young consumers, some does not mean that they are neglected, but they are, of
came up with the winning idea of a Birthday Club, which necessity, bigger consumers of high-tech equipment than
sends birthday cards and small value gift vouchers to their parents were.
customers. Given that this age group doesn't usually receive
mail, they have hit upon a winning idea. G However, children of today, despite their busy schedule, are
still driven by fun, as were previous generations. What is
c Not so, say the marketing people. These preteens are a lot different now is that they can be more speedily gratified.
more sophisticated than those of previous generations. No Grandparents have long been indulgent towards their
one is implying that they have lost that innocence associated grandchildren, and now, as well as buying products which
with childhood, but they are influenced by the world around target children, also prepare them for the future by taking out
them and have become streetwise at an earlier age in several insurance policies or setting up trust funds, so that they will
respects. be ensured a comfortable life whilst at university or college.

D Such marketing seems quite tame compared with today's, but H One reason for the lack of foresight is that advertisers follow
it was still rooted in consumerism. The radio programmes the theory that whichever age group contains the largest
wanted to compete with other stations and the comics aimed numbers drives the culture and, historically, this has never
to increase their circulation. been the elderly. The only other group comparable in
numbers to preteenagers is their parents, the Baby Boomers,
E Because there is more ethnic diversity in the modern world, but they have lost their appeal as a target group for
youngsters are becoming accustomed to different foods, and advertisers.

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Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension

(Optional Task)

1 How does the writer achieve an informal, personal style paragraph beginning "Another consequence of the
in the first paragraph? trend..."?
4 Why is the word 'free' in inverted commas in the
2 Why might the targeting of 9- to 12-year-olds by advertisers 'smack of immorality'?
5 Which phrase in the last paragraph implies that children
are not really victims?

3 Which two words does the writer use in paragraph c to show that preteens today are more aware of and knowledgeable
about the world around them than previous generations?

1
3
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4
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Prepositional phrases with ‘way’

Fill the gaps in the sentences with one of the following phrases. The explanations in parentheses will help you.

in ihe/my your, etc nay ỊỆỄBỄỄỄỄm in sonic ways

1» »a5 of
by the .ay in a.ay

1 Since they are due to arrive here at six, I reckon they must be ĩ I like him, __________________, but I don't trust
Í__________________now. him.
(coming) (a little, but by no means completely)

2 There can be little progress when so much 8 He received very little --------------------------financial
bureaucracy stands_____________________ assistance from his parents, but they gave him a lot of
(as an obstacle or impediment preventing sth from moral support.
happening or being done properly) (specifically for/concerning)

3 Could you give me a lift home, if it's not 9 Her mother's __________________and has been
________________? taken to hospital.
(in another direction, far from where sb is going) (very ill, in very bad health)

4 She is the best applicant for the post 10 The business started --------------------------- but soon
expanded.
(easily, by a great amount) (modestly, on a small scale)

5 — - - ---------------, did you know that the registra 11 _______________introduction, let me tell you a
tion date has been brought forward? story.
(incidentally: used to introduce a new subject in a (as sth, for sth)
conversation)
12 His apology__________________makes me feel
6 An investigation into allegations of fraud on the more amenable towards him. I'm still very angry.
part of the former Prime Minister is_________________.
(not at all)
(now taking place)

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81

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the
same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Psychology and Big Business

Powerful multinational companies are turning to (O| globalisation in an ever-increasing drive to (1) its parts, the chief
executives have come to the (2| force will increase the firtp's (3) GLOBE
profits. As
pursuit of profit, management a company
have is the sum of
{<)___________ MAXIMUM
this, and new psychological theories are helping-them achieve this goal. The new buzz word is team-building, and there
has been massive (5}_________________________
that a healthy, well-motivated work- . In
of late REALISE
by companies hoping their PRODUCT
to foster team spirit so that they run like a well-oiled machine.
KNOWLEDGE
Psychological counselling is costly, and is, unfortunately, generally unavailable within state funded health care systems.
Normally, it is only for the rich or those whom the state deems (Ố) insane. As an industry,
the field of psychology needs cash (7)_____________________
and so relies on the continuing custom of big business. Psychometric EXPEND
tests are used in the (8J
process and (9)-------------------------- applicants can blame
such tests for their rejection in many cases. However, ordinary mortals
(101 -------
psychoanalysts.

CRIME
PUT

RECRUIT
SUCCESS

who suffer from stress-related

cannot afford the fees charged by All

Phrasal Verb
I For each of the following sentences, choose the correct words or phrases from the options in bold. More than one option may be
correct. '
1 was hoping you'd be able to knock together a bus ticket/a set of blueprints/
a temporary agreement before the end of the day.
The complaints/dog/orders tailed off towards the end of the season.
Could you please nail Jpyce down to'affixed time/down the loose roof tiles/ down an agreement with the suppliers?
If you're not careful you'll clog up your arteries/the drain/your glasses.
4 It wasn't long before Henry jacked in his car/job/wife.
5 Here's some water; you'll need it to wash down your hands/your pills/the walls. My back/hunting dog/mother-in-law was laid up
6
after the accident.
7
8 It won't take her long to rustle up some assistance/assistants/supper.
9 The new block of flats is going to biot out our garden/the sun/our view. They got Terry to wrap up the case/noise/outside.
10 I had to think quickly because the bus/information/search party was closing in on me. My boss/disabilities/temperament ruled
11 out my taking such action.
12
B Now list the phrasal verbs used in Task A, then find the meanings in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix.

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Unit J 'J- '.................................-...-—-

ZL....L. w
--g 1

v Intensifier + Adjective
A Complete the sentences below using one of the following intensifiers:

scrupulously deathly blissfully supremely acutely

distantly highly deadly woefully distinctly
progressively immensely hopelessly vitally eternally

1 Every day, her symptoms grew___________________________worse.

2 The scientist was__________________________aware of the implications of her research.
3 The expression on his face when he came into the room showed he had something
______________________serious to discuss.
4 Jane's work at the hospital is_____________________________important to her.
5 The couple strolling hand in hand looked--------------------------------------------happy.
6 Just before she fainted she turned a----------------------------------------shade of grey.
Ĩ If you do me this favour, I will be--------------------------------------------grateful to you.
8 Myra was _______________________devoted to her playboy husband.
9 You can trust Anne; she's___________________________honest.
10 Richard is________________________confident, and this has helped him climb the corporate ladder.
11 The resources at state schools are------------------------------------------inadequate.
12 That new independent film is proving to be------------------------------------------popular.
13 Mark is a_________________________successful lawyer, but he has no personal life.
14 Sean and Karen are -----------------------------------related.
15 This problem and the one Kevin pointed out at the meeting are two---------------------------------------------different things.

B Now choose five of the collocations from above and write sentences of your own with them.

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1 be/stand on the sidelines: observing, but not directly 7 at a snail's pace: very slowly
involved in sth Work on the motorway is progressing at a snail's pace
I'm active in the planning stages, but I'd rather be on the this winter, due to bad weather.
sidelines during implementation.
8 the/a snowball effect: a situation in which sth becomes
2 a sign of the times: sth that is typical of the (bad) way bigger or more important very quickly Demands for
things are now educational reform had a snowball effect and soon there
The fact that even many ten-year-olds have mobile were calls for sweeping changes in many areas.
phones is a real sign of the times.
9 make a spectacle of yourself: behave in a way that
3 a skeleton in the cupboard/closet: a secret which attracts other people's attention and makes you look
would cause embarrassment if it was known Every ridiculous
family has a couple of skeletons in the cupboard, and He made a spectacle of himself last night when he
ours is no different. danced on the table.
4 pick/take up the slack: improve a situation by working 10 split your sides: laugh wildly
or by using people/resources more efficiently A key We split our sides watching that comedy last night.
player is missing today, so the rest of the team will have
11 put sb on the spot: cause sb embarrassment by forcing
to pick up the slack.
them to answer a difficult question or make an important
5 lean/slim pickings: lack of choice or. availability The decision at that moment
waiters were allowed to have what was on the table after The reporters' questions about the budget put the
the banquet, but they only found slim pickings. government spokesperson on the spot.
6 stick to your guns: refuse to change your 12 a spot check: an unexpected examination of sth chosen
opinion/actions, etc, in spite of criticism They'll try to by chance
make you change your mind, but you should stick to The teacher did a spot check of the homework, but
your guns. luckily didn't look at mine.

Choose a phrase from above to complete the sentences.

a The grassroots environmental movement grew until everyone had joined in; it was an astounding example of
b The interviewer was having a field day and really_______________________the so-called experts_____________________
c You are such an embarrassment to take out; you always ________________________________________
ci Unfortunately, one of our colleagues is not working efficiently so everyone else is having to

e It's so hot in summer that everyone moves________________________

f Rather than be in the thick of the action, I prefer to -________________________________________
g If we don't hurry and get down to the sales soon there'll be---------------------------------------------------------------
h The streets are empty at night which, unfortunately, is__________________________________________

if With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.

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III Hill Unit 11

Confusing Words

1 «gg» particular task you have to do) The old craft of thatching is slowly
dying out, as most houses now have conventional tiles on their roof, (skill
The nurse said that she had always felt that this was her vocation, (a
which involves doing sth with your hands)
strong feeling people have that they should do a particular job; a
calling)
9
iob The number of people in full employment has fallen, (the state of
J___ị having a job)
His job involves a lot of foreign travel, (what you do for a living; a
—
WOfK
She goes to work by carevery day. His function in the organisation is to check that the
(the act of doing a job; the place of work) telephones and computers are in good working order.
(sb's/sth's special purpose or job)

She always considered tidying her room something of a

chore, (a task you don't like/don't want, to do) She left the university to take up a post in New York. (job
or position)
task

The task I was given to perform was really interesting. (an

assignment; a difficult job done for a particular reason; In the course of her career she has had many different types
a part of work that is routine) of jobs, (a job or profession for which you are trained,
and with opportunities for promotion which you plan to
profession
pursue for a long time)

Her chosen profession is teaching, and she really enjoys it.

(a job which requires advanced education or training) assignment
______5*__________
When Ĩ d completed my written-assignment, I handed it in to
7 ■ my tutor, (a specific task given to you)
On the application form he listed his occupation as
Use one of these words to fill each gap.
"dentist", but we all know he's a spy. (the job you do; what
keeps you busy) function ___________________z
career
assignmen occupation

1 she had always wanted to be a writer, and described it as a_________________________

2 He was a master of his----------------------------and trained apprentices in woodcarving.
3 Cleaning out the bird cage is a real______________________I hate doing it.
4 She's planning a___________________in journalism.
5 Their------------------------in the organisation is not immediately obvious, but I believe they hold senior
management posts.
6 She was eagerly awaiting her next for the distance learning course.

ể ■ 139

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Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank. a diminishing b dwindling c dissolving d diluting
1 As soon as he finished university, he was — into the army.
1 The evidence was far from--------, so there will always a consecrated
be some doubt about this case. b conserved c conscripted d converted
a conducive b compounded c conclusive d incongruous
8 The last----of the serial is on TV tonight.
2 He----all his money in his bank account. G item
a deposited b credited c installed d inserted b act c showing d episode
3 Having a bus stop so close to my apartment is really 9 He is so handsome and rich he must be one of the most
bachelors in town.
a efficient b detached c congenial d convenient a illegible b eligible c negligible d intelligible
4 There was-----evidence linking him to the scene of 10 / was disappointed with my first--------of the book so
the crime. I tore it up and started again.
a concrete a impression
b abstract b content
c commendable c manuscript d draft
d collaborative 11 If all factory chimneys were equipped with----------
5 The tap-----all night and kept me awake. I'll have there would be less atmospheric pollution.
to change the washer. a gauges b filters c sifters d strainers
a seeped b dropped c dripped d drizzled 12 He made a last------attempt to cross the river, and
6 Suppiies were — fast, and the sergeant hoped more food was succeeded.
being dispatched. ữ ditch
b patch c path d dyke '
13 Any — of the project would need government approval.
a implication
z
b expansion
c increase -
d collaboration 16 The newspaper bought the rights and published a(n) ■ - - -
story. '
14 The book describes her — as a war correspondent.
G unique
a antics b stunts c exploits d tragedies
b unilateral
15 His - - - from school damaged his career prospects,: as he : c significant
was labelled a trouble-maker. d exclusive
a extradition b expulsion c extraction d exclusion

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Uíìít 1 'J
i-—------------— u

17 The firm-----of their friendship meant that it could a trust

endure minor setbacks. b estimate
a establishment c hunch
b basics d guess
c foundation 22 He felt his space had been — when his father came to stay.
d keystone a usurped
18 The film was a-----at the box office but developed b conquered
a cult following. c intruded
a flop d invaded
b cinch 23 He had to admit to a(n)-------respect for her,
c miss d slump although he heartily disliked her.
19 Some athletes have — their performance by taking drugs. a forceful
a alleviated b inadequate c grudging d inevitable
b enhanced 24 He was — against fire, theft and flood, but was left
c elevated penniless when his home was destroyed by an earthquake.
d surpassed a assured
20 The office was a bustling------of activity. b insured
a nest c fuelled d incorporated
b home 25 Reports of the volcanic eruption — all other news.
. c seat d hive a overshadowed b overrode
21 I had a(n)-- -she wasn't telling the truth, so I c overcame
checked out her story. d overpowered

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You are going to read an article about surveillance. For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B, c or D) which you think
fits best according to the text.

FREEDOM VS SECURITY
In much-vaunted rhetoric, the eleventh of September 2001 has its authors say, have undermined civil liberties, especially since
gone down in history books as "the day the world changed for the September 11th attacks. They accuse the government of
ever". This was seen as a positive change, with the majority of having placed substantial limitations on numerous rights,
nations supporting a clamp-down on terrorism on an including freedom of assembly, privacy, freedom of movement,
international basis, and calling for more co-operation between the right to silence and freedom of speech. The implementation
intelligence agencies and police forces. of tough new measures severely limiting the number of
Unfortunately, a more sinister force was unleashed, and immigrants accepted by Western countries has also raised
democratic countries that formerly valued the freedom of the concerns among civil rights groups, who point out that laws
individual suddenly became the targets of criticism for non- aimed at reducing global terrorism have penalised many
governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Amnesty legitimate refugees fleeing war-torn countries or repressive
International and civil liberties campaigners like Statewatch, an regimes. Furthermore, these measures have had far-reaching
independent group which monitors threats to privacy and civil effects. Repressive regimes around the world have seized upon
liberties in the European Union. the precedent being set by the West to legitimise their own
previously questionable human rights practices, with only
In some countries, civil liberties had already been compro- NGOs like Amnesty International left to cry foul.
mised. Many Europeans had been living with closed circuit
television cameras in public places for many years, for Individuals have unwittingly contributed to the erosion of their
example, and accepted their existence as a necessary evil which own personal freedom by adopting new technologies that offer
would reduce the risk of street crimes, thus assuring the safety more convenience and security (eg - extensive use of credit
of the majority. However, after the September 11th attacks, cards, smart cards, customer loyalty cards, etc), while
governments hastily dusted off and revived ancient statutes or compromising their freedom. It is easier to trace a person's
drafted sweeping new acts which were aimed at giving movements when such cards are used. Willingness to give up
themselves and the police considerably more powers with a privacy in exchange for security will remain a strong force, and
view to cracking down on terrorists, wherever they were to be some companies have jumped on the bandwagon, offering
found. "personal location" devices aimed at parents who fear for their
children's safety, whilst this may seem reasonable, consider the
In the decade prior to 2001, government policies were put in following: at what age does a rebellious teenager have the right
place which aimed to provide citizens with access to infor- to remove such a tracking chip?
mation. People were empowered to check their personal data to
ensure its accuracy wherever the data was held (ie - in banks, It seems a strange concept that, in the twenty-first century, the
local government offices, etc). Now, though, draconian very peoples who have fought for their freedom of expression
measures were suddenly proposed, which included the storing and movement and freedom of the press are now allowing their
of personal communications, including all e-mails and phone governments to have access to personal and confidential
calls, for at least one year, with all telecommunications firms information which would have been unthinkable a decade ago.
having to keep records of the names and addresses of their For countries like Britain to be found to have acted unlawfully
clients as well as the numbers and addresses of calls and e- by discriminating against foreign nationals would also have
mails sent by them. Governments argued, quite convincingly, been unthinkable once, given Britain's strong legislation against
that such measures were necessary to combat terrorism, and racial discrimination and the existence of a commission whose
other benefits were also played up, such as improved ability to sole purpose is to investigate charges of such acts. There used
track child abductors. While balking at the idea of telephone- to be a distinction between countries which had poor records of
tapping and uncontrolled information-swapping among human rights abuses and more liberal countries, but the
government agencies, the public, by and large, have been dividing line has become a trifle blurred.
receptive to other such measures, but they may yet live to regret George Orwell predicted that the age of surveillance would be
their compliance. 1984; he was 17 years out in his calculations, but Orwell would
An independent study of 50 countries published in 2002 have been horrified to discover that convenience and security
criticised Britain, in particular, over a series of measures which, have become more important to the majority than basic human
rights.

14
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Umlỉ 12

34 In the second paragraph, the writer implies that

A certain NGOs are having to resort to undemocratic action.

B state repression is much more commonplace in countries that used to guard against it.
c civil liberties activists are endangering privacy.
D certain European Union countries lack respect for individual freedoms.

35 The writer indicates that before September 2001 I

A terrorism wasn't considered a threat in countries that now act against it. I
B the police in some countries didn't have enough resources to fight terrorism.
c the police in some countries had been demanding more powers.
D some countries had dispensed with laws that had given the police more powers.

36 What does the writer feel about government attitudes to theũndividual in the 1990s?

A There was a move towards building public confidence with regard to the subject of personal information.
B No careful thought had been given to using personal communications to combat crime.
■ c Information about phonecalls and e-mails wasn't kept long enough.
D Government policies unwittingly encouraged child abductions.

Il
37 What is the general attitude of citizens to the question of the light to privacy?

A People see this as their inalienable right.

B They are prepared to surrender their liberty to some extent.
c People have been placated with jargon about reducing crime.
D People are not convinced that their rights are under threat.

38 What point is made about tracing people's movements or activities through financial transactions?

A It makes people feel more secure.

B People have willingly exchanged privacy for convenience.
c It could help parents who fear for their children's safety.
D People who rely on "plastic" money facilitate such surveillance.

39 What does the writer suggest about some of the new legislation in the second-last paragraph ?

A Mo^l people in the countries concerned find it unacceptable.

B People had to struggle to achieve this.
c It is contrary to the spirit of other existing legislation.
D It is mainly relevant to foreigners.

40 What point does the writer make about George Orwell and his predictions ?

A Orwell would have been dismayed at the reasons underlying the current situation.
B If he were alive, he would say that he had been right.
c The prediction was fairly inaccurate.
D Orwell would have been horrified by the importance of security.

14
3
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In what way was the eleventh of September 2001 'the

day the world changed forever'?
3 What is meant by "some companies have jumped on the
bandwagon" (para 6)?

2 In your own words, strange that the British

explain how government has been
governments provided found to have
citizens with additional discriminated
civil rights in the unlawfully against
1990s. foreign nationals?
4 Why, according to the (para 7)
text, might it seem

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Unit 12

w Prepositional phrases using ‘right’ and ‘sight’

Complete these sentences by putting the coưect preposition(s) in each gap.

1 My uncle always thinks he is----------------the right and never listens to anyone else.
2 It's no longer possible to claim citizenship_____________right of marriage.
3 --------rights, you're the one who should get the reward, since you're the one who found the wallet.
4 You would be ________your rights to claim disability benefit, since your eyesight is now too bad for you
to work.
s She wanted to be recognised as a musician known _ her own right, and not because her father is a well-
conductor.
6 I knew I had to buy this puppy - it was love_______________first sight!
7 Keep-------------sight, children! Don't go too far away.
8 She put the photo_________sight when her mother came, to avoid any awkward questions.
9 I knew her_________sight, but not to talk to.
10 He'd be no good as a nurse; he feels faint_______________the sight of blood.
11 The police sharpshooters were ordered to shoot________________sight.
12 After the third round of peace talks, the end of the war seemed to be--------------------------sight.

Word Formation
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space
in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Why we ail need a holiday

Somehow, despite predictions that the (0) JechnoJogicaU age would bring (1Ị benefits to our lives, quite the
opposite has happened. Like good consumers, we (2) TECHNOLOGY
purchased the mobile phones and computers, but instead of (3) our IMAGINE
workload, they have simply resulted in DUTY
an increase in the amount of time spent in the company of our high-tech
devices. In fact, not counting those forced into (4| by LESS
technological advances, people nowadays
have (5) less free time than ever before.
EMPLOY
Hence the need for holidays; people can (6) their CHARGE
batteries after a long period of following the same old routine. CONSIDER
dog for a walk and caring for the children virtually (9Ị AID
because the father is always at work.
Even (7)----------------------who don't have a paid job need some WIFE
respite from the (8)______________ _ _ _ of cooking, cleaning, taking the DRUDGE

Children enjoy holidays and eagerly look forward to any period when homework is unnecessary.
Everyone benefits from a break in routine and holidays have become (10) in our DISPENSE
modern world, as we try to come to terms with our chaotic and stressful modern lives.

14
5
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im

Find the right phrasal verbs to complete the sentences below. Use the verbs in the first box and the particles in the second
box once each.

1 The company has been doing the same old things for far too long. With any luck, the new administrator will
really--------------------------things_____________________
2 We've decided to offer huge discounts in a bid to______________________business.
3 Fortunately, our company is in a strong enough position to________________________the recession.
4 I've heard a rumour that our rivals are aiming to_______________________our firm some time this year.
5 At first, the shop sold only furniture, but now the owner has decided to --------------------------------------------- into kitchen
appliances.
6 The moneylenders were hoping to force me to________________________my shares in the company to them.
7 During the holidays we had enough employees on duty to keep the business ___________________________
8 The youth enterprise scheme —--------------------------due to a lack of government support.
9 The sales of the novel really------------------------------when the film version proved such a hit.
10 By the time the police car eventually - -____________-•-----, the robbers had long since left the scene of the crime.
11 It's rumoured that the government is going to_________________________part of the public transport network to
private ownership.
12 After work, I like to---------------------------by listening to music.

B Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries
in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix, then make up your own examples to illustrate how they are used.

1
4
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v
Verb + noun collocations
A Match the verbs given in bold to the groups of nouns with which they collocate. The verb must collocate with all nouns in the
group.

assert \
arouse j
conduct /

(your) rights
(your) position
yourself
(your) independence
(your) innocence
(your) authority

B Complete the following sentences using the correct form of a collocation from Task A.

1 Upon assuming the presidency of the company, Tom made several significant changes in a bid to
--------------------------------his -______________________.
2 A tall man seen lurking around the neighbourhood for several days in a row------------------------------------------------
3 Talks with the hostile nation were bound to be difficult, so they sent their best diplomat to

4 Adolescents sometimes indulge in challenging behaviour as they try to ------------------------------------- - --------their

5 If you want to gain the respect of your new colleagues, you must----------------------------------------------with decorum.
6 The stray dog was so thin that it---------------------------------------the------------------------------------of all the passers-by.
7 The government health authority recently------------------- ----------------------and found that a high percentage of
young people do not have a healthy diet.

c With the remaining eight collocations, write your own sentences.

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Study the presentation, then fill each gap in sentences a h with an appropriate set phrase.

1 with (your) tail between (your) legs: showing you are their tempers began to fray.
defeated or embarrassed 7 the tail end of: the final part of
He came back with his tail between his legs when he I only heard the tail end of their conversation, but the
realised he'd been wrong. news doesn't sound good.

2 the cards/odds are stacked against sb: be unlikely to 8 school of thought: a group of people with similar
succeed, because of unfair/ unfavourable conditions views
He didn't accomplish much during his tenure as president, I belong to the school of thought which favours
because the cards were stacked against him. affirmative action.

3 a stone's throw away: very close 9 a square meal: a large, satisfying meal
Why don't you pop round and ask him yourself? I 've been so busy lately, I haven't had a square meal
He lives a stone's throw away. for days.
4 in confidence: as a secret 10 fly off at a tangent: suddenly change from one
I'm telling you this in confidence because I know I can subject/action to another
trust you. I enjoy his lectures, even though he often flies off at a
5 from the sublime to the ridiculous: starting with sth tangent.
wonderful/important, but followed by sth silly/unimportant 11 tarred with the same brush: thought to have similar
The first episode of the new series was very impressive, faults to
but it soon went from the sublime to the ridiculous. Our supervisor was caught embezzling funds, and
6 tempers begin to fray: people begin to get angry with soon we were all tarred with the same brush.
each other 12 the tail wagging the dog: when a small part of
After they'd been queuing for almost an hour, something determines or controls..the whole George
does everything his secretary tells him. It's definitely a
a Sorry. That information was given to me________________ case of the tail wagging the dog.

b He looks really thin, as though he hasn't had_____________

c It's ridiculous for the whole organisation to revolv _____ - - , so I can't say anything about it.
............-. -------------for a long time.
Ỉ around a cleaning róta: it's a case of

d The new director tried to change the way the company operated, but was doomed to failure as him.
e We were lucky to suffer only----------------------------------------the thunderstorm, otherwise the flooding would have
been much worse.
f It's not necessary to get a taxi, we can walk. It's only--------------------------------------------------
g The first act of the opera was awe-inspiring, but it then turned into a farce, going

h It's difficult having a brother like him. He is such a villain, and I get------------------------------------------------------

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The wooden fence divided the neighbours' gardens, so they bon‘t go too near the edge of the cliff - you might fall.
had some privacy, (barrier to protect land, usually made of (physical limit or end of sth)
wood or wire)

2 9
The wall which separated the garden from the street was quite Passports will be checked at the border, (dividing line

high, (barrier made of brick or stone to protect property; between two countries; decorative strip around the
buildings, of necessity, also have walls) edge of something)

3 iiia 10
I stood on the other side of the railings and watched the Scientists are continually pushing back the frontiers of
children playing in the school yard, (barrier made of metal knowledge, (limits, boundaries; border between two
bars) countries)

11
Its heavy, ornate frame made the picture difficult to hang,
hedge (structure, usually made of wood, which surrounds and
The garden has a hedge all round it, so we have to employ a often supports an object)
gardener to prune it. (row of bushes forming a barrier
round a garden or field) margin
M/e must help people living on the margins of society to
barrier
become more integrated, (the extreme edge; a narrow
There was a metal barrier separating the road from the empty space; the amount of extra space/ time
pavement to protect children, (fence, wall, etc, which included to ensure success or safety)
separates one thing from another, often for protection
or to prevent entry) 13 ———
I arrived late but found a place on the fringe of the crowd,
brink
(outside edge; less important part)
The country is on the brink of war. (the state of being very
close to sth dangerous, exciting or unknown) rim
After a long hike, we reached the rim of the crater and looked
verge inside, (edge of a container or other circular object)
Many species are on the verge of extinction. (likely to
happen very soon; edge of a road)

Choose the best word in each sentence.

1 They erected an electric fence/wall/railing and put up warning notices.

2 The police plan to put up borders/barriers/fences to control the crowds.
3 This spacecraft will enable US to explore the borders/frontiers/rims of space.
4 Who wrote these notes in the rim/frame/margin of my book?
5 He is on the rim/fringe/verge of a nervous breakdown.
6 The woolly spider monkey is on the fringe/brink/edge of extinction.

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Unit 'J 2

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank. b empty

c unaware
1 She felt that she was-------herself by doing such a d vacant
menial task.
a lashing b invading c indulging d lowering 16 The astronauts were------after they returned to
Earth.
2 He was — in the shadows, waiting for a victim to mug. G deprived
Cl glowering b lurking c lingering d hesitating b deciphered
3 His coded messages were only---------to a few c decanted
agents. cl debriefed
a legitimate 17 There are a lot of------in this stretch of water,
b valid c intelligible d cohesive although it looks calm.
4 It seemed as though she was guided by a(n'j---------- a outings
hand as she clambered through the debris. b disturbances
a invisible b unseeing c shadowy d co-operative c currents
d movements
5 He was unable to write his signature, so left his----------
on the document. 18 The committee decided to — their decision until their next
a cross meeting.
b mark o underwrite
c writ b defer
c procrastinate
d hand
d overtake
6 He----the crowd to violence, but escaped arrest himself.
a enticed ' b lured ’- J c incited d corrupted
Ĩ In her-------after her husband's death, she hardly
knew what she was doing.
a grief b grease c grouse d guise
8 The ancient monastery is now — - - to tourists because of
numerous landslides.
a inadvertent
b inaccessible c impractical d impervious
9 He didn't actually say that he disapproved, but he ---it.
a implicated b accepted c implied d understated
10 The newcomers were easily------- into the community.
a incarcerated b assimilated c embedded d incinerated
11 He became-----from his parents after a huge row.
o aggregated b insulated c calibrated d alienated
12 She — her life to improving living conditions in the
developing world.
G, decorated
b dedicated
c declared
d declaimed
13 The police were called in to break up a---------- in the
bar last night.
a brazier
b bout
c brawl
d battle
14 He was suffering from a — illness and grew weaker daily.
o declining
b weakening
c debilitating d deteriorating
15 He was----of feeling and treated everyone with
contempt.
a devoid

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19 The dentist said she'll have to-------one of my back

teeth.
a extinguish
b extract
c extradite
cl extort
20 The doctor fold him not to — himself unless he wanted to
spend time in hospital.
G exert
b extend c expand d exploit
21 He was-- - -with success and ordered a bottle of
the best champagne.
Q reddened
b suffused
c inclined d flushed
23 She-----her father's anger when she failed to live
up to his expectations.
G disturbed b encouraged c incurred d revoked
24 He bought an expensive suit on — and regretted it the
next day.
Cl whim b impulse c inflection d urge
25 - - -labor may soon be a thing of the past, given
the amazing advances in technology.
a Hard b Diligent c Slave d Manual
22 He was able to get the — of the speech, although he
couldn't understand every word.
a core
b gist
c. soul
d hub

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For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, c or D) best fits each gap.

Hanging out the washing

On a recent, visit to my home town, I found the (1) __________________embroiled in a gripping-
dispute which I followed with avid interest in the local newspaper: should they hangout their washing or
not? The instigator of this clash in the previously peaceful community was a middle-aged man who (2)
___________________________________________________had too much time on his hands.
He contended that hanging the washing out to dry on clothes lines made our neighbourhood look like a
ghetto. He even attended a council meeting and (3) his concerns in an official forum.
I would be hard (4)--------------- to decide which single element of this whole affair is the
most ridiculous, but certainly the fact that this activist collected data on the subject (average number of
families in his street using their clothes lines, the number of times per week, etc) would (5) pretty
high on the list. The city councillor reportedly
(6)------------his eyes in response, which scores points in my book for aptness.

1 A civilians B residents € dwellers D occupants

2 A evidently B unmistakably c actually D distinctly
3 A mentioned B cited c acknowledged D voiced
4
A driven B forced c pressed D pushed
5 A rate B rank c class D place

6 Ắ turned B moved c spun D rolled

Tom Thomson
The long-awaited Exhibition of Tom Thomson's works opened last week at the National Gallery.
Thomson, a member of the famous Group of Seven, was also an avid outdoorsman and fisherman. Indeed,
he painted many of his most (7) works while on solitary canoe trips in Algonquin National Park,
where he moonlighted as a guide and was ultimately to (8Ị------------------------------------- his death
in mysterious circumstances while still a young man.
Broad, bold brushstrokes and striking colours are combined to great (9)---------------------------------------- -
on thirty-odd canvases which are eerily evocative of the North. And they are true to their (10) — —
‘matter, portraying nature in all its wintry barrenness on the one hand, and in its summer whimsy on the
other. Thomson (11)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
the essence of our. northern, wilderness, and his paintings exude sympathy with his surroundings. ,AT(12)
----------------------------------------------- of hand-drawn maps and photographs of the
park complete the picture of the North as it used to be.

z A notorious B eminent c reported D celebrated

8 A contact B meet c encounter 0 catch

9 A effect B result c product D success
10 A topic B theme c subject D question
11 A captured B trapped .c grabbed o ensnared
12 A sequence B chain c series D string

White Nights

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As you know, there ore times and places on this fair planet where it doesn't really get dark at night, and
this (13)_________________________________________ is known as white nights. During
the June that I lived in st Petersburg, I experienced this strange occurrence at first (14)
When night falls, the sky darkens somewhat, but then it (IS) ----------------------------------- a bluish
colour all night. In fact, it feels like dusk from about ten in the evening until dawn. And everyone behaves
(16)--------------------------------------------------- Instead of retiring at a (17) ------------------------ hour,
residents stay up late, go out in droves, and wander the streets until the wee hours of the morning. I
confirmed this myself one night, when I went out to participate in a time-honoured tourist ritual: (18)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------around town in the. middle
of the night to watch the many drawbridges, all covered in pretty twinkling lights, being raised to allow
boats to proceed along the canals.

13 A incident B trend c phenomenon D event

14 A place B hand c person D glance

15 A burns B glows c shines 0 lights

16 A similarly B suitably c appropriately 0 accordingly

17 A logical B rational c reasonable D practical

18 A strolling B loitering c swaggering D storming

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Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension

(Optional Task)
Hanging out the washing
1 In your own words, how did the city councillor react to What does the writer think about the councillor's reaction?
the man's complaint?

Tom Tỉiomson
3 What do we learn about Thomson's paintings? 4 Which word tells us that working as a guide was
Thomson's second job?

FFlite Nights
5 How does the writer know about what St Petersburg residents 6 Which word in the second paragraph means 'going to
do during the night? bed'?

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Prepositional phrases with ‘hand’

Fill each gap with one of the following items.

1 Now that all our children are____________our hands, we can have a holiday whenever we want.
2 I learnt of the atrocity__________first hand, from a survivor.
3 My son has too much free time____________his hands during the school holidays, so I send him on summer
courses.
4 She rejected the offer___________hand, saying it was an insult.
5 It's always a good idea to have a dictionary_____________hand when you are learning a foreign language.
6 There isn't time to send the parcel through the post, so it will have to be delivered------------------------------hand.
7 We've plenty of time - -1________hand, so why don't we browse around the duty free shops?
8 Immigrant groups complain about their rough treatment----------------------the hands of the police.
9 She grabbed the nearest object------------------hand to ward off her assailant.
10 There will be a representative of our firm_____________hand to help you with any difficulties.
11 He concentrated on the job____________hand and tried not to worry about the future.
12 Fortunately the decision is now___________our hands, so we will not bear the responsibility.

\\ ordi Formation
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that tits in the space in the
same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

The computer invasion

Computers have, (Oj - .undeniably been a blessing in some areas such as calculating DEN¥
(1) ...._________________________problems quickly and efficiently, storing A MATICS
information in a compact way and helping companies increase their cost (2) . But
they have also allowed companies to EFFECT
(3)______________employees' activities more efficiently, raising questions SCRUTINY
PERSON
about privacy in the workplace. And in the realm of (4J----------------------------rela
tionships, they have also been something of a bane. Social contact nowadays is of a
more remote nature than ever before, with text messages and e-mail replacing old
modes of communication, and these (5) ’Sallow people to lie about who they are and
take on BAS
entirely new personas. E
If people meet after such on-line communication, they may be

tions as being totally (7) - ---------------------. This in turn will make them more ERROR
wary in their future (8) _________________with people, leading to further Isola- DEAL
(6)______________by the other person, seeing their previous preconcep- ILLUSION

tion, which is commonplace in large conurbations. In this increasingly

(9)---------------------■ consumerist society, more people are falling prey to SECURE
cyberdating, and alarmists are worried that we may well forget our social
graces, become isolated and fail to function as (10)-----------------------------healthy EMOTION
human beings should.
* ■■ . ■■.................................................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................ ■

14 A Match the phrasal verbs on the left with their meanings on the right. Then complete each of the sentences below with
4 the right form of the correct phrasal verb.

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f bottom out A achieve a certain record or score

2 flare up B boost sb's/sth's appeal, etc
2 getup c surround s(h/sb
T hem in D provide- support to strengthen sth E start, or become more- violent

F reduce- the- foicc-fulness, brightness, etc of sth

G (make- sb/sth) becomcr more cheerful, etc
H give- up a job to let sb c-lsc- have? it
s- move over 1 find and incrc.-asc- a quality you need
note h up pate h up J stabilise? at a certain level after dc-creasing or getting worse? K
pep up '■ perk up L shore mend .
up ; tone down L stop, slow down an upward or downward course

1 We needed some stout props to ----------------------------------the old stone wall after the earthquake.
2 Our little cottage has been --------------------------------- by all the big housing developments going up in our
neighbourhood.
3 The children-----------------------------when their teacher said they were going to plan a class excursion.
4 The flow of customers away to rival businesses - _ _______________________when we started giving our remain
ing customers more personal treatment.
5 It's about time they did something to------------------------------------their failing marriage.
6 I eventually------------------------------the courage to tell her what 1 really thought of her.
7 A nasty riot------------------------------when the police started beating the protesters.
8 Ruth hadn't been an executive in her grandfather's business empire for long before asking him to
- ------------------------and let her be chief executive.
9 Most of the people concerned------------------------------------their complaints when they were asked to put them
in writing.
10 The sales of the new gadget-------------------------------2 when its novelty value wore off.
11 This year they've-------------------------------the local music festival by getting a couple of world famous rock
bands to take part.
12 A runner from our local athletics club has ---------------------- - — - ------three gold medals at this year's Olympic
Games.

B Five of the phrasal verbs in this task have more than one meaning. Look them up in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix and write an
example sentence for three of them to'illustrate some of their other meanings.

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X Noun + of + noun
A Match nouns from the first box to nouns from the second box to form collocations with ‘of, and write them in the space
provided. Then complete the sentences below.

difference help way opinion confidence endearment the tongue memory time duty
dereliction importance
lapse
offer
right
1----------------------------George seemed sincerely grateful for my , but
+ of + refused it anyway.
matter
slip
2---------------Northbound vehicles have . at this junction.
term
3 Jim's for his wife was 'honey'.
waste 4---------------------------------------------- Edward, the boss wants
to see you in his office now on a----------------------------------
vote
5------------------------------------------------- John called Ms Jones
by our former teacher's name. It was a-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 Lillian had an embarrassing__________________________and forgot the hostess's name.
7 The government survived the--------------------- _____________, and so early elections were avoided.
8 The ship's lookout fell asleep on watch and was subsequently charged with --------------------------------------- --
9 There was a(n) _________________________about who actually came in first in the race.
10 It's a________________________asking him for a contribution; he's well known for his meanness.

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Un I í' 'd.3

1 tip the scales: be the deciding factor the sales.

Both package holidays sounded lovely, but the swimming 8 worst case scenario: the most unpleasant or serious thing
pool tipped the scales in favour of the pricier one. which could happen in a situation We may as well let him

2 take a toll on: cause suffering, death or damage years of come with US. The worst case scenario is that he'll be

working down the mine eventually took a toll on his health. really annoying, but he might actually be helpful.
9 conflict of interest(s): situation in which sb knows or
3 tricks of the trade: ways of doing things that only
represents two opposing factions
professionals know
She worked as a consultant for both companies . and so,
He's only been working here for a few weeks, so he's still
when they became competitors, there was a clear conflict of
learning the tricks of the trade.
interest.
4 cut-throat competition: ruthless competition
10 back to square one: return to the beginning of sth due to a
In the cut-throat competition for market share, big
setback
companies will stop at nothing.
The computer crashed before we managed to save our
5 (sth) won't wash: (sth) won't be believed, accepted Telling work, so now we're back to square one.
the teacher that your dog ate your homework just won't
11 put (your) heads together: enlist sb else's help with a
wash.
problem
6 wide.of the mark: inaccurate or incorrect I'm sure that, if we put our heads together, we can come up
I think his assessment of the problem is a little wide of the with a solution.
mark.
12 put two and two together: form a judgement from what
z the worse for wear: tired because of work, etc or in poor you consider obvious
condition because of being used a lot I saw them alone together a few times so I put two and two
He returned home a bit the worse for wear after shopping in together and concluded they were a couple.

Complete the sentences with phrases from above.

I a There is a dear------------------------------------------between her being a politician and owning several large companies,
b He's a chartered accountant and may be willing to let you in on some_________________________________.
c I --------------------------------- - .. and realised he was lying.
ị d The--------------------------------------is that we'll have to stay in a hotel if we can't get a taxi home.

: e Unfortunately, her estimate of the cost of the work proved________________________________

I f You've been late every day this week, and your lame excuses simply-------------------------------------i___________any more.
Ị 9 They had been in two minds as to whether to stay at home or go to the beach but, in the event, the weather It rained.
h After she'd worn her anorak for two months on a climbing expedition, it looked somewhat_________________________

With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.

I --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -------------
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We are very proud of our stadium, but whenever there is a match We are trying to find a foster family which will take all three children;
between two first division teams, thousands of football supporters we don‘t want to separate them. / (set apart from each other;
invade the town, (enter a country, area or building in large consider individually; show sth is different)
numbers, often using force, causing problems and often being
unwelcome) regate
We don 't agree with segregating schoolchildren according to their
trespass ethnic background, (physically keep people who belong to a
interfere
They don't want people walking across their land, so they have put up
big signs saying 'No Trespassing , (go onto sb's property without
their permission)

intrude
Excuse me. I don't want to intrude on your conversation, but the
police are outside, asking for you. (disturb a conversation,
meeting; be unwelcome in a private place)

interrupt
We are interrupting the programme to make an emer-
gencyannouncement. (stop a process from continuing for a
while)

The match was disrupted when fans invaded the pitch. (throw into different nationality, race, religion, sex, etc apart)
disorder) I try not to interfere in my'son’s life, but it‘s very difficult when I see
what a mess he‘s making of it! (try to influence a situation,
intervene
especially when there is a problem: negative meaning)
The government doesn't want to intervene in the dispute between the
local authority and the municipal workers. (take action in a
situation that does not directly involve you, usually in order to
end conflict)
The council is split over the issue of building a shopping centre,
(divide, crack or tear)

divorce
Is it possible to divorce culture from language? (formally end a
marriage; cause a permanent separation between two things;
cause two things to be considered separate)

Access to information technology may be the factor which divides

people in the future.
(separate into distinct parts)

isolate
We must isolate all those infected so the disease does not spread and
become an epidemic, (set apart physically or socially; identify
sth and deal with it separately)

separate

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Use one of the following words in the correct form to fill each gap. There are three extra words you do not need to use.

1 Protesters -------------------------the meeting by shouting slogans and throwing eggs at the speaker.
2 If he continues to behave in this manner, he will find himself _____________________from the other team members.
3 The referendum results showed that the country was _____________________on the question.
4 She appealed to her MP to -----------------------------on her behalf in order to avoid being deported.
s Every summer our village is------------------------------by tourists, which is a nuisance but brings prosperity.
6 If it's a private meeting, I won't_________________I'll call back later.

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank. a ambiguous

1 The climate was so------that the old books on the b ambivalent
shelf were all mildewed. c amateurish
G arid d amenable
b humid c balmy d sweltering. 7 Don't be so - - - / Let the other children have some of the
cake.
2 As an-----he was offered a huge bonus if he & majestic
managed to finish the job on time. b obese e impulsive d greedy
a indication b infringement c inspiration CỈ incentive
8 But for the----of the President's special envoy, the
3 Our insurance policy had-------, so we didn't get any prisoners would have been executed.
compensation. a interference b infringement c intervention d interaction
ci lapsed 9 The,telephone lines were-------with callers trying to
b caved .- c depleted I X cl inclined get through to the electricity supplier.
4 He lost his — on reality and descended into madness. Q jammed
ữ handling b grip c grasp d footing b throttled c enraged d congested
5 She was — into the rites of the cult before becoming a 10 We decided to------our vacation because it had
member. been raining continuously for days.
ữ intruded ÍÍ curtail b clip c rent d sever
b intoned 11 We----ourselves with the thought that it could have
c: initiated been much worse.
d intoxicated a consoled
6 He was - - - about his wife's determination to start her own b cowed
business. c defeated
d revived
12 Mr Jones is-----, unfortunately, so you'll have to call s jolly
again tomorrow. b introverted
a indifferent c caustic d gratifying
b inimitable c indisposed d incongruous 17 The goods were stored in a-------- before being
13 He tried to be as-----as possible, but his garish transported to retail outlets.
attire made it difficult. a warehouse b freight c cargo d repository
Ci accessible 18 We are renovating our apartment with a----------to
b amenable selling it.
c incessant G point
d inconspicuous b view
14 The judge decided that the jury could not be----------, c sight
given the sensationalist press coverage. d option
a prejudiced b biased c impartial d impassive 19 He was undecided about what to do, and didn't
15 His life was not without — z and could be said to have mind either way, so he--------a coin.
been full of adventure. a tossed
s incident b dignity c, hesitation d implication b turned c pitched d flicked
20 Those remarks were------of him. He's so insensitive.
16 He was a very--------person, always laughing and
telling jokes. a typical b remarkable c noticeable d consistent

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21 The pretender to the throne wished to--------the ruling b banned c suspended d dismissed
monarch. 24 The company set its------sales figures and strove
a support b supply c suppress d supplant to achieve them.
22 The course was well - and everyone could learn something s main b principal c core d target
from it. 25 There are always as many--------of a story as there
a subscribed are people involved.
b subsidised a arguments
£ structured d supplemented b versions
23 He was — from work until the disciplinary inquiry had c discussions
been carried out. d summaries
Ct fired

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Unit 14

You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with photography. For questions 19-26,
choose the answer (A, B, c or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Extract From a Camera Operating Manual

FOCUS-LOCK SHOOTING
This camera's autofocus system is very precise, but it may not focus as desired in certain cases.
When taking a picture of two people, for example, the autofocus frame (in the centre of your
viewfinder display) may fall between them, focusing on the background, and so, in your
photograph, the people will be out of focus. To avoid this, position the autofocus frame on one of
the two people. As you press the shutterrelease button halfway, the green light on the left side of
the viewfinder will glow to show that the focus is temporarily locked. While continuing to press
the shutter release button halfway, re-aim the camera or re-compose the picture, and then release
the shutter.

The camera may not focus automatically on certain objects. In such cases, use the focus-lock
technique described above, on án object which is near the desired subject and is also the same
distance from the lens. Subjects which are hard to autofocus include: black objects such as hair or
clothes which don't reflect much light; glossy or reflective surfaces; smoke or fireworks, etc,
which are formless.

CAUTION
- Shield the camera from salty air and water at the beach, splashing liquid of any kind, and rain. If
immersed in water, the camera will be rendered inoperable.
- Never use solvents such as paint thinner, alcohol or benzene to clean the camera.
- The electric circuitry inside the camera contains high voltage working parts. Never attempt to
disassemble the camera.
- Keep the batteries out of the reach of children.

19 The manual informs owners that to take a good photograph they should

A press the shutter release button halfway as soon as they see the green light.
B position the autofocus frame in the centre of the picture.
c focus on one of the main subjects to be photographed, and then compose the picture.
D avoid using the automatic focus option when photographing two people.

20 Owners are warned

A not to take the camera apart as they may get an electric shock.
B not to open the camera when it’s raining, or near the sea.
c that children may render the batteries inoperable.
D not to try to clean the camera.

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Unit 14

Photography and Society

The invention of the camera has had a profound impact on human attitudes and perspectives. We might
scoff at primitive peoples who were reluctant to allow themselves to be photographed for fear of losing
their spirit but, for better or worse, society lost much of its innocence with the advent of photography.

Previously, images of people were in the form of drawn or painted portraits, where artists1 albeit flattering
interpretations probably showed more of a subject's personality than photographs ever could. Society had to
forgo the romantically pleasing image and replace it with the bare realism of a fracion of a second, while art
itself, no longer a source of information, but simply aesthetics, experienced a transformation.

In days of old, war was glorified by artists who might never have actually seen battle themselves, and
exercised more than a little artistic licence when depicting their subjects' heroics. Then the lens unleashed
the horrors of war on an unsuspecting public. Front pages cried out with real images, and pretence and
illusion came crashing down under the weight of a harsh truth: war is neither romantic nor glorious.

We gleefully immortalise our fleeting personal moments with holiday snapshots or family photographs but,
in so doing, don't allow our memories to mellow with forgetfulness. 1 hey are frozen in time with a hard
reality that will shock US in years to come. "How we've changed. I'd forgotten..."

21 The writer says that

A artists used to portray people as realistically as possible.

IB artists usually tried to emphasise a subject's positive attributes.
c photographs of people are more revealing than painted portraits.
ID art has become unimportant since people started taking photographs.

22 According to the text

A most people realised how terrible war was from paintings of battles.
B photographers used to romanticise war in their photographs.
c many people used to be under the illusion that war was majestic and noble. D nobody knew, how
terrible war was before the camera was invented.

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Oraít 14

In Search Of Perfection
« Most normal people get pleasure from taking holiday snapshots of members of their family;
I, on the other hand, am always in search of the perfect photograph. I envy those professional photographers
who travel to exotic places and take glorious pictures. Instead of photographing my friends, therefore, it’s
usually flowers, animals, landscapes or even clouds that are my subjects. My quest is that inspired
combination of shape, light and colour which will take the breath away.

Unfortunately, the development of the eagerly awaited film usually brings disappointment. Some prints are so
bad they are destined for the waste paper basket. And why did I squander three exposures on the same scene?
I was in pursuit of the perfect picture, of course. Most professionals take countless photos before the best are
chosen for publication, I tell myself, but they get paid for it and, more importantly, they have the satisfaction
of knowing that thousands of people admire their work.

My pictures end up in various drawers and cupboards, accumulating dust. A few lucky ones find their way
into photo albums, not because they are exceptional, unfortunately, but simply because I just happened to have
time on my hands at that particular moment and, of course, a photo album available to put them in. I’m always
promising myself that one day I’ll make a collection of the very best ones, but somehow I never seem to get
round to it.

23 What does the writer imply about her hobby?

She doesn’t spend enough time on it.

fit
B It’s extremely rewarding.
c She is somewhat frustrated by it.
D She expects to take it up professionally.

24 According to the text, the professional photographs we see in magazines are very good because

fitthey are taken by very talentgd people.

B there is a lot of material tò select from.
c they are inspired by thousands of admiring people.
D professional photographers are well paid for their work.

The Changing Face Of Photography

The second half of the twentieth century saw many advances in the development of photography. In the
beginning, photographs had been black and white, and it was rel- atively easy to develop them at home,
which is what many amateur photographers did in the hard times following the Second World War. With
the advent of colour, however, developing film at home became impracticable, and one was obliged to have

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Unit 14
films developed by professionals.

It seemed that the invention of Polaroid film would change all that. Polaroids meant instantaneous pictures,
so there was no need to squander time or money having films developed. However, there were drawbacks.
Polaroids did not work very well in cold climates, and there were no negatives, only one print from each
exposure, which tended to fade with time, so conventional photography survived.

For years, however, many people avoided using good quality, 35mm cameras simply because the ability to
choose the correct shutter speed and focus were fundamental prerequisites. Then, incredibly, 35mm
cameras came onto the market which could do these things automatically - invaluable for people with poor
eyesight, for whom focusing had always been a problem.

Towards the end of the twentieth century, the development of digital cameras meant a completely new
direction, and once again there was no need to have films developed. As photography evolves in the 21st
century, it remains to be seen if digital technology will overtake and perhaps eclipse conventional
photography completely.

25 It is implied that just after the Second World War, some people

A found it impossible to practise developing colour film at home. B couldn't find facilities that would
develop their films.
c couldn't afford to buy coloured film from professionals.
D experienced financial difficulties.

26 According to the writer, many people steered clear of good cameras because

A focusing was fundamental. 3 .

B they didn't know how to use them properly.
c it was difficult to choose the best quality cameras.
D the shutter speed was not always accurate.

165 .

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Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension

(Optional Task)

Extract From a Camera operating Manual

1 Using your own words, describe the problem with 2 In which cases is the camera unable to focus?
the camera's autofocus system.

Photography and Society

What is the prevailing modern view of primitive peoples and did photography change the public's view of war?
what is the author's opinion about it? In your own words, how

What are the differences between portraiture prior to the What is the problem with snapshots, as
invention of the camera and after it? described in the last paragraph?

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Urait 14

'-1 In Search Of Perfection

1 what does the use of the word 'normal' in the first 3 What happens to the writer's bad photographs?
2 paragraph
Which word in theabout
suggest second
theparagraph
view the means to 'waste'?
writer has of
herself?

The Changing Face Of Photography

1 Which word in paragraph 3 suggests that the writer is 2 What do Polaroids and digital cameras have in common?
impressed by 35mm cameras that can focus automatically?

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Uimt 14

ti Prepositional phrases with ‘line’

Complete each sentence with one of the following phrases.
f 111 f (11 11 11 (' VL1111 ■in I lilt* . .i f IT I51 If 111 (11 111 1 k I Illi'. 1111I'S. I (1 111 .. i l l.11 111'
_ » Ma Axils/ __ Vxl IHV ƠUỈ11V JIIAv><,7 ■ UUl UI AIHV
TTnTTrTz^T"J
111 VOID line ■ on lie line ■ml iilonn the line ■ on line B ill hue

SOIIICWIICIC along me line ■ 111 line w Illi ■ oil me Hgiu IIIIC''

1 She's only been working there for six months, but they say she's already _____________________promotion.
2 I apologise. I was________- - -.
3 --------------------they have been warning that costs would spiral out of control, and now it's happened.
4 His progressive teaching methods are-----------------------------the conservative ethos of the school.
5 He seemed set for a brilliant career but_____________________________he lost his nerve.
6 The children waiting------------------to board the bus chattered excitedly.
7 We discovered we had been working_________________________, so we decided to join forces.
8 My tutor told me I was working-------------------------------, so I should go ahead with my project as planned.
9 Producing the school play is more--------------------than mine. After all, you've studied drama.
10 I supported him straight________________ __ until he got elected, and then he dumped me!
11 The art critic really put her reputation ---------------------when she said that Picasso didn't know how to draw.
12 If your proposal is not------------------general policy, it will not be accepted.

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Why magazines are so Ịìopular POPULAR

The never-ending Ỉ - - popularity- - of magazines boggles the mind. Despite the fact that REGULAR
their prices have skyrocketed to well beyond their real value, they continue to be snapped SUBSCRIBE
up with relentless ill_____________________________________________as soon as
they reach the newsagents. Given that (2Ị _______________________ levels are higher
MYSTERY
than ever, this trend shows no sign of abating any time soon.
ARGUE
What's truly (3)---------\though, is why. Women's magazines, in particular, which are (4| -
- ------------------------------------nothing more than a consistent effort to FLAW ■
whittle away at our self-esteem, present the rational mind with the greatest difficulty. BODY
These rags present US with a steady stream of (5 J-----------------------, willowy creatures, FASHION
(C»J------------------------------------------------------------------------------of all the sinister DISAPPOINT
fantasies of our time, perfectly groomed and dressed in the most (7Ị- -and expensive
outfits available, all of which can only provoke sad (8Ị----------------------------------- in
those of us who study them. However, this doesn't deter us from further voyeurism the
next month. SUFFICE
In case comparisons with these beauties aren't (9Ị----------------------------discouraging,
you can also read about their exciting, well-paid jobs, have a look inside their BLISS
professionally-designed homes, and glean useful tips from their (10} happy
relationships with fantastically successful and
handsome men. And there's always the next issue.
w A Using your experience and knowledge of English, match the phrasal verbs with the meanings given, then answer the
questions below using one of the phrasal verbs given. The first one has been done as an example.

1) clock up :__ delay sth's/sb's progress by a certain amount of time

2) come off b'

ii 168

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3) get in ____
4) go without . ■ ■ ‘___________ reach/achieve a certain number/total
h'l sel back fail to take advantage of (an opportunity, etc)
6) muck up . ____ deprive yourself/be deprived of
7) pass up
ÍÌ) pull off h decide that sth/sb is no longer useful or a threat

9) pull through / //1 J oblain/win without any great effort

W) rub off (on) succeed in being elected
f 1) walk away/off with recover from a serious illness; succeed in doing sth difficult
Ễ2) writeoff g/ •/' be transferred to sb as a result of spending time with sb who has those
qualities
1 She was very worried that her plan might not succeed, why is she delighted now?
She managed to pull it off.__________________________________________________________________
2 I have been exposed to Clara's optimism for a long time. How has this exposure affected me?

3 The athlete reached a speed of 45 km/h, which is a world record, what did she do to set a world record?

4 The strike meant that the project would take a month longer. What did the strike do to the project?

5 The wizard seemed to have lost his powers. What did his jealous rivals think they could do to him?

6 When our pet dog got a serious illness, what did we all hope it would do?

7 The surprise party was a success, as we'd planned, what did it do?

8 Meg won the race easily, so what did she do with the first prize?

9 Reg ruined our plan by interfering, what did his actions do to our plan?

10 Colin has run out of food and it will take him a day to row his boat to land, what will he have to do for a day?

11 If Linda Smith gets 99% of the votes, what will she do?

12 They've made Peter a once-in-a lifetime offer, what should he make sure he doesn't do?

B Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries in the
Phrasal Verbs Appendix, then make up your own examples to illustrate how they are used.

169 . ...... ....

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Unit 14

Adjective + noun collocations

A Match the adjectives given in the square to the groups of nouns with which they collocate. The adjective must collocate with
all the nouns in the group.

uncanny
intimate
startling
standing
false

army details
room setting
ovation atmosphere '
joke knowledge friends

Complete the following sentences using the correct form of a collocation from Task A.

1 This restaurant is well known for its_____________________________

2 Tom bears a(n)-------------------------------------to his father.
3 Countries with small --------------------------------------usually have a larger reserve force to call up in times of crisis.
4 Rather than give them ------------------------------------, sheila prefers to tell candidates outright when they have
not been successful in their job application.
5 Everyone was dumbstruck when he made that______________________________at the press conference.
I 6 Last night, while working at my computer, I had the____________________________________that I was being watched.
7 In this type of operation, one---------------------------------------can cause disastrous results.
8 When the actors came out to take a bow, the audience gave them a__________________________________.
9 As a historian, she had a(n)-----------------------------------------of the subject at hand.

ị
i c For the ten remaining collocations, write your own sentences.

I
I
J
ị
ị
I

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Unit 14

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Uróỉ 1

live beyond your means: spend more money than you earn
.
Write sentences of your own to illustrate the meanings of:
Graham has always lived beyond his means, and now he is give the game away, make no bones about sth, a shot in
heavily in debt. . the dark, a knee-jerk reaction.
make no bones about sth: speak frankly ; y

I'll make no bones about it — I don't like those people.

no love lost between (them): (they) don't like each other
Jane won't be upset if you don't invite her sister to dinner —
there's no love lost between them.
all bets are off: previously made agreements are no longer
valid
I'll help you negotiate this deal if you agree to do what I tell
you; otherwise, all bets are off.
give the game away: reveal a secret, often by accident
It was supposed to be a surprise, but Leah gave the game
away.
be in the market for: be interested in buying sth I'm in the
market for a new stereo, bo you have any suggestions?
Ĩ lose track of sth/sb/time: not be informed or aware of
sth/sb/time I'm sorry I'm late — I lost track of time.
8 be in a jam: be in a difficult situation
I'm in a jam because the babysitter cancelled at the last
minute. Could you come round?
9 below the belt: unkind or unfair
Those remarks were below the belt. No wonder they
provoked such an angry reaction.
10 sb's/sth's days are numbered: sb/sth will not
continue to exist much longer
It's clear that the party's days in power are numbered.
11 a shot in the dark: a random guess
We don't know what's causing the problem; we'll have
to take a shot in the dark.
12 a knee-jerk reaction: an unthinking automatic
response
The Ministry's decision to ban all protest marches was
a knee-jerk reaction to yesterday's riots.

the beginnings of the sentences with them endings.

She’s in the market for a new car a his days are numbered.
so b he insists on living beyond his
If they refuse to meet the means, c a little below the belt.
stipulations, I’m not lending
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ositional Phrases

she will come into her inheritance when she turns eighteen. (what you 2
receive from sb who has died, or from previous generations) They won three matches in succession, so their fans were ecstatic, (a
2 lllllillll number of the same kind of thing following each other without
a break; the right to be next in line for an important position)
This painting is part of our national heritage, and shouldn 't be sold to a
foreign collector, (traditions and objects that have been important
to a country's history and passed from one generation to another)
8 iiSililil
This collection of writings must be preserved for posterity. (future
generations: a formal word)

He expected to get all the property since he thought he was the only heir,
but then a cousin turned up.
9 IIÍỈBÌÌỄIIỂ
He claims to be a descendant of one of the first settlers.
(person who has the right to inherit sb's property when they die) (sb from a later generation of a group or person that lived a
long time ago)

Now that the managing director has resigned, we 're all waiting to hear
who has been appointed as her successor. (sb that takes the place of The legal system of that country is a legacy from its colonial past,
sb else: especially used for important positions) (attitudes or a situation that has been influenced by the past;
money or property that you receive after sb dies)
5 MHiiili®
He has high expectations of getting the job, but I fear he will be
disappointed, (strong hope of receiving sth, or that sth will The family gathered in the solicitor's office for the reading of the will,
happen) (legal document stating how you want your possessions to be
distributed after your death)
6 BBSJMi
12 ■
There is growing evidence that violent behaviour can often be put down We were not surprised that Great Uncle Charles had left bequests to
to heredity, (the process by which characteristics or rights are all his relatives; he had a strong sense of family. (money or property
passed from parents to children through birth) left to sb in a will)

Use one of the following words to fill each gap. There are-three extra words you do not need.

MlSsHilS

1 Are we going to leave a-----------------------------of environmental destruction for future generations?

2 She used her---------------- ---------to finance her studies at university.
3 -----------------------of the original tribes now live in cities.
4 Studies of twins who were separated at birth show the influence of-----------------------------------
5 The Outgoing chief executive's bad decisions will give his-------------------------------quite a few headaches.
6 After a-------------------------of wet days, the sun finally came out.

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v Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank. cl trigger

1 The-----material was highly dangerous and needed 15 He----denied the accusations, saying they were totally
careful handling during transportation. false.
o combustible G excessively
b confidential b superficially
c contagious ti commendable c strenuously
2 His evidence was------- to the defense case; it d thrustingly
enabled them to prove their client's innocence. 16 We- - -the turkey with a mixture of breadcrumbs,
Ci compulsive b conclusive c crucial d compelling fruit and sausage meat before roasting it.
3 She decided to — with the services of the maid and do a packed
the housework himself. b stowed
dispose dispense depose desert c stuffed
4 She was — away from the company with promises of d crammed
better terms and conditions from a rival firm.
a enhanced b enticed c. manipulated d raided 17 Happiness is - it only lasts a short time.
s The new revelations regarding corruption within the o moveable
company — him to offer evidence to the police. o instilled
b permanent
c memorable
b pinched c rebuked n prompted
d transient
6 Her----treatment by her employers finally forced
her to look for a better job..
o shabby b messy c grungy d tardy
7 The information came from a--------source, so we
acted on it immediately.
o copious b traditional c reliable d covert
8 The prisoners of war were-------; they had obviously
been starved. Cy*.
o literal b communal c; marginal ci skeletal
9 This sweater is much too small for me now. I washed it in hot
water and it----------------------------.
shrank
tore
spun contracted
10 It will be difficult to get that red wine--------out of the
table-cloth.
spillage
leak
stain
slop
11 The wild horses-----freely over the plains.
explored roamed strolled wobbled
12 He----angrily that it was all my fault.
a resumed
b retorted
c reprimanded
til restrained
13 She turned up the CD player to--------out the traffic
noise..
a drown
b chuck
c choke
ci kick
14 she aimed the gun, released the safety catch and
pulled the-------.
ữ bullet
b barrel
c muzzle

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He was in the------- when the murder took place, but

he didn't hear or see anything.
proximity vicinity distance
vacancy
19 She----information from the police and was
charged with obstructing justice.
o withdrew
b withheld
c withstood
d withered
20 When the effects of the pain-killer had —, he was in agony.
ữ worn, off b taken up c come round
' d set in
21 This prediction is just-----thinking. There's
absolutely no evidence to support it.
a optimistic
b credible
c wishful d deceptive
22 I was surprised when the sheep went---------into the
pen.
ữ ardently b willingly c actively d forcefully
23 My hearing has been — since my ears were damaged by the
explosion.
devoid minimised injurious defective
24 / had a disastrous day, but lately that's been
par for the-------.
a course
b track
c game
ci road
25 The building has been renovated and now - - - to safety
regulations.
Cl confirms
b confers
c reforms
d conforms

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u nit 15

w You are going to read an extract from an article about mental health. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract.
Choose from paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to
use.

A PILL FOR EVERYTHING?

The world of psychiatry is questioning conventional wisdom Today, we continue to try to find a way to make everyone
regarding mental health and society's reaction to people who 'normal'. Governments, foundations, professional guilds and
suffer from mental health problems. It is not, as you might global pharmaceutical companies are convincing US that normal
expect, about the stigma attached to those with impaired mental human emotions can be 'cured' and so should be treated as
health, but about definitions, and the treatment of those who seek diseases. Isn't this simply a variation on the zombie-making
psychiatric help. approach? We continue to try to make everyone equally but
artificially happy.
27
■ . 31 '
Diseases and illnesses are treated by giving the patient If we believe that normal emotional responses which are not
medication, but how can the same treatment be meted out to pleasant should be eradicated, we are denying ourselves
those suffering from anxiety, depression and conflict? The mind opportunities for growth, learning and improving both the
is not the brain, and mental functions are not reducible to brain human and personal conditions. These are the long-term benefits
functions. Likewise, mental diseases are not brain diseases; of pain and hardship, and we need not seek to eliminate them.
indeed, mental diseases are not diseases at all. In the strictest
terms, we cannot speak of the mind as becoming diseased. 33
’ạ 1
Regardless of these difficulties, if pundits are to be believed, one
in five American children have a 'diagnosable mental illness',
whilst more cautious government officials estimate that 9-13%
of American children suffer 'serious emotional disturbance with
substantial function impairment.' The number of people in the
USA being treated for clinical depression rose from 1.7 million
in 1987 to 6.3 million a decade later. This number continues to
rise.

i
31Of course, some serious mental disturbances have a biological
Unsurprisingly, in the infamous school shootings, those who cause and can be controlled by using medication. What is
fired on their fellow’pupils^were found to have been undergoing dangerous in today's society is our somewhat surprising
treatment, taking mood-altering drugs at the time of their murder eagerness to label a natural urge or function and, having labelled
sprees. It is hard to say whether the drugs contributed to the it, add it to the growing list of syndromes which are 'recognised'
violence or whether the violence was committed in spite of the by the medical establishment as mental illnesses. The number of
treatment. abnormal mental conditions, as defined by a professional body,
has mushroomed from 112 in 1952 to 375 at the beginning of
[~30~] ~~~~~~ ■I this millennium. These include 'oppositional defiant disorder'
(rebellion against authority), 'caffeine use disorder' (drinking too
Granted, other treatment options are available. Psychosurgery is
much coffee) and 'feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood'
a possibility in extreme cases, talk therapies have often proved
(fussy eating). Because those with a mental 'illness' can claim
effective, and electric shock treatment has made a somewhat
diminished responsibility, we hear of people who claim 'the
worrying return. But there's no doubt that many of the powerful
voices in my head made me do it' and professional women who
new psychiatric drugs do appear to alleviate depression, mood
state that mental illness (albeit a temporary aberration) caused
swings and a variety of other conditions.
them to shoplift designer label products. Surely it is time to stand
back and reassess our thinking and beliefs about what defines a
- 31 ____________ i
mental disorder.

176 h— I.

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Unit 15

A Equally, there are problems in defining the word opponents.

diagnosis, which the dictionary defines as: 'the
identification of a disease by means of its symptoms; a G The question of identifying and labelling is a serious one as,
formal determining description.' In the case of bodily ultimately, it affects treatment. Is someone suffering from a
illness, the clinical diagnosis is a hypothesis which can mental health problem suffering from a mental disorder or a
be confirmed or disproved through an autopsy. mental illness (where 'disease' and 'illness' are
However, it is not possible to die of a mental 'illness' or interchangeable)? The dictionary definition of 'disease' is: 'a
to find evidence of it in organs, tissues, cells or body condition of the body, or some part or organ of the body, in
fluids during an autopsy, so how can we ever hope to be which its functions are disturbed or deranged; a morbid
sure about a diagnosis? physical condition'. Given this definition, shouldn't the term
'mental illness' be replaced by 'mental disorder'?
Such incidents raise the question of cause and effect:
which came first, the chicken or the egg? Can a chemi- H Such figures mean that psychiatric drugs which have been
cal in the brain cause a mental condition? Might the widely promoted have brought many more sufferers into the
mood-altering drugs used to 'cure' the 'disease' cause the medical fold. However, these drugs, touted as 'miracle cures',
release of chemicals in the brain triggering a real mental do little more than dull the senses and inhibit normal brain
disorder which could last a lifetime and have damaging function. At worst, they can cause crippling conditions like
physical effects? Parkinson's disease, 'helping' victims by giving them real
diseases which put them in wheelchairs. Less powerful drugs
c This, according to the health establishment and the can cause emotional disorders as bad as those they treat:
media, proves that psychiatry has become a bona fide Ị science, jangled nerves, hallucinations, lethargy, depression, memory
which has shaken off its early roots in guess- i work, shamanism loss and paranoia.
and Inquisitorial cruelty.
Ị
ị D Some magazine accounts of 'clinical depression' begin, ị 'My
husband died, my son had an accident which left I him
paralysed...and then my doctor prescribed a new I wonder
drug.'Or, 'Jim's wife left him, he lost his job and I he was
diagnosed with depression.' These situations are I genuinely
misery-inducing and crushing, but they can • only be defined as
illnesses if we believe that anyone in I the midst of such
tragedies can be happy.
i
J E Pharmaceutical companies have a vested interest in fos- Ỉ
tering our belief that drugs can help US to feel better, but
' it's time we realised that if we are numb, complacent,
’ compliant zombies then we are not independent, think- !
ing and critical. They like it better when we are depend-
I ent on them and content with our lot. They want us to
I be happy in the same way that JTuxley's Soma-fed, tran-
I quillised, corporate citizens of 'Brave New World' were
ị happy; mere clones, without critical faculties.

J
F However, we can gain valuable insight into the implications of
drug use if we look back to previous types of 'treatment'.
Once, surgeons removed 'the stone of madness' from the heads
of lunatics. In more recent times, frontal lobotomies and
electroconvulsive therapy (electric shock treatments) became
the answers. Even after it was obvious that lobotomy 'cured'
people by turning them into zombies, it remained a worldwide
tool for controlling unmanageable children and political

aeổ 177
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Omit 1
s

Follow-up Questions for Further

Comprehension
(Optional Task)

1 what is the writer's main objection to mental problems vested interest in fostering our belief that drugs can help
being labelled 'diseases' as expressed in paragraph A? us to feel better'? (paragraph E)
4 What is meant by 'pharmaceutical companies have a

2 What does paragraph H tell US about certain psychiatric 5 What is the writer's attitude, as expressed in the last
drugs touted as 'miracle cures'? paragraph, to some of the syndromes which have been
added to the growing list of mental illnesses?

3 In your own words, what is the writer's objection to

regarding any unhappiness as a 'disorder' that needs to be 6 In the final paragraph, what are the implications of
treated? formally labelling some syndromes 'mental illnesses'?

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s

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Unit 15

Prepositional phrases with ‘heart’ and ‘mind’.

Fill in the missing prepositions in the sentences below, and choose between ‘heart’ or ‘mind’.

1 They thought my grandfather was________________his heart/mind to go white water canoeing in his eighties.
2 --------------- my mind's/heart's eye, I can still see the swings I played on as a child.
3 She was kind ----------------- heart/mind, despite her intimidating appearance.
4 The referee couldn't have been________________his right heart/mind when he gave that penalty.
5 1 think that--------------------------her heart/mind of hearts/minds she agrees with you; she's just too stub
born to admit it.
6 We don't always agree, but on this issue we are __________________one heart/mind.
7 Whenever he says he's speaking ‘________________the heart/mind’, I suspect he's being insincere.
8 The plight of the homeless is something that has always been close ________________________ my heart/mind.
9 I can't decide. I'm-------------------two hearts/minds about whether to go on a diet or go to the gym.
10 The new financial cutbacks have struck _______________the heart/mind of the reforms.
11 --------------my heart/mind, the standard of journalism in this paper is getting worse.
12 I hope ____________ all my heart/mind that they make a go of their new business venture.

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same
line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Noise Pollution
Noise pollution is on the increase in modern society and seems to be the one type of pollution which is the most (0)
unmanageable. It is (1) difficult to eradicate in cities where traffic
levels are excessive and souped-up motorbikes without
(2) ------------------ make life hideous. Previous generations con
tributed to this problem by carrying over-sized "ghetto-blasters" everywhere MANAGE
they went, with music blaring from the speakers at EXCEPT
(3) ------------------ high decibel levels. At least such items have
fallen into (4)----------------------with the invention of small portable SILENT
(5) --------------------players which come complete with headphones.

In (6) ---------------------, the growing popularity of mass air travel DEAF

is also a prime cause of noise pollution. People who live under flight-paths OBSOLETE
suffer from sleep (7)____________________________and related nervous PERSON
(8)__________________________________________ due to their inability
to lead a normal life, ADD
as ordinary (9) ------------------------- such as watching television or
making a phone call are made impossible by planes constantly zooming DEPRIVE
overhead. It seems that governments' attempts to regulate this type of ORDER
PURSUE
pollution have been (10)-----------------------------------------unsuccessful.

LARGE

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Onỉt 15
A Match the verbs on the left with the prepositions to make phrasal verbs with the meanings given. Then rewrite each of the
sentences below with one of the phrasal verbs, using the word given.

a up: become stuck for words while speaking

b by: happen without affecting sb/sth
c in: be properly understood
d down: gradually become noticeable/loud/agitated, etc
e off: become/make slower, less active, etc
f into: become used to and confident in a new situation g away: lose weight/strength due to illness/stress h back:
recover well after illness, trouble, etc
i away: decrease (in amount, degree, etc)
j on: develop/make progress
k on: gradually begin to be liked by sb
I off: do sth to end sth in a suitable way

1I eventually started to appreciate her sense of humour, on

2 The uproar in the stadium continued until the world champion left the field, down

3 Business at the ice cream parlour became less hectic when the heatwave ended, off

4 Our teacher can talk about Shakespeare for hours without ever getting lost for words, up

5 If you keep missing so many meals you'll lose all your strength, away

6 A vote of thanks for the guest speakers would be a nice way to close the proceedings, off

7 Share prices plummeted at the start of trading, but by midday they had recovered, back

8 The flowers are doing fine now that you've given them some fertiliser, nicely

9 It took for ever for the news to be absorbed, ages

10 It took Jessica a while to get used to her new role as a foster mother, grow

11 There was a drop in interest in the product when a newer one came out. away

12 It was only when he retired that he realised he hadn't stopped to enjoy any of his life, him

B Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries in the Phrasal
Verbs Appendix, then make up your own examples to illustrate how they are used.

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Collocations
Miscellaneous
A Choose the correct option to form a collocation.

1 a____________ risk 9 a major —

a calculated b considered a aspect b factor

2 common ______ ------ - - 10 ____________ fire

a information b knowledge a take b catch

3 a____________ coincidence 11 a___________ - grasp

a happy b cheerful a stable b sound

4 a____________ burden 12 power_______

a heavy b weighty C5 dressing b wearing

5 a____________ standard 13 subject — _ -------

a tall b high Ỡ theme b matter

6 a close_______, — 14 — quarters
a cut b shave a near b close

7 a----------------- job IS a(n) ----------- ____cut

a pear b plum cs power b electricity

8 a ____________ miss
a near b dose

B Choose collocations to replace the phrases in bold in the following sentences

:9
1 Wearing clothes which convey authority is a good strategy for anyone wishing to get ahead in business.

2 It is a well-known fact that Bob and Sue have broken up.

3 There were several positions open at the firm, but the best position went to Sarah.

4 Free universal health care is a costly or difficult responsibility for the state.

5 Being a freelance writer, I have a free choice of what I write about.

c Write your own sentences with the ten remaining collocations.

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limit 15

1 under your belt: achieved, obtained 7 the scheme of things: the way things are
Once you have some experience under your belt, you'll That department is not very important in the scheme of
be able to command a higher salary. things.
2 rise above: show you can deal with problems and 8 jockey for position: compete to gain an advantage
continue to progress When the boss left, the candidates for her job jockeyed
She rose above the petty infighting in her department for position.
and greatly surpassed her sales quota.
9 know the score: be aware of the true situation John will
3 jump the gun: act too soon tell you what's been happening; he knows the score.
Isn't it jumping the gun to reprimand Tom for something
10 run the risk: expose yourself to potential danger If
he hasn't done yet?
you cycle to work, you run the risk of getting hit by a
4 at the end of your tether: have no patience left I've car.
been trying to do my maths homework for hours and I
11 bring out the best/worst in sb: cause sb to perform at
am at the end of my tether.
their best/worst
5 get the run-around: be treated badly by being avoided Such stressful situations always bring out the worst in
or deceived
me.
Whenever I try to ask my lawyer for information, I get
12 get off on the wrong foot: make a mistake at the start
the run-around.
of a relationship
6 sink or swim: either fail completely or survive by your
He got off on the wrong foot at work by mistaking his
own efforts.
boss for his secretary.
When the government stops funding museums, they will
be left to sink or swim.

Fill each gap in the sentences below with an appropriate set phrase in the right form.

a I knew I was______________of losing a lot of money, but I bought the stocks anyway.
b
Now that you've bought the stocks, don't______________-_____and sell them at the first sign of trouble.
Chantal ------------------; if she misses work again, she's fired.
c Family problems-----------------------------George.
d The drivers were all----------------------- - - as they approached the red light.
e She was abandoned by her family, and left to---------------------------by herself.
I've explained this to you ten times. I'm just about----------------------------------
f We ------------------------when we first met, but I hope to win you over sooner or later.
g
h
Write sentences of your own to illustrate the meanings of: under your belt, get the run-around, rise above, the scheme of
things.

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Umt 15

|ỆÌ||||ỊiỆ|JlỊỆ|||Ị|Ệ|||ị||||||||||-^

It's unreasonable to insist that a twenty-two-year-old be home His theory was shown to be untenable when experiments
by eleven o'clock at night, (not sensible, unfair, difficult to failed to produce the expected results.
justify) (unable to be held or defended against attack and
criticism)
erroneous
His whole argument is based on a fallacious premise. He spoke at great length, but much of what he said was
inconsistent
(wrong,
This based
method on wrong
of teaching information:
is based a formal belief
on the erroneous word)that irrelevant to the subject being discussed, (unconnected to
all children learn in the same way and at the same speed, His
the actions
subject;are inconsistent or
unimportant with what he claims
inappropriate intothe
believe in.
(incorrect, mistaken, or only partly true) (not fitting in with or matching; unpredictable;
circumstances)
ical changeable)
5 invalid
It seems illogical to stop music lessons if you want to
become
The a singer,
election (not following
was declared invalid a sensible
because theway of
correct A t weekends, you should do things that are totally unrelated to
thinking) had not been followed, (not legal, not
procedures your job. (not connected)
acceptable because not carried out in the right way)

Use one of the following words to complete each gap.

erroneous

unti

1 I think my mother is being totally ___________________not letting me go hitchhiking round Europe.

2 I'm afraid your passport is -___________________; it has expired.
3 The fact that I'm a woman is __________________and should have no bearing on my promotion prospects
4 What he said today at the meeting is -------------------------------with what he said to me privately yesterday.
5 His stand has become___________________since he lost the support of the management.
6 Eating disorders can be caused by the ____________________belief that being super-thin is the norm.

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Unit 16
ỉỉ ĩ.. „ ĩ-.i. -ế /*"•

Unit 15

Vocabulary - ECPE Tj pc
v Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank. 12 The---- from justice led a life haunted by fear of
capture.
1 / felt----to go to Sophia's party, as I knew that not a arbiter
many of her friends would be there. b attorney
o declined c criminal
b restrained c compelled d construed d fugitive
2 Our — guest is a household name and needs no further 13 Some facts have been-------, but the police need more
introduction. evidence before a case can be presented in court.
Q extinguished b distinguished c anguished d a founded
vanquished b decided
c concluded
3 The new coins are in several —, the smallest being the
d established X
one cent coin.
ữ denominations b categories c classes d varieties 14 The two opposing armies which--------in battle were
evenly matched.
4 Our guests are from a - of society and so should reflect Q moved b engaged c opposed d hurt
most points of view.
ữ cross-section 15 He was told to------the mail before if was received
b cross-fire by the President.
c cross-purpose a intercept
d cross-reference b intervene
c interrupt
5 She successfully completed her-------and was d interfere
awarded her Master's degree.
ữ hypothesis b assignment c dissertation d project . 16 The little boy looked extremely----------after playing in
the garden.
6 They waited for the scandal to--------before o strenuous
announcing their engagement. b impaired
Ci wear off c grubby
b die down d marginal
c go out d fall through
7 The --- on the top shelf contain dangerous chemicals.
a flares
b flasks
c flanks d flaps
8 It became - - - as the trial progressed that one of the
witnesses must have been lying.
G overt
b conducive c legible d evident
9 The police and other law-------agencies are
demanding greater powers.
a obedience
b evasion
c enforcement d implementation
10 There is always an------to every rule.
o experiment
b exception
c expletive
d exemption
11 In her----on hearing she'd won the lottery, she
dropped the telephone.
a excitement
b elevation
c hilarity d exasperation

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17 She was — of telling a lie, as she always blushed and gave ữ nominal
herself away. b seminal
a liable c trivial
b incapable d minimal
c culpable
21 Watch-making is a skill that demands great----------.
d questionable
Q exactness
18 It was obvious from the way he was---------at the b precision
newspaper that he should have been wearing glasses. c performance
a glaring d perspective
b glowering 22 Land in the downtown area is at a---------as everyone
c squinting would like to buy it.
d peeping a value b supplement c scarcity d premium
19 / only caught a------of her so I'm afraid I can't 23 He----his anger on the chair, kicking it viciously.
describe her to you. a vented b poured c swamped d twisted
a glance 24 There's no-----proof of his guilt.
b sight a adjustable
c glimpse b sizeable
d flash c touchable d tangible
20 Mr Biggs is the-----head of the company, but it's 25 ---presidents have failed to reduce unemployment.
his wife who makes all the decisions. a Prospective b Consecutive c Retroactive d Successive

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Ý
You are going to read an article about international environmental conferences. For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B, c
or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

The first of the environmental summit meetings was held in Perhaps the greatest achievement of the World Summit was
Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and was called the Earth Summit. This that non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the world of
focused on certain treaties, such as the Framework Convention big business explored how they could work, either together
on climate change, as well as bringing about agreements on the with governments or alone, to improve the lot of the poor. An
need to stop species loss and desertification. The second upshot of this was that seven of the world's largest energy
meeting of this kind, called the World Summit on Sustainable companies announced that they would share technical plans on
Development, held a decade later in Johannesburg, was faced how to get more solar- powered generation plants to rural areas
with the somewhat thorny problem of how to implement the in poor countries. In addition, an aluminium company pledged
decisions taken in Rio. It would be inaccurate to say that the to help villagers in the Asian sub-continent to remove arsenic
Earth Summit achieved very little, as out of it came the from their water supplies, one of the world's largest oil compa-
laudable 1997 Kyoto Protocol which required industrialised nies announced plans to put solar panels in thousands of rural
nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels, homes in poor countries, and mining companies operating in
other spin-offs were the Millennium Summit in New York, the Africa promised to supply free anti-AIDs drugs and health care
World Trade Organisation talks in Doha, Qatar, in 2002 and, in for infected workers and their families.
the same year, the conference on financing in Monterrey,
Mexico, but whether these result in real improvements remains While this was a significant step forward, particularly since the
to be seen. presence of big business had scarcely been felt at the Earth
Summit, it was just a drop in the bucket, given that some 700
At the recent World Summit in Johannesburg, all delegates companies attended the World Summit. Their involvement at
acknowledged the need to take concrete measures in order to such meetings is undoubtedly good for their public relations
attempt to improve the living conditions of those in the image but, thus far, any help given by corporations has only
developing world who are living in poverty. The delegates at been beneficial to a limited few.
the summit agreed to try to cut by half the number of people
with inadequate water and sanitation by 2015. This is expected Energy is something that many people in the West take for
to help roughly a billion people and would go a long way granted: there is light at the flick of a switch and all homes
towards reducing the number of infant deaths caused by have television sets. But according to a report published by the
diarrhoea, cholera and other water-borne diseases which affect International Energy Agency (lEA) in 2002 prior to the
the poor in the developing world. summit, some 1.6 billion people in the developing world- have
no access to 'modern' energy supplies. These people bum cow
Regarding environmental matters, the summit agreed to restore dung and wood, often in poorly ventilated houses, leading to
fish stocks, in part by promising to actually guard ocean areas serious respiratory problems and even premature death. The
already designated as protected. More countries also agreed to report states that, with existing policies alone, we can expect
ratify the Kyoto Protocol in an attempt to reduce global little improvement in the near future.
warming. The final text of the Summit omitted target dates and
percentages for the use of renewable energy sources, mainly A question which arises as a result of such conferences and
because the world's oil-producing countries were concerned reports is: how useful are they? Delegates seemed to agree that
about the costs of renewables. However, 30 nations promised what was needed was action, not words, and questioned the
to go beyond the requirements set out in the summit necessity for any further summit meetings. Given the plight of
declaration and agreed that renewable energy production the poor, the argument ran, it was obscene for delegates and
should rise, globally, and pledged to conduct regular reviews oftheir attendants to wallow in luxurious surroundings with
progress towards their targets. shanty towns like Soweto only a short distance away. Might the
new millennium have ushered in a more compassionate era?
Also recognised was the need for developed countries to end With any luck something will be done to alleviate the plight of
farming subsidies so that poorer nations which depend on the poor and of the planet.
agriculture can compete in the export market. That alone would
greatly aid the move to decrease the numbers of those living in
poverty.

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In the first paragraph, with regard to the Earth Summit, the writer

A implies that it was highly successful.

B expresses scepticism about achievements.
c says that nothing substantive came out of it.
D claims that its agreements are actually impossible to implement.

What admirable endeavour does the Johannesburg Summit appear to have put on the agenda ?

A providing people in the developing world with concrete housing

B ensuring clean water supplies for all by 2015
c eradicating poverty
D significantly reducing fatalities from certain diseases

What does the writer say in the third paragraph about the Kyoto Protocol?

A It highlights the poverty of oil-producing countries.

B The final text of the Summit specifies targets for the application of renewables.
c It has become more widely accepted.
o It is not supported by any of the world's oil-producing countries;

With regard to food production, the writer points out that

A some nations are aware of problems they cause by subsidising their farm produce.
B richer countries should subsidise the food in poorer nations.
c developing countries would not be able to compete in the export market without subsidies, o farming subsidies
alleviate poverty.

What does the reader learn about the presence of business organisations at the Johannesburg World Summit?

A There is considerable commercial interest in the welfare of the disadvantaged in the developing world.
B It is a clever way to get free publicity.
c Almost 700 companies are taking significant steps to improve conditions in the developing world.
Đ Companies are only concerned about expanding markets for their own products.

What difference between the West and the developing world does the writer appear to stress?

A the disadvantages of those without television

B how little Westerners appreciate their lifestyle
c the health consequences arising where there is no "modern" energy supply
D the failure of people to see how dangerous their fuels are

In querying the necessity for further world summits, it is suggested that

A they do not really achieve any good.

B the capability to act for the global good without extensive debate exists.
c people have become sufficiently compassionate without international co-operation.
D there is insensitivity on the part of the delegates.

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Unit 16
Follow-lip Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Task)

I Which word in the first paragraph means "causing 3 How will the end of farming subsidies mentioned in
difficulty or disagreement"? what is its literal meaning? paragraph 4 affect farmers in developed countries?

2 The word "actually" in paragraph 3 highlights the 4 How does the writer feel about the future? Which two
irony of what issue? phrases in the last paragraph indicate this?

Prepositional phrases with ‘condition’ and ‘hours’

Match the explanations in the box with the prepositional phrases in bold in the sentences below.

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Unit 16
a) when I needed help 91 on an hourly basis
b) until very late at night h) at such an unusual time
C) when the business should; be closed I) at exactly 6 o'clock, then 7 o'clock, etc
d) unfit j) in unhealthy circumstances
e) not in usual business hours k) according to the terms
f) at the last minute I) unfit

1 I was so out of breath after walking up the hill that I realised that I must be out of condition.
2 Many refugee families are living under/in bad conditions in the camps.
3 Under the conditions of his contract, he must give two months' notice if he wants to leave.
4 After drinking so much he's in no condition to drive, but who is going to tell him that?
5 Most foreign language teachers are paid by the hour rather than receiving a salary.
6 There is a bus to the airport on the hour from 6 am until midnight.
7 It's going to be difficult to find a petrol station open at this hour, why didn't you fill up earlier?
8 If the police find customers in a pub after hours, the landlord could lose his licence.
9 Edward had refused to help me, but at the eleventh.hour he changed his mind and lent me the money, ị I
10 He's so determined to get into university that he studies till al! hours.
11 Every season we put on a fashion show at the boutique, out of hours, for our special customers. j
12 He was the only friend who stood by me in my hour of need. r~l

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Unit 16

v
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same
line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

THE INFLUENCE OF ADVERTISING

Advertisements, whether in newspapers, magazines or on the screen are (0) incredibly _ _ effective. Although subliminal
advertising has been banned, the power of advertising should not be (lị CREDIBLE , as it
still has dramatic effects on consumers - (2) companies would not spend such
(3) ---------------------sums on marketing. One of the main complaints ESTIMATE
about advertising is the way that many businesses (4)--------------------------- OTHER
target children, as do fast food (S) ___________________, whose omni ASTRONOMY
presence is widely believed to be responsible for the rise in (6) in SPECIFY contemporary
society. OUT

Advertisements, as a genre, have been elevated to an art form in their own right, OBESE and are very (7)
----------------------------------------------------------------------in encouraging INFLUENCE
people to spend their money on useless but 8) ----------------------------------- ALLURE
objects.

It has been said that (9) --------------------------- has overtaken religious COMMERCE
festivals such as Christmas in parts of the developed world, where consumerism is a way of life. Another criticism is
that advertising fosters a desire for items which may not be affordable for those living below the poverty line, leading
to some ill-advised (10) and sacrifices so that a family can appear to
have a successful lifestyle.
ACQUIRE

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Unit 16
Phrasal
A Match the verbs on the left with the correct particle and meaning. Then replace the items in bold in the sentences below with
one of the phrasal verbs, using each verb once only. Make any changes necessary.

bind a down on: act with authority to stop sth b up: hide the truth
clamp c in: kill sb
come d out: identify and deal with a cause of trouble
cover e over: warn sb that they will have to reappear in court if they break the law f off: act to keep sth harmful away
dish g in: deliver a suspect to the authorities
do g° h out: give a lot of sth to sb/a number of people
kick i upon: attack
root j into: inherit
set k off: start (a game, discussion, etc)
turn Í along with: agree with a proposal, etc
ward
1 He loves handing out advice to anyone who will listen.

2 The muggers attacked their victim the moment he turned into the dark alley.

3 People here wear lucky charms to prevent evil spirits from harming them.

4 The judge, threatening them with imprisonment, ordered the troublemakers to keep the peace.

5 Her husband usually accepts and complies with her decisions, but this time he won't.

6 The council has started taking action against people who leave their cars near the hospital gates.

7 We intend to identify and remove the spies in our organisation.

8 When a price was placed on the head of the rebel leader, some of his own soldiers delivered him to the government forces.

9 Wasn't the police officer ashamed that she lied to conceal the truth about the beating her colleagues 5 had given
the suspect?

10 The landlady murdered her unsuspecting lodger to get his winning lottery ticket.

11 I inherited some property when my landlord died, leaving me the flat I'd been renting from him!

12 They set in motion their election campaign with a mass rally in the central square.

B Four of the phrasal verbs in this task have more than one meaning. Look them up in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix and write an
example sentence for three of them to illustrate some of their other meanings.

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Utótlỗ

■IỈÍÌCÍ1 lions
i._________._____

^Adjective + noun collocations

A Match the nouns given in bold to the groups of words with which they collocate. The noun must collocate with all the words in
the group.

B Choose a collocation from Task A to replace the phrases in bold in the following sentences.

1 The host poured the wine, giving each guest a good amount.

2 Apart from an increase in unemployment, closing the plant will have numerous indirect consequences, as well.

3 There is not much likelihood that he will be chosen for the national team.

4 The company started vetting its employees' police records as a way of avoiding potential problems.

5 In clinical trials, this drug was found to have few negative consequences associated with it.

c For the remaining nine collocations, write your own sentences.

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Unit 1«
■J 1 burn your bridges/boats: destroy your means of returning z take sb's word for it: accept what sb says without looking
I don't think you should tell the boss what you think of into it
him before leaving; there's no sense in burning your Karen might look happy, but she's actually miserable —
bridges. • take my word for it.
2 the ball is in (your) court: it's your turn to take the next 8 put/lay (your) cards on the table: make your intentions
step clear
We've offered him a settlement, so now the ball is in his We can only come to an agreement if both of US put
court. our cards on the table.
3 in/out of the running: have/not have a chance Peter 9 give sb a hard time: make a situation difficult and
thinks he's next in line for the top job, but he's not even unpleasant for sb
in the running. My boss gave me a hard time because, she said, I'm
4 pull punches: express criticism gently habitually late.
She certainly didn't pull any punches when she told him 10 steal the show: get all the attention/praise that others
what she thought of him. expected to get
5 have the last word: make the final decision or The children really stole the show when they recited the
... poems they'd written.
comment in an argument; win an argument
11 run out of steam: lose strength, enthusiasm or
It's impossible to discuss anything with Mark: he always
momentum
has to have the last word.
Sean was doing well at the beginning of the school
6 put a positive spin on sth: make sth seem more year, but now he seems to have run out of steam.
beneficial or acceptable than it is
12 not in so many words: not exactly as reported
They're trying to put a positive spin on the downturn in
■ Old he actually say he was quitting?‘ 'Not in so many
the economy.
words, but that was the gist of it.'

Fill in the gaps with the appropriate phrase from the presentation.

a So, tell me, did you like my screenplay? Don't___________________________any_____________________

b I don't think our team is even________________________for the finals.
c The magician, was quite good, but it was his rabbit that____________________________when it jumped off the stage
and hopped onto someone's lap.
id Why don't you---------------------------------------------------and tell me what you really came for?

e He's very fresh and productive in the morning but, by late afternoon, he has usually-------------------------------------------------
f The proposed war is not very popular among constituents. The government will have to find a way to it.
g They---------------me-----------------------at the interview; somehow, I don't think I'll get the job.
h I can't give you any proof - you II just have to__________________________.
For the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.

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Unit 1
(6

The family has hired a private detective to investigate the She has been researching the development of black holes. (do
case, as the police don't seem to have come up with any leads serious and detailed study of a subject so as to learn
So far. (fry to find out more information about or examine new facts, scientific laws, etc)
the reasons for sth)

Analysing the information is actually more time-consuming

Divers have been exploring the seabed, looking for ship- than collecting it.
wrecks. (travel through a place in order to learn about it) (examine sth by dividing it into its separate parts so as
We have been asked to explore the latest marketing practices to learn about its qualities, meaning, etc)
with a view to applying them ourselves. (examine, look into a
search
subject or question carefully so as to find out more)
It was obvious that the hotel room had been searched.
(look carefully, in an effort to find sb/sth)

test 10 seek
Is this exercise supposed to test your English, or your The task force will seek solutions to problems currently
intelligence? (search, study or examine by means of a plaguing young people, such as unemployment.
test, examination or difficult situation) . (try to find or get)

sample 11 enquire
Would you like to sample our wine and tell me what you When we enquired about our flight, we were told that it had
think of it? (try out, examine a small; quantity of) been delayed due to fog. (ask for information)

experiment 12 ; query
___J*___ We queried whether it was really necessary to attend the
We are opposed to anyone experimenting on animals for any
reason whatsoever, (conduct a trial, often in a laboratory, lecture, (express uncertainty about)
in order to learn about . or prove ■ the truth about sth)

question
*___________!

He objected to anyone questioning his motives. (express doubt about)

After he was questioned by police, he was allowed to go home, (ask sb questions)

Use one of the following words in the correct form to fill each gap. There are three extra words you do not need.

uire
question sam

The victims' families are_______________________compensation.

We'll have to _____________________the results of the exit polls before we can draw any conclusions as
to how voters responded in the run-off election.
3 He assured his business partner that he had in no way intended to---------------------------------------------her integrity.
■ 4 I think you should __________________about your umbrella at the lost property office.
5 At the food exhibition, they let US 1____________________a lot of the products on display.
6 We have been -------------------------reports that a white van was seen near the scene of the crime.

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Unit M

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

1
10 They------ their engagement in the local newspaper, /
made some suggestions to my supervisor, but he ữ acclaimed b disclaimed c announced đ claimed
wasn't very-------. He prefers to do things his way.
1Ỉ The long--------moment had arrived, and the show
o repulsive b receptive c restrictive d representative began, much to the appreciation of the crowd.
2 If the storm — soon, the damage will be minimal. Q anticipated b proposed c conjectured d disclosed
ữ subsides b disintegrates c secretes d dispels 12 His-----fell upon a collection of stamps and his
3 The child was------because he had just been told off interest was aroused.
by his mother. G sight b glare c glimpse d gaze
a rejected 13 As technology-------there are ever greater
b subdued c subjected cl stiffened possibilities of harnessing renewables.
4 / love the smooth------of silk. ữ succeeds
a textile b version b evolves
I c tissue c endures
Ị d texture d formulates
14 His accomplice created a---------while he carried out
5 She - - - to the journal because it was connected to her field
of study. the robbery.
o diversion
G supplemented b appealed c subscribed I d
b chaos
allowed
c fabrication
J 6 He felt — by enemies on all sides. d monument
I <3 beset
15 There is an unequal -— of wealth between different
j ' b bereft nations.
I c belittled
Ỡ proportion
J d beaten
b modification
!7 The supervisor--------------the indoor jobs to the men, and c distribution d perception . . ./
the outdoor jobs to the women. 16 All complaints should bo sent to the — of the
I a allowed newspaper. ,
b allotted Q landlord A
I: c portioned b director
I d rationed c tenant A d proprietor
I 8 We don't know whether this is a(n)-------------------Egyptian 17 The philosopher was such a---------thinker that few
i statue or a modern copy. could follow his reasoning.
a audible o surrealist b profound c methodical d plausible
b solid
c authentic
d true
9 The drugs were-------by the nurse, acting on the
doctor's instructions.
a administered b inflicted c accumulated d attuned

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Unh-JB
V18 If you follow the correct---------, everything will 22 The burn has healed, but if has left a---------.
be fine, a tarnish
o procedure b illustration c procession d b corrosion
preface c scar d decay
19 / asked Lynne to discuss it with him, as she 23 He asked to be removed from the project and was
handles to a different department.
such delicate matters very--------. Ci reassigned
ữ accurately b precisely c manually d b diverted
tactfully c recruited
20 She was-----to her surroundings, as she was d rotated
totally 24 The news-----suggested that the situation was
engrossed in her novel. highly volatile.
o negligent a notices
b oblivious b contents
c obliterated d preoccupied c projections d reports
21 I haven't been shopping for weeks, so I must----------
25 Journalists reported-----outbreaks of violence,
my food supplies. but
Ỡ restore no sustained warfare.
b revitalize a symptomatic b sporadic c casual d reluctant
c replenish d rejuvenate

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For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, c or D) best fits each gap. Mark your
answers on the separate answer sheet.

It appears that, just as humankind (1) _______________________ blindly about its business,
systematically bringing the whole world under its brutal control, so nature equally systematically wreaks her
vengeance on us in unpredictable ways.
The rainstorms that have been plaguing the city are nothing like the (2)_____________________floods
of recent memory which destroyed many European cities almost (3)_______________________repair,
but their effects are nonetheless felt. First, lightning slashes the darkened sky like a knife, then thunder roars its
menacing response and, much later, almost unexpectedly, the skies suddenly mixed with and water crashes down
onto streets and balconies, (4) torrents of rubbish mixed with uprooted plants. But it is not the
effects themselves which disturb; it is that the sudden raw storms bespeak the potential, even imminent, violence of
the weather. Like the fury (5)________________________________________________________by an
artist’s fierce brushstroke, the duelling daggers of lightning instil in the viewer an awareness less of the damage (6)
---------------------------------------------------------J- than of the havoc yet to come.

1 A meanders B drives c goes D travels

9
A flash B burst c spark D blaze
3 A without B past c beyond Đ outside
4 A upstaging B unhinging c upending D unleashing
R A uttered B conveyed c stated Đ carried

6 A made B created c produced D done

The English word 'bus' originally came from the Latin word 'omnibus', which means 'for air. The bus was so (7)
______________________________________________ because it was the first form of
public transport, in the (8) ------ centres of the Industrial Revolution, when workers began to have to commute to
work for the first time in history. Now the bus is also an important means of long-distance and inter-city transport
all over the world.
London's famous red double-decker bus is one of the most well-known in the world, but there are many other
distinctive variations. In the Middle East, buses may (9)------------------------- of two separate hinged parts, (10)
------------------------ them to take sharp
mountain turns. Many are heavily decorated with dangling fringes of pompoms (11) the windows inside and
colourful painted designs adorning the
exterior.
As traffic and environmental problems (12)____________________ plague city planners, buses .
will be altered and adapted to meet the needs of the modern city and commuter.

7 A given B called c entitled ‘0 labelled

8 A urban B metropolitan c municipal D civic
9 A comprise B include c consist D contain
10 A enabling B assisting c impeding D easing
11 A drawing B glazing c streaking D lining

12 A regularly B increasingly c gradually D progressively

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If you're thinking of cycling to work, the place to work is Copenhagen. There, wide curvy streets are lined with two
extra lanes: the first, a sort of pavement a couple of inches higher than the road, is for cyclists; the second, a few
inches higher still, Is for pedestrians. The fact that they are (13)____________________discourages
drivers from swerving into the space reserved for non-drivers.
Unfortunately, I don't live in Copenhagen. Where I live, cycling to work means (14) my life. Nevertheless, I
climb onto my reflector-adorned bicycle every
day, sporting my very (15)______________ canary yellow helmet and, dutifully signalling
my turns, (16)___________my way. to work, skirting the potholes and gutters, the cars
whose drivers seem not to (17)_________________ me, and the motorbikes jockeying for
position at the side of the road. Slowly but surely, things are changing but, in the meantime, city cycling is not for
the (18)______________________________________________

13 À heightened B increased c raised D lifted

A risking B taking c losing o ruining
A notable B perceptible c visible D discernible

A find B make c do D pick

Đ perceive
17 A remark B watch c notice
D open-minded
18 A faint-hearted B weak-willed c light-headed

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You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with the body. For questions 19-26, * choose the
answer (A, B, c or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

YOUR BODY
Enormously complex, the human body is made up of numerous interconnected systems, which many
animals, especially mammals, share with US.

The skeletal system comprises plastic-like cartilage, and rigid bones. The tip of your nose can be
moved from side to side because it is made of flexible cartilage. On the other hand, bones, being hard,
protect certain organs such as the brain, and they also give our body its basic shape. Our skeleton is not
like the framework of a building, however, for it needs muscles to support it, and that is one of the
reasons why exercise is so important. We deliberately move the muscles in our arms or legs, but other
muscles, like those which control our digestive system, for example, work independently. line 9

Our circulatory system consists of the heart, which is simply a pump, and the vascular system of
arteries and veins containing blood which carries oxygen and food to our organs and muscles. Oxygen
is made available through our respiratory system when air enters our lungs and oxygen is released into
the bloodstream. Our digestive system allows the absorption of food, through our stomach and
intestine, but also involves a number of associated organs like the liver, pancreas and gall bladder.

When one also considers the nervous system, comprising our brain, spinal cord and network of nerve
fibres, the reproductive system which makes procreation possible, our immune systerrf, which protects
US from infection, our glands, which produce hormones, and the lymphatic system, one begins to
understand why medical students spend so many years at university!

19 What is implied about some muscles by the phrase 'work independently’ in line 9?

A They work whenever they want .to.

B They work when we are not thinking about them, c These muscles work separately from each
other.
D We cannot consciously control them

20 What was the writer’s purpose in writing this passage?

A to explain why doctors spend so many years at university

B to show how intricate human anatomy and physiology are
c to show how similar we are to animals, especially mammals
D to explain how the human body works

ft 18
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Practice Test 1
............ . . .. '■»

TATTOOS
"My mum'll kill me if I get a tattoo!" moaned Sue, and settled for a transfer, seeing as tattoos were all the rage.
Mary, being an optimistic girl, simply told her mother that her tattoo was temporary, and hoped she wouldn't
notice!

Older generations tend to consider tattoos rather outrageous, probably owing to their permanence and
connotations of nautical types and bar-room brawls. If you're young, on the other hand, you might consider the
tattoo an expression of defiance, a declaration of independence, or the latest trend, which you and your peers
mustn't miss out on.

It might come as a surprise, therefore, to learn that there's nothing new about tattoos - in fact, primitive peoples
used to decorate their naked bodies with them. Tattoos and body painting were probably the very first forms of
art. The application of the decorations was often performed at special ceremonies, and suffering pain was
considered an important part of the initiation into adulthood, the intensity of the harrowing ordeal giving the
experience its significance and forging a bond among those who had shared it.

Some may consider tattoos trendy, but it might be a better idea to decorate your body with garments, which can
be replaced when no longer in vogue. Tattoos are more difficult to remove when you decide that you've had
enough of them.

21 It is suggested that

A sailors often sported tattoos.

B tattoos are considered unfashionable.
c tattooing is an important form of art.
D young people should take up body painting instead of tattooing.

22 In paragraph 3, the writer says that tattoos

A were only applied at initiation rituals.

B were the only type of art known to primitive peoples, c were shared
amongst the tribe.
D created a sense of community.

201 bean

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Fracizrce test
1
POSTURAL ECHO
How do we let people know that we like them? On meeting someone we like, we immediately send messages
which make our feelings clear. Perhaps the first indication is our facial expression. The furrowed brow
disappears, and is replaced with a smile. Of course, language plays a major role, too. We adjust the tone of our
voice, and our words clearly indicate our feelings.

True friendship, however, is usually only possible between people of approximately equal status, and this
uniformity is reinforced in personal encounters by a subtle synchronisation of posture and body movements
which we adopt and pick up unconsciously. Some of these movements are so slight they are hard to see with the
naked eye yet, despite this, the human brain can absorb the general message of the synchrony and respond with
feelings of warmth towards those who echo our bearing and gestures. It is this ‘postural echo’ which creates that
inexplicable feeling of ease we experience when we are with our friends.

Postural echo is a useful form of body language. Apart from giving us a feeling of rapport with our friends - and
enjoying the company of friends is one of the great pleasures in. life - it can also serve as a warning. If someone
we don’t really know starts sending a similar message, it may be prudent to begin questioning their motives.

23 According to the first paragraph, what is it that disappears when we meet a friend?

A our inhibitions
B a frown
c our eyebrows
Đ our facial expression

24 The writer claims that we echo others’ posture because

A true friendship can only exist between people of dissimilar status. B we want to make our friends feel at
ease.
c we need to indicate equality before we can form real friendships. D it is considered courteous to copy
our.friends’ posture.

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p
ractfce Test Ĩ

DISSATISFACTION
Are you happy with your figure? The answer is probably a resounding "No!". It seems nobody is satisfied with the
body they were born with, and longing for a more beam tiful physique is just making everyone miserable. But just
what is beauty, anyway?

Cultures have differing views about what is beautiful and, because of these variations, outrageous situations can
develop. For example, when cross-cultural beauty contests are organised, non-Western contestants are chosen not on
the basis of their true, local beauty features, but according to the extent to which their features and proportions
approximate the current Western ideal.

It is clear that beauty does not have any intrinsic value. At the root of our response line 9 to beauty is our urge to
classify information. Every new experience is automatically checked against and instantaneously compared to
previous experiences, and when we find 'beauty', we are simply unconsciously analysing how well a subject
compares to our own pre-set rules. It is comparative, not intrinsic; relative, not absolute.

The hard truth is that beauty is in our brains and nowhere else, so for those who don't consider their body beautiful,
the message is clear: don't try to change your body; simply change your mind.

25 What is suggested by the phrase 'beauty does not have any intrinsic value'? (line 9) ?

A People have differing concepts of what is beautiful. B Beauty

has no practical value.
c People cannot always recognise beauty.

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D Beauty is a quality that can be measured.

26 How does the writer feel about international beauty contests?

A None of the. participants are actually beautiful.

B Non-Western participants try to approximate Western ideals, c Contestants “cannot be compared on the basis of
their real beauty.
D The judging" is actually based on the preconceptions of one culture.

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You are going to read a story about a visit to India. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the text. Choose from the
paragraphs A-H the one which best fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

JOURNEY mni SUBCONTINENT

l recently spent a month in India. I travelled with a childhood

friend of Indian origin, and her father, who had grown up in
India. When the call came one afternoon, announcing their Of course, this is part of what makes for a great trip - the
intention of returning to India after 30 years and inviting me to learning which comes from exciting and challenging expe-
join them, I didn't hesitate for a second; rd been waiting half riences, acquiring new information and making observations
my life for this opportunity. about what you've seen. But this type of learning forms only
one part of what you discover when you're on a trip. Inevitably,
travellers have to process data regarding other matters as well,
such as about one's companions or, worse, oneself.
Having spent a good part of my teenage years in the bosoms of
the Indian families of my two best friends, I had an image of
that ancient land which differed greatly from theirs. To me,
India was not a tragic place, but an exotic, magical, mysterious
one, rife with quirky and vengeful gods, beautiful princess-like Her father, however, was an unexpected delight. Evidently a
women, and pleasingly unfamiliar traditions. childhood of trips with my own short-tempered father had
given me the impression that travel made fathers cranky and
hard to please, which was dearly not the case. My friend's
dad's gentle patience and tolerance soon quashed my
apprehensions and greatly enhanced our trip.
The initial shock quickly wore off and it soon became clear
that the reality of India conformed to neither of my pre-trip 32
images of it, bill was rather a rich, startling, challenging blend
of the two. It did not disappoint, but it is a land of great And so it was. Just as the driver hadn't seen the great grey
extremes. . . beast which towered above us as we'd almost driven off the
road to pass it, so things which had shocked and astounded me
early in the trip had no real effect on me by the end of it. The
begging and starving children barely turned my head, the
But the wonders are equally incredible: ubiquitous outdoor stench of the city streets no longer made me retch, the sight of
markets overflow with produce the likes of which you've never skeletal animals didn't move me to tears any more.
seen; sweet, delicate flavours hide in hideous fruits; restaurants
abound with an endless variety of delicious savoury dishes; the
scent of herbs and flowers fills the air; women of all shapes
and sizes are resplendent in jewel- toned saris; fabrics of all the
colours of the rainbow hang outside shops; scary, grimacing Countless times since my return, I have been asked whether I
faces adorn coconuts and ward off evil spirits; enormous would ever go back to India and, of course, I would. But I
temples with intricate decorations are carved out of living know that it would be like reading an extraordinary novel; you
rock... the list of the overwhelming goes on and on. can read it again, but the exhilaration you experience as the
plot unfolds and the characters evolve and develop can never
be repeated in quite the same way.

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A And so off 1 went, despite the ominous warnings and E I can't say I found out anything unpalatable or even
,<f

concerns of those around me, armed with a guidebook, some surprising about my friend. We've been fellow travellers on a
Hindi cassettes and several volumes of history and literature couple of trips and on the road of life for a long time now,
under my belt. As I took in the smell of burning rubbish and and she was just the cautiously game and solid person I've
the sight of row upon row of sleeping bodies on the always known her to be.
pavements on the drive into Bombay from the airport, I
wondered whether I would leave India as enamoured with it
as I had been when I arrived. F One of the most insightful travel writers of this century wrote
that to see poverty in India is to see merely what's - obvious,
and both this and its implications are equally true. There is
B If it sounds like every minute in India is one in which you are blinding, indescribable poverty: people live in the streets,
tempted, tantalized, stimulated and challenged, it is because picking food from the piles of rubbish, drinking water from the
that is the truth. It requires every ounce of energy and shallow, muddy rivers. Naked children with distended
attention to receive the sensory stimuli which constantly stomachs beg relentlessly, disturbingly, while mothers wash
bombard you - the honking horns, thronging crowds, shabby clothes outside tin huts, scrubbing them against the dirt
careering rickshaws, suffocating smog, reeking gutters. And road, hanging them to dry on the overflowing rubbish bins.
although making sense of it all is a round- the-clock Diseases long-forgotten in the West cripple young and old
proposition, the prospect of blinking and missing one split alike, despite desperate door-to-door vaccination schemes.
second of it is equally daunting, because everything
somehow seems like something that can't be missed. G And elephants weren't the only animals we had seen on the
streets, either. Cows were’everywhere and, though they seemed
c But there were still other lessons to be learnt. Once, driving peaceful, they could be vicious for no , apparent reason; rd
along a narrow, bumpy highway in a rickety old jeep, we been head-butted by two cows for nothing more than walking
passed a man riding an elephant. 1 was amazed: was this by them. Camels were also common in some parts, though they
simply a means of transport in rural India? 'What was that didn't meander in and out of shopes and lie down to rest in the
man doing with the elephant?' I asked the driver. 'What middle of the street.
elephant?' was his reply. This brings me to the alarming thing
I found out about myself, or perhaps about human beings, in H I suppose this tendency to become accustomed to the truly
general: the truth of Dostoevsky's famous adage, 'man is a appalling is both a stroke of luck for the human race, as well
scoundrel; he can get.used to anything.' as being its downfall. In the context of India and the rest of
the developing world, it is quite a worrying talent, for there
are rather a lot of upsetting things to get used to, and
D My friends and relatives expressed dismay at my decision to succeeding in this must be the best way of ensuring that
go to India, especially as news of political instability and things there never change. On the other hand, it may be
border skirmishes hit the headlines. Efforts to convince me easier that way.
not to go reached a peak as the list of inoculations needed to
guard against a dazzling array of diseases grew ever longer.
My worried parents headed the team of opponents -
unsurprisingly, given their press- inspired vision of India as
an impoverished nation ravaged by internal conflict.

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P'Fact ice Test

1
Part 4
You are going to read a features article from a Sunday newspaper. For questions 34 - 40, choose the answer
M (A, B, c or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

"THIRD WORLD" EXPERTS HELP LOCAL COMMUNITY HNH ÌÌS i EET

For the first time in the five years since the closure of the disadvantaged neighbours. Accordingly, with their credit union
notorious Millburgh Munitions Factory, smiles are to be seen on experience and by further recourse to the community
the faces of residents of the Grange, Millburgh's most rundown development expertise available in some parts of the
inner city district. New businesses are becoming established and "developing world", Ms Bridges and like-minded acquaintances
unemployment, which until recently affected a staggering 45% set up the Grange Revitalisation Initiative. According to Ms
of the working population, is now approaching the national Bridges, "similar initiatives had already proven their worth in
average of 5%. But the most amazing aspect of this remarkable other communities and, indeed, by the time I contacted Winnie
recovery is, according to some analysts, the fact that the initial about the success of the credit union, her own community had
boost for it came from the community development expertise of set up the same sort of initiative."
a village in what many readers will have been brought up to
know as the "Third World". Founded with the aim of embracing a wider section of the
community and injecting a spirit of optimism and activity into
In the dark days when unemployment and poverty characterised the Grange, the Initiative united a great many residents with the
the Grange, one thing that soon became abundantly clear was goal of determining their own future. Drawing on the expertise
that the amount of government support for such a badly-hit of communities in Africa and Asia, the Initiative not only
community was woefully inadequate. Yet, surprisingly to some, enabled people to pool their meagre savings, but also permitted
the ideas that set Betty Bridges, one of the founding members the most hard up to contribute their skills and labour.
of the Grange Revitalisation Initiative, on the path to success
came from Winnie, a penfriend she has who was born and bred Using the interest on the money of those who had contributed
in a rural community in Africa. "Winnie's ideas seemed rather their savings, and more of the skills and energy of those who
alien to the ideas I'd been brought up with, but I was aware of had no savings, the Initiative quickly began to make a
how successful they'd proved to be in her own community, and difference. Flats and homes were properly insulated, making
it didn't take much to convince me that they were worth trying," them warmer and drier while reducing heating bills. Starting
explained Ms Bridges. with the homes of the elderly, solar heating is being installed.
Co-operative businesses have been established and, despite the
Following Winnie's advice,' Ms Bridges was able to convince cynicism of observers from the business community at large,
many of her friends and neighbours to pool most of their they are confounding critics by their disciplined success. Not
pitifully modfest redundancy payments to set up a women's only do the employees have a say in these enterprises, but the
credit union. With their pooled resources, the women had wider community has a stake in them too. However, the most
enough capital in their credit union to afford them some impressive headway has been made in the field of vocational
bargaining power. Each member was issued with a not-for- training provided and supported by the Initiative, whose aim is
profit credit card, with which they are entitled to obtain small to make every resident both employable and employed.
amounts of credit at a low interest rate.
Judging by its activities to date, the Initiative epitomises well-
Initially, the main benefits of the scheme were the low interest thought-out democratic decision-making and has already
and the fact that the loans were collateral-free. Soon, however, resulted in many new jobs as well as a marked improvement in
the credit union had persuaded most local shops to accept the local amenities and facilities. Perhaps the most vital element,
credit card and also managed to negotiate substantial discounts even if it is not amenable to scientific measurement, is the
on bulk purchases. Thus, by coordinating their shopping community's new-found confidence in itself. The people of the
requirements, the women were able to obtain the best quality Grange now have a vision of their future: they know where they
for much lower prices than they would have obtained as are going and have plans for how they will get there.
individuals. This strategy not only enabled them to make some
savings, but reduced their anxiety while boosting their self-
esteem. "In fact," commented Ms Bridges, "I hadn't planned to
set up a women's union, but on the one hand I didn't have many
male acquaintances and, on the other, the men we spoke to were
too sceptical of the idea to give it a go."

While the credit union members were making ends meet more
successfully than other residents of the Grange, they could not
remain oblivious to the straitened circumstances of their more

207

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Practice Test 2

34 What does the writer imply about the expression "Third World"?

A It is synonymous with unemployment.

B It is synonymous with recovery.
c It is an insulting term.
D It is a term that is no longer appropriate.

35 We learn in the second paragraph that Betty Bridges

A got help from a friend who had moved to a rural community in Africa.
B wrote to an African friend to ask for help.
c - was initially uneasy about taking advantage of her friend.
D was unacquainted with the type of proposal her friend had made.

36 What appears to have been the main strength of the credit union?

A It provided a good source of easy credit.

B It enabled members to negotiate better deals.
c It was a not-for-profit arrangement.
D It was run by women for women.

3Ĩ What point does Ms Bridges make about men with regard to the credit union ?
A Their lack of faith prevented them from taking advantage of it.
B They felt that they had been left out.
c They thought hard about joining.
D They were dissuaded by the fact that the idea originated in the developing world.

38 The founding of the Grange Revitalisation Initiative was prompted by

A the jealousy of residents who weren't in the credit union.

B the success that a similar initiative had enjoyed in Winnie's community.
c the continuing plight of residents of the area.
o the credit union's inability to succeed without guidance from overseas.

39 The writer regards the activities of the Initiative as being

A somewhat exploitative of those who had no savings.

B instrumental in creating employment.
c raffier confounded by a lack of business experience.
D too disciplinarian despite their obvious success.

40 What point is the writer making when referring to scientific measurement?

A There is little proof that the Initiative has achieved much.

B The Initiative's main success is not easy to quantify.
c There is no scientific basis for confidence in the Initiative.
Đ Despite their success, the people behind the Initiative have not acted very logically.

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Practice I est 2
Part 1
For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, lĩ, c or D) best fits each gap. Mark your
answers on the separate answer sheet.

Htearing
Tiny hairs in our inner ear feel, in effect, the vibrations caused by noises and (1) Í them into messages
which are then delivered to our brains. When our
brain opens the message, what it gets is a sound. The sense of hearing (2)--------------------------------in
the same way for most other species, with some variations; dogs and rabbits, for example, can swivel their
outer ear flaps in the direction of the sound, (3)--------------------------------------------------------------------
them to hear better; fish have grooves, instead of ears, on both sides of their bodies which sense vibrations. (4)
-----------------------------------------------------to most other species, humans have a rather
unimpressive sense of hearing; dolphins and bats can (5)___________________up to five times as
many sounds as we can.
Most of us will experience gradual deafness as we get older, but that’s probably nothing to worry about. Have
you ever (6)---------------------------------------------------------------what life would be like if our
hearing was more acute? Arguably, we hear more than enough noise as it is.
1 A convey B transmit c alter D transform
2 A performs B functions c occurs D acts
3 A enabling B consenting c authorising D aiding
4 A According B Compared c Attributed D Related
5 A observe B identify c notice 0 detect

6 A thought B asked c wondered D reflected

Salt
7 A dear
It is B priceless
not certain when salt was c to the costly
first used, but valuable Romans.
it is knownActually, to D
it was precious
suchbeen
have ancient
very
8 times
A that
derivesthe Empire's soldiers
B were
descends paid part of their
c salary a
with
stems(7}------------
it. Indeed, theD modern
commodity word
springs 'salary'
during
actually (8) --------------------------------------------------------------------from the Latin word for
9 Asalt base
(salarium), which in turnBexplains c
source the (9)----------------------------of
font the English expression
D foundation
'not worth his salt', meaning that a man didn't deserve what he was paid.
10 A originally B firstly c primarily D typically
11 ANowadays most salt is mined
evacuated B or extracted from wells,
exacerbated c but (10)-------------------------------------
evaporated Đ eradicatedit was
taken from the sea. Shallow depressions were dug along the seashore and, as waves lapped against the
12 A edition
shore, B version
the holes would fill with brine. As the water (11)c account D transformation
in the sunny, windy sea-side conditions,
Work Experience-
crude salt would remain.
Today, a more technologically advanced (12)-------------------------of this 'solar' method exists,
Several
and years
the salt ago, I had
is refined thechemicals.
using opportunity to work for a large multinational in a distant southerly land. I was
(13)_____________________________________by the high salary, long holidays, various

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Practice Test 2
other perks like a car and a luxury apartment, and, of course, the excitement and intrigue (14) by an
adventure in a foreign country.
The blistering heat which blasted me as I exited the airport should have (IS) as the first clue that I might
not fit in as effortlessly as I'd imagined,
but I was oblivious. Soon, though, I found myself practically crippled by the heat. It proved difficult to work
effectively, as the promised air-conditioning was constantly under repair. It (16) out to be even harder to take
advantage
of the exotic locale, as it was too painfully hot and blindingly bright outside to (17)------------- much further
than my front door. By the time my (18)-------------------------------------------------------------------- long
holidays rolled around, I was ready to leave for ever.

13 A captivated B approached c enticed Đ appealed

14 A promised B predicted c pledged D secured

15 A provided B offered c functioned D served

16 A found B fumed c came Đ made

17 A hazard B venture c risk Đ dare

18 A fastidiously B deplorably c alluringly D haphazardly

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You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with the sun. For questions 19-26, choose the
answer (A, B, c orD) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

THE SUN
Telling you that the sun is about 150 million kilometres away doesn't really give a clear notion
of the distance involved. It might help if I told you that travelling at the speed of a passenger
aircraft non-stop, it would take about 21 years to get from the Earth to the sun. It's much
further away than most people think, and perhaps that's just as well.

The sun, just like any other star, is a huge ball of hydrogen atoms, so compressed by its own
gravity that its temperature has risen to the point where nuclear fusion takes place. This
happens deep within the sun's core, where hydrogen atoms fuse, producing helium and
releasing energy in the form of heat and light.

The sun is not by any means an unblemished, perfect sphere. Irregular dark magnetic storms,
called sunspots, traverse the sun's face; enormous surging clouds of ionised gas known as
prominences tower tens of thousands of kilometres high, like great loops of flame, only to
collapse again; and sudden intense bright patches allow blasts of radiation to leap violently
outward into the solar system. The sun is a restless, tumultuous place.

Eventually, it will run out of fuel. In about 5 billion years’ time, the sun's hydrogen supply will
be exhausted, and the sun will mushroom into a monstrous planet-devouring red giant before line 17
finally forming a spectacular planetary nebula, with a tiny searing remnant, a white dwarf, at
the centre. Hopefully, by then, we will have procured greener pastures.

19 Why did the writer use the example of the aircraft in the first paragraph?
to demonstrate why an aeroplane cannot travel in space
to show that it takes 21 years to get from the Earth to the sun to give
readers some idea of how far away the sun is to reveal how much
slower than spaceships planes travel V'

20 What is meant by the word 'monstrous' in line 17? IWlijgg

colossal
ugly
shocking
disgraceful

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Practice ì est 2

THE TANNING DILEMMA

There is disagreement amongst experts as to whether there are any advantages to be gained from exposing
the body to the sun. Some dermatologists suggest that there are certain benefits, such as the generation of
vitamin D in the skin, while others warn that sunbathing should be avoided at all costs and that we shouldn't
even consider getting a tan, because of the sharp increase in cases of skin cancer as a direct result of
sunbathing.

However, for those of you who are determined to go out into the sun, here are some DOs and DON'Ts:

DO
- gradually expose yourself to the sun until you have developed a tan
- sunbathe for a maximum of twenty minutes on the first day
- put on clothes that cover your arms and legs after sunbathing to prevent further exposure
- inspect moles and freckles, and report any changes to your GP

DON'T
- expose pale skin without a sunscreen of at least SPF 15
-go out in the sun without sunglasses that give UVA and UVB protection, or you risk developing cataracts
- expose babies under six months of age to the sun at all, as their skin is very sensitive

21 According to the text,

A we should avoid exposure to the sun at all costs.

B we must do some sunbathing, so that our bodies can produce vitamin D. c there is no consensus of
opinion among dermatologists.
o skin specialists are loath to give advice.

22 You should worry, according to the text, if

A vitamin D is not generated in your skin.

B you have cataracts.
c you notice any changes in spots on your skin.
D you don't develop a gradual tan after twenty.minutes.
The excitement was tangible. It was my very first total eclipse, although some of my fellow
travellers had covered great distances in the past to savour the experience. As the sun and
moon approached each other I was tempted to look up and see how much distance separated
them, but of course you must never look at the sun as you can quite easily be blinded. We
had already been warned about the dangers.

As the time drew near, we donned our special goggles, and stared up impatiently. Then,
quite suddenly, the sun looked as if someone had taken a little bite out of it. Almost
imperceptibly, the bite grew larger, gradually covering more and more of the sun’s face. I
noticed that it was getting colder. There was a perceptible change in the temperature, and an unearthly silence. As
the moon fitted snugly over the sun, we took off our goggles and gasped, line 10 Magically, the bright atmosphere of

21
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the sun, the corona, was suddenly visible, shining all around it like a halo. I looked through my binoculars. Pink
prominences flamed near the surface. I glanced down; it was dark and cold. Unfortunately, totality only lasted a few
short seconds, but I realised why so many of my companions had travelled the world to behold the spectacle again
and again. It was a truly unforgettable experience.

23 What aspect of the eclipse is emphasised by the use of the word ‘snugly’ in line 10?

A the surprising nature of the event

B the fact that the moon seemed to fit exactly over the sun
c the smooth and gradual motion of the moon
D the coincidence of the sun and the moon having the same size

24 How does the writer seem to feel about the experience?

A exuberant
B disappointed
c titillated , •' 4
D amused

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Practice Test 2

THE SUN AS SYMBOL

From the earliest cultures, the sun, perceived as the life-giver, has been a recurring theme, from Ra the
sun god of ancient Egypt, and Apollo in ancient Greece, to the goddess Amateras-Ohmikami in Japan.

Since the sun was good, anything that blotted out the sun was considered evil. As a result, eclipses
generated foreboding and fear. An embodiment of the eclipse was the dragon or demon who devoured the
sun, and many ancient peoples would perform cer- emonies during an eclipse to frighten away the dragon
and save the sun from destruction. Curiously enough, it always seemed to work, and the sun always duly
escaped its awful fate.

The sun as illuminator of beauty and symbol of inspiration and hope has repeatedly appeared in literary
works. The great Greek poet Odysseus Elytis often referred to sunlight in his poems. On being presented
with the Nobel Prize for literature in 1979 he ended his lecture with these words: "To hold the sun in one's
hands without being burned, to transmit it like a torch to those following, is a painful act but, I believe, a
blessed one. We have need of it. One day the dogmas that hold us in chains will be dissolved before a
consciousness so inundated with light that it will be one with the sun, and it will arrive on those ideal
shores of human dignity and liberty."

25 What is the writer’s reaction to the success of efforts to save the sun?

A He shows surprise. B He is repulsed, c He is awestruck.

D He is ironical.

26 What docs the sun symbolise for the poet?

A a force which gives life to all the plants and creatures on Earth
B a power which provides for all our needs
c enlightenment which is passed from one generation to the next
D the light which illuminates our path into the future

214

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Practice test!

Part 3
You are going to read a brief biography. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the text. Choose from the
.J paragraphs A - H the one which best fits each gap (27 ■ 33). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark
your answers on the separate answer sheet.

I W.A. MILROY' - AN ARTIST COT OFF IN HIS PRIME

I Wallace Arthur Milroy was born in 1951 to a middle-class I •i
family, the youngest, of three children. His early years were I After graduating from college, he adopted a Sartrian philos- I
! idyllic: as the baby of the family, he never lacked attention ophy and horrified his mother when he did nothing but I
I or affection. His father was a somewhat distant figure, usu- j pontificate on life, the universe and everything, whilst his •I
ally "working long hours attending to his manufacturing father threatened to cut him off without a penny unless he 'Ị
business. He had patented a new type of rivet and this was the made an attempt to look more conventional and find a
only source of income for the family.
31 _____ _____________________ J
L .27 2 r— One of his more malleable friends managed to find Wallace
’ As he grew older, Wallace realised that his mother cherished some freelance work at the advertising agency in which he was
the ambition of becoming a published poet - hence the constant rapidly scaling the ladder, which at least meant Wallace could
jottings when an idea came for a phrase or expression that might buy either drugs or his materials, which he chose depended on
complete or begin a poem. It was in this kitchen that he first his mood, but more often than not he chose the former, virtually
began his artistic career. His mother was making I a cake, while abandoning his creative talent, especially since, because of his
writing distractedly in her book, when he accidentally (or erratic behaviour and inability to meet their deadlines, the
perhaps because he was seeking attention) knocked over a bag of advertising agency didn't give him many commissions.
flour. He carefully spread the white powder over the floor and
began making patterns, using his index finger.
:
~~ This turned his life around. Apart from occasional bouts of
I depression and drunken sprees, he developed a new attitude to
the society in which he was living. During his drying-out period,
Wallace visited a museum with his father when on holiday one of the friends with whom he had left some paintings threw a
at the age of four, andlrecalls being mesmerised by a partic- I party, and a gallery owner discovered one of Wallace's works
ular object: the beautiful face of a black bull which also had leaning against a wall in the kitchen.
!
a practical use. It had been used as a goblet by the
ancients.

; ■ zs. The following three years saw him at his most innovative and
: ... . ' i. .. ,, T prolific; he produced what are now considered to be his
I His school career passed in a haze of mediocrity, although I masterpieces. Unfortunately, he is not alive to wallow in the
he did pass two examinations, in Maths and Art, despite I the acclaim, as he died at the age of 48, of cirrhosis of the liver. A
fact that his art teacher hated most of his work. To pass Ị exams, tragic waste of a life, which is a common sentiment of
Wallace had to curb his own distinctive style and I paint as he'd biographers who choose artists as their subjects. Wallace was
been taught, using perspective and creating i . more generally slightly different, however, since he did achieve some success in
accepted works. the few years before he died.
f 30

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Practice test!

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p'ractrce Vest 2
experiment and, while complimenting him on his ingenuity,
gently drew him away, producing crayons and paper from a
barely-used kitchen cupboard, where they had been
abandoned by one of his sisters. In her usual motherly
fashion, she cooed over his attempts, which naturally
pleased Wallace. But it was his father who recognised his
son's talent and began to nurture it.

Ầ Indeed, this H Eventually, the inevitable happened: he lost his flat because
combination of art and function was to become a feature of of unpaid bills. So he gathered up his canvases and took
Wallace's art. when interviewed about his style of art, them to more conventional, friends for safe keeping. By this
Wallace always stated that what he did was not new or time, his drug-addled brain told him his works were more
innovative - it was just that, in a more utilitarian age, people important than he was himself. He was picked up by the
were used to the concept of WYSIWYG - computerspeak police, slammed in a cell, and had to endure the torments of
for “what you see is what you get". cold turkey before his long-suffering parents prevailed upon
the authorities and had him transferred to a rehabilitation
B Mrs Milroy was hardly the practical type. Indeed, Wallace centre.
Arthur's early recollections of her were of an affectionate
mother who was always leaving what she was doing to write
something in a journal, which was perpetually open on the
kitchen table. This was for her convenience, as the hub of
the family home was the kitchen, normally the warmest
room in the house, where she practised her other recreational
pastime, creative cooking.

c The rest is history. Wallace was commissioned to mount an

exhibition of his art, a retrospective of his earlier works. It
was extremely successful, with critics extravagant in their
praise of a new 'young' artist, although by this time Wallace
was 45 and looked older, his face made haggard by over-
indulgence.

D He would have been perfectly at home with the bohemian set

of international artists, writers and philosophers of the Paris
of the 1920s who lived similar lifestyles, experimenting with
new forms of art and philosophising in the street cafes.
Unfortunately for him, he was living in a less enlightened
environment, where laws were strictly enforced and where
people were expected to earn a living.
E He then went on to Art College, moving from the north to the
capital, his first taste of freedom and the bright lights. Here
he was in his element, surrounded by artists and wannabes,
immersed in a totally bohemian culture with all that that
entails. He produced works that were regarded as
astounding, and basked in the praise of his tutors, whilst his
friends enjoyed the kudos of his reflected glory.

F Rejections from advertising agencies and galleries made him

regret his adolescent response, because he was now totally
reliant on state benefits, which were not enough to buy
materials or, of course, drugs, alcohol and cigarettes,
although his rent was paid for. He stubbornly refused to alter
either his appearance or his attitude, and no-one wanted to
employ an artist with dubious talent.

G Instead of being angry, his mother latched on to his latest

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Part 4
You are going to read an article about the far North. For questions 34 - 40, choose the answer (A, B, c or D) which you think
fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

One of the most interesting things about the far North is that dreams. Siberia may be the best-known example of this
academics do not seem to be able to agree on precisely where it phenomenon of the 'imaginary North'. It emerges frequently in
is, which is something I would have thought was a fairly many widely-read works of literature as the moral counterpoint to
straightforward issue. But those people studying the North at the the superficiality and banality of daily life. In fact, so significant
various institutes of _ Northern or Polar or Arctic Regions Studies is the presence of the 'pure' Siberia in Russian literature that
(who, incidentally, are more numerous than you might imagine) several monographs have been written on the subject. As with the
are having quite a tough time of it. The trouble is not, of course, others, there is a duality in the fictional portrayal of Siberia - for
that they do not know where the North is; it is not even that they Russians, it is the land of both plenty and of darkness.
are unable to reach a consensus on its geographical boundaries,
which is certainly also true. The real problem is that the North is By and large, however, fiction featuring images of the so-called
not really a place, but an idea. 'imaginary North' has been written by authors who have never
even been to these remote areas, with the possible exception of
Perhaps the most concrete and mercenary idea of the North Russian writers, several of whom had in fact been to Siberia. So,
is as a sort of colony of southern-based national what of the reality? what do those who have had real-life
governments. In this view, the northern hinterland is experience of the North say about it? Library shelves and lifestyle
portrayed as a place overflowing with natural resources ripe magazines are full of factual accounts of life in the North, ranging
for exploitation; it is not a place which has any real existence from explorers' accounts from the nineteenth century to
independent of the mother country. This IS the industrialist's interviews with nurses who, enticed by supplementary pay, have
concept, and his goal is the promoting of industry, the gone there to work. Their tales all echo the sentiments expressed
maximising of raw materials, and the making of money. For in literature: the dichotomy of the terrible frozen wasteland and
decades, it has provided the theoretical underpinning for the the final innocent frontier; the myth of the great escape into the
exploitative activities of governments of nations whose unknown and the venue for the glorious triumph of the human
territory includes Arctic regions. spirit.
This concept of the North, though slightly outdated now, has Academics are not much different, in the sense that they are
always existed in spite of, and concurrent with, the view of the equally likely to create subjective definitions of the North. Every
North as the last bastion of wilderness. In this Ị view, the North is researcher is governed by his or her own individual interests and
a place of extremes: stark, barren land; inclinations, and every discipline has its own criteria for defining
blinding, never-ending days in summer and endless dark the northern hemisphere. Even scholarly writing is replete with
nights in winter; blistering winds and subzero temperatures; Ị flowery prose and metaphors when describing the North.
extraordinary solitude. But even all this is seen as having a
‘ breathtaking beauty - the barren land is awe-inspiring, The prevalence of the myth of the North testifies to its necessity.
lunar; the sky a sapphire blue, lit by a life-giving sun; the ị Even as humankind slowly and systematically brings nature
creatures majestic and resilient; the cold crisp and invigorating; * under its control in a short-sighted brutish display of strength,
the solitude liberating. The North spells escape, wonder, 5 people continue to fabricate a dream of untouched wilderness -
freedom, and offers us the dream of a chance to assert our J very another final frontier. Those who actually live the dream, the
humanity because, in our imagination, we are pitted Ì against the Inuit, have a theory. They believe that all physical beings have a
elements in an exhilarating us-against-nature Ị equation. The spirit, called inua, and that this spirit characterises its host, but is
North challenges our very existence as I.1 human beings and, in it essentially independent of it. People, animals and even the
living IS our greatest achievement. weather have spirits which live a life apart from the material one.
In the light of this conviction, it seems fitting that our image of
The myth exists, and is shared by all peoples whose nations the far North has a life all its own, which exists independently of
encompass northern lands. Comprehensive studies of various its real host, the North.
national literatures reveal that the image of the North as described
above is embedded in the psyches of the peoples of many
northern countries. For Americans, for example, Alaska
represents the last frontier and the most Ỉ terrible wilderness.
Canadians have similar perceptions about the vast Canadian
north, characterised by a similar 'j dichotomy - the North is at
once a homeland and a distant, foreign land. Northern
Scandinavia fulfils the same role for Europeans, while for
Swedes, the northern part of their country is a place of hopes and

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I’I'jc.1 ic <■ Tí. ỵ

34 The author reveals in the first paragraph that she

K is dissatisfied with academics' contributions.

B understands why academics are having difficulty.
c finds the academics' woes very amusing.
D is surprised at the number of people studying the North.

35 In discussing the perception of the North in the second paragraph, the author shows her

A sensitivity toward Northern peoples.

B disgust at the aims of industrialists.
c ambivalence regarding the use of natural resources.
Đ disapproval of policy towards the North.

36 In paragraph 3, what does the author state about the North?

à People have contradictory ideas about it.

B People cannot survive there.
c People would like to escape there.
E) It possesses both benefits and drawbacks.

37 In the fourth paragraph, describing different countries’ conceptions of the North, the author

A argues that all countries have the same idea.

B provides a specific example illustrating the main point.
c claims that each place has a unique view.
D maintains that one nation provides a good example of the typical view.

38 The author's tone regarding writers who have never been to the North is

A dismissive.
B supportive.
c aloof.
D objective.

39 The example of academic writing is used to show

f-t the pervasiveness of grand ideas about the North. £■ the difficulties associated
with studying the North. Ỉ. the similarities between academics and other writers, t? the
inaccuracy of perceptions of the North.

40 In the passage, the author makes,it clear that

A the North itself has an independent spirit.

fc, efforts to control nature' provoke dreams of escaping.
C- the concept of the imaginary North satisfies a basic need. D our image of the far
North is similar to that of the Inuit.

21
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access : accessibly (in)accessible access,: accessibility,

Word accession
Formation
accessory accessory
VERB I ADVERB
acquire ; acquisitively b e ADJECTIVE/PARTICIPLE
acquirable, acquisitive, acquired acquisition, qquirability, acquirement,
NOUN
..................................
(enable), (disable) ably abolish . (un)able, disabled ( acquisitiveness
(in)ability, disability . _ ,
activate :(inter)actiyely
academically ỵ (in/inter)acfive, (un)activated
abolishable (in)actibn, interaction, (in)acfivity,
abolition, abolitionist - academia, activist
add_______________ qddif ÍẼDSdk jadded^ additional
(un)academic __ additive, addition academy, academician
academic,
accept
addict (usu; pass.) (un)acceptably addictive, addicted addict, addictedness,
acceptance, addiction
acceptability, acceptancy
(in)adequately (in)adequale(un)acceptable
accepted, adequateness, (in)adequac.y
affordably J||Ệ|ỆịỆầỆỊ|ị||s||||Ệ:Ệslj||||||ỆỆ|J

ail ailing ailment

allure alluringly alluring
answer answerably (un)answerable, answerless, answer, answerability, answerer,
unanswered answerphone
anxiously anxious anxiety, anxiousness
architecturally architectural architect, architecture
argue (in)arguably (un)arguable, argumentative argument, arguer, argumentation,
argumentatively argumentativeness
astronomically astronomical astronomy, astronomer
attain (un)attainably (un)attainable attainment, attainability
avoid unavoidably (un)avoidable avoidance
base basically, basely basic, base, baseless, based, basal base, basics, basis, baseness, basement
baselessness
bear . (un)begrably (un)bearable (un)bearableness
before, beforehand before-mentioned
benefit- beneficial, beneficent benefit, beneficiary, benefaction,
benevolent benefactor
blissfully blissful bliss, blissfulness
(embody/ bodily bodiless, (dis)embodied, able-bodied, body, (dis)embodiment
disembody) full-bodied
(in)capably (in)capable (in)capability
challenge challengingly challenging, (un)challengeable, challenge, challenger
(un)challenged
chaotically chaotic . chaos
(re)charged, undercharged, overcharged, charge, charger, discharge
■ (over/under)charge, (re)chargeable
discharge recharge
childishly childproof, childish, childlike, childless child, childhood, childishness,
childlessness, childbearing, childminder
circulate__________ circulatory, circulating . circulation
clutter (un)cluttered : clutter
commercialise commercially commercial commerce, commercialism, commercial
compete (un)competitively (un)competitive competition, competitor, competitiveness
(in)competently (in)competent .. (in)competence, competency
consider. (in)considerably considered, (in)considerate, consideration, (in)considerateness,
(in)considerately (in)considerably (in)considerableness

22
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1 VERB ADVERB ADJECTIVE/PARTICIPLE NOUN Word Formation

consume consumable, consuming, (unjconsumed consumer, consumerism, consumerist
cost costly, cost-effective cost, costliness -
w
(re)create, procreate creatively creative, recreational, procreative, creature, (re)creation, creator,
(un)created creativeness, creativity, procreation
(in)credibly (in)credible, (in)credulous (in)credibility, (in)credulity, (in)credibleness,
(in)credulously (in)credulousness, creed _ ________
criminalise criminally criminal crime, criminal, criminality, criminology,
criminologist, criminalisafion
criticise ? ..... (un)critically____ (un)critical '<.2_ 2..J—______ critic, criticism, critique _ ______________
daily, nowadays _______daily, daytime ____________________ ______day, daytime, daybreak, daylight
deafen deafly, dedfeningly deaf, deafening
deal dealings, deal, dealer, dealership
defend 1 defensively, (in)defensible, defensive, defenceless, defence,defensiveness, defencelessness,
defenceless!/, (un)defendable dềfậọdềr;ĩdefendant, indefensibility
(in)deFensibly
demonstrate demonstrably (un)demonstrative, demonstrable demonstration, demonstrator, demo
(un)deniably (un)deniable ' denial, deniability, undeniableness
dependably, (un)dependable, (in)dependent dependability, (independence,
independently _______________ __________________________ dependency, dependant
deprive deprived deprivation, deprival
detrimentally detrimental detriment
develop developmentally (un)developed, underdeveloped development, developer
overdevelop overdeveloped, developmental
diagnose diagnosable, diagnostic, (un)diagnosed diagnosis, diagnosability
disappoint disappointingly disappointing, disappointed disappointment
dispense (in)dispensably (in)dispensable, dispensotional, dispensation, dispenser, (in)dispensability,
dispensary
(prejdispose. disposable, (pre)disposed, (in)disposed disposal, disposability, (pre)disposition
distance distantly distant distance
(injdistinctly (in)distinct, distinctive distinction, distinctiveness^ distinctness
distinguish distinguishably (un)distinguished, (in)distinguishable distinguisher
distinguishing
domesticate domestically domestic, domesticated, domesticable domesticity, domestic, domestication
domesticise
dominate (pre)dominantly (pre)dominant dominance, domination, dominafor
doubt undoubtedly, (un)doubtable, (un)doubted, doubtful doubt, doubter, doubtfulness
doubtfully, (un)doubting, doubtless
j(un)doubtingly,
< doubtlessly
drudge drudgingly drudge, drudgery
dutifully dutiful, dutiable, duty-bound duty, dutifulness
effect (in)effective, effectless, (in)effectual effect, (in)effectiveness, effects
(in)effectively
Ỉ y (in)effectually
egotise '3' ego(tịistica 11 y -3'’.'1 egocentricỊỊpgo(t)istic(al) ego, ego(t)ism, ego(t)ist, egocentricity
egocentrically
emote (un)emotionally emotive, (un)emotional emotionless emotion, emotionalism
emotionlessly
emotively
employ (un)employable, (un)employed (un)employment, employee, employer,
employ
equal, equalise s||||egug(ly||||||||f||||| (un)equal, egalitarian, equalifarian equal, (in)equalify, equaliser,
equalisation, equalitarianism

I 221

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VERB ADVERB
Word Formation ADJECTIVE/PARTICIPLE 1 NOUN

err erroneously, erroneous, errable, (un)erring, errant, error, erroneousness, erratum

(un)erringly, erratic
V erratically
(over/underestimate inestimably (over/under)estimafed, (in)estimable estimate, estimation, estimator
exceed excessively excess, excessive excess, excessiveness
except exceptionally (un)exceptional, (un)exceptionable, exception
excepted
expend (in)expensively expendable, (in)expensive expenditure, expense(s), expendability,
(in)expensiveness
(in)expertly (in)expert expert, expertise
fashion (un)fashionably (unfashionable fashion, (un)fashionableness
fatahy, fatalistically fafal^fateful, -fatalistic __ fate, fatality, fatalism, fatalist_
finance financially financial finance(s), financier, financialist
fix fixedly fixable, fixed, fixated fix, fixation, fixer, fixative, fixture, fixedness

flawlessly flawed, flawless flaw

(re)form, deform formlessly, (un)formed, formative, formless, form, format, formlessness, formation,
formalise, format (informally deformed, (in)formal formality, formalisation
(re)gain, gainsay gainfully gainful, gainless gain, gainer, gainfulness, gainlessness
genetically genetic(al) gene, geneticist, genetics, genesis
glare glaringly glaring, glary glare, glaringness
globalise globally global, globed globe, globalisation, globalism,
globular, globetrotting globetrotter
graduate graduated, (post/under)graduate (undergraduate, graduation
habituate, habitually habituated, (un)inhabited, habitual, habit, habitualness, habituation,
inhabit (in)habitable, uninhabitable habitat, habitation, habitue
harmonise harmonically harmonious, harmonic harmony, harmonica, harmonics,
harmoniously harmoniousness, harmonisation
healthily (un)healthy, healthful health, healthiness, healthfulness
historically historic(al), (pre)historic history, historian
(disillusion) disillusioned, illusory, disillusionary (dis)illusion
disillusionment
imagine (un)imaginably, imaginary, (un)imaginable, imagination, imaginariness, imaginableness,
(un)imaginatively (un)imaginative imagining(s), imaginativeness
immunise immunologically immune, immunological immunity, immunisation, immunology.
immunologist
increase increasingly increasing, increased, increasable increase
industrialise industrially industrial, industrious, industrialised industry, industrialism, industrialisation,
industriously industrialist, industriousness,

influence influentially influential influence

inspire inspiringly, (un)inspired, (un)inspiring, inspirational /l-nSpMgi^n||osi|i|er|il
inspirationally
inundate inundated inundation
isolate isolated, isolative isolation, isolationism, isolationist
know knowledgeably (un)known, knowable, acknowledged, knowledge, knowledgeability,
knowledgeable, knowing acknowledgement(s)'
labour laboriously laborious, laboured, laboursaving labour, labourers, laboriousness
(enlarge)__________ largely large, enlarged, largish largeness, enlargement, enlarger
leaf, leaflet leafy, leafless, leafed/leaved leaf, leafiness, leaflet
lessen less lesser, less

22
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1 VERB Word Formation

ADVERB 1 ADJECTIVE/PARTICIPLE 1 NOUN I

light, (en)lighten
light, lighting, enlightenment, lightning,
light, (un)enlightened, enlightening
lightness, lighter, lighthouse, lightship
lower loneliness, loner, lonesomeness lowering,
lone, lonesome, lonely, alone
lonesomely ____ lowness, low majority, majorette
low, lowermost, lowly
low (un)manageably
major (un)manageableness, (mis)management,
(mis)monage
(un)manageable, managerial, manager(ess), manageability, managership
managing
marry marriageable, (un)married marriage, marriageableness mass(es),
massively
mass, amass mass, massive, massed massiveness
mathematics, mathematician, maths
mathematise mature mathematic(al), mathematised (im)mature, (im)maturity, maturation, matureness
maximise (jm)maturely maximally premature maximal maximum, maximalist
(immortalise) mortally (im)mortal (im)mortalify, immortalisation, (im)mortal
motorise muscle (in motorised
motor, motorist, motoring, motorisation,
on) iBiSỀilÌỄỄilÌìiìli muscular, muscle-bound motorbike, motorway, motorcycle muscle,
muscularity, musculature, muscleman
musically musical, musicological music, musician, musicology, musicologist,
musicianship, musical, musicotherapy
mystify mysteriously, mystically mystery, mỳsteriousness, mystification, mystic,
- mysterious, mystified, mystifying, mystical mysticism
nationalise (inter) nationally, (inter)national, nationalistic, nationless, nation, nationalism, nationalist, nationality,
nationalistically, nationwide national, nationalisation, nationhood
nationwide
nerve, unnerve nervelessly, nervily,
nervously,unnervingly nervous, nerveless, nervy unnerving, unnerved nerve(s), nervousness, nervelessness, nerviness
nightlong, nightly nightly, nightward, nighfed, nightless night, nightie, nightfall, nightcap, nightlife,
nightlight, nightgown, nightdress
northward(s), north north, northern, northerly, northernmost, north, northerliness, Northerner
northward, northbound
obese obesity, obeseness
oblige, obligate obligatory, obliging, obligational obliged,
obligatorily, obligingly obligated obligation, obligatoriness, obligingness
obsolesce obsoletely obsolete, obsolescent obsolescence, obsoletism
occupy occupationally occupational
(pre)occupation, occupancy, occupant, occupier
occur, (recur) occurrent, (recurring, recurrent) occurrence, (recurrence)
order (dis)ordered, (dis)orderly, orderless (dis)order, (dis)orderliness, orderly, ordering
otherwise . ■i' other /determiner) otherness
out, outwardly . outed, outward outlet, outing, outlaw, etc
(un)pack, package t'. packaged, packed package, packager, packaging, packet, packing,
pack
perceive (im)perceptively, perception, perceptiveness, percept,
perceivably, perceived, (im)perceptive, (im)perceptible, (im)perceptibility, perceptivity,
(im)perceptibly perceivable (im)perceptibleness
perfect (im)perfectly, (im)perfect, perfectible, perfectionistic (im)perfection, perfectionism, perfectionist,
perfectibility, perfectness
perform performable, performing performance, performer
(im)personally (im)personal; personable, personified, person, persona, personalisation, personality,
personalise, personify, personalised personification, personnel, (impersonation),
(impersonate) (impersonator)
?
hplpasurgbly r pleasurable, pleasureless, pleasureful (dis)pleasure, pleasurableness
please pleasingly B B'-B

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|VEM___________ ADVERB 1ADJECTIVE/PARTICIPLE

I NOUN
Word Formation
popularise, populate popularly, (un)popular, populous (unjpopuiarity, popularisation, pop,
populously population, populousness, populace,
populist
portray portrayed portrait, portraiture, portrayal, portrayer
(em)power powerfully, powerful, powerless, power, powered, power, powerfulness, powerlessness,
powerlessly empowered powerboat, powerhouse precedence,
precede preceding, (unjprecedented __ precedent, precedency (im)precision,
(im)precisely (im)precise, precision preciseness press, pressure,
press, pressurise, pressingly pressing, pressed, pressured, pressurisation, (de)compressor,
(de)compress, pressurised, compressed, compressible compress, compression
pressure _____
prevail prevailingly, prevailing, prevalent prevalence
prevalently
privatise_____________private!)/_____________private_________________________________privacy, privatisation, private _
(re)produce (un)productively (un)productive, counter-productive, (re)production, (by)product, productivity,
_ reproductive produce, producer prohibit prohibitively
_________________________prohibitive, prohibitory prohibitor, prohibition, prohibitiveness,
prohibitionist prosper ___________________________ prosperously _ prosperous _ _ prosperity
psych (e) psychically psychiatric, psychological, psychedelic, psychology, psychologist, psychoanalyst,
psychoanalytic(al) etc, psychic psychoanalysis, psychic, psyche
publicise publicly public publication, publicity, publicist, public,
publican, pub pursue______-__pursuingly
____________pursuable, pursuant____________pursuit, pursuer_________________________________________________
(in)put ______________________________ _____ input, putter
quirkily quirky, quirkish quirk, quirkiness
realise_____ realising, realisable realisation, realisability
recruit recruiting_______________________________recruitment, recruiter, recruit_______________
(dis)regard regardlessly regardable, regardful, regardless (dis)regard, regardfulness,
_ ____________________ __ ____ _ ______________ regardlessness
(deregulate, (ir)regularly (ir)regular, regulatory, regulating, (irregularity, regulator, regulation,
regularise_________________Ậ-_____________regulative, deregulated____________________regularisation _____________
relate relatively (un)related, relative relation, relationship, relative,
______________________ correlation, relatedness, relativity

relent relentlessly relentless, (un)rẹlenting relentlessness

rely^ ____________ reliably reliant, (un)reliable reliance, (un)reliability, (un)reliableness
(mis)represent (un)representative, representational, representative, representation (s),
________________________________________representable____________________________representionalism, representativeness_______
reside_____-___________________________(non) residential resident______________________resident, residence, residency
_______________:______sanely (in)sane______________________(in)sanity, saneness __________________________
_______________scientifically scientific______________________science, scientist_____________________________
scrutinise scrutinisingly (in)scrutable, scrutinising scrutiny, scrutineer, scrutiniser

secure___________ (in)securely___________ (in)secure, securable (in)security, secureness, securer

see, (foresee) (unforeseeably) seeable, (un)foreseeable, unforeseen, seer, (fore)sight, sightseeing, sightseer,
sightlessly foresighted, foresightful,foresightless, sighting, seeing, sightlessness
.________________________________________sighted, sightless, sightly____________________________________________________
signify___________ (in)significantly.__________(in)significant___________________________(in)significance________________.____
silence silently_______________silent, silenced________________ silence, silencer, silentness_________________
solve (in)solvent, (un)solvable, unsolved solution, solvent, solvability, solvency,

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Word Form a
EL pu specific, specified, specifiable specification, specifics, specificity spread,
specify specifically widespread, spreading, spread spreader, spreading, spreadsheet success,
V spread
spreadingly (un)successful, succeeding, successor, succession, successiveness
succeed
(un)successfully, successive, jinjsufficiency
successively (under)taking, takings, overtaking
suffice
(over/under)take (ifijsuff iciently (in)sufficient taking, undertakable technology, technologist, technocrat teller,
telltale
tendency
— —Ỵ technologically technological theatre, theatricalism, theatricality,
tell untold, telling, tellable, telltale theatricalness, theatricals, theatrics torrent,toi
tend rentiality
theatricalise theatrically theatrical transmission, transmissibility, transmitter,
transmittance, transmissiveness
ppp- :—r—c- — “1? torrentially tor

; transmit transmissiyely transmissible, fransmiftable, trauma, traumatism, traumatisation,

transmissional, transmissive traumatology
(proto)type, typing, typist variety, varience,
I traumatise traumaticaily traumatic, traumatological variant, variation, variable, variability,
variegation, variableness
; iproiojtypicai void, voidance, voiding, voidness
variously, : various, varied, (in)variable, Washing, washer, washout,
(in)variably (un)varying, variegated p
whatnot, whatsit
wpidplllllllfl (de)void, voidable midwife, midwifery, wife, housewife, ;; wifehood/
ỄkẩshỉiỀíỀiỀ "£:,'£p awash awash, washable p wifeliness ' .p. .,y\p
work, worker, homework, hbusewprk, working, workaholic, workaholism, workability/works, workers, workout, workload, workplace
|||j3^i|íỆỆ|i®Ệ^Ệ|ỆắwbỆị(sỆ)pỵerỆi||||S|fi|ỆjB-hc/Ị/--«o«ọbbọbầktSỄ||Ệ|||M| : ; cJ/p,p..j£ worth, worthlessness, worthiness,
wifely, wifeless, wifelike Worthy

(over)work workaholic, workless, overworked,

,• workable, working

worthily, worthlessly worthwhile, worthy, worthless

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■■ Phrasal Verbs Appendix

up: (1) divide sth (In a way .<
barge in (on): rudely interrupt bottle- up: avoid expressing that the speaker disapproves
(sb doing) an activity: or revealing strong emotions of): After the war, the came across: find/meet sb/sth
When they started their or feelings: I'm not surprised victorious nations carved up unexpectedly: While I was
meeting, they locked the door the disputed territories cleaning my grandmother’s
that she became ill after
so that no one could barge in without any regard for their room, I came across some
bottling up so
on them. inhabitants. family photographs and diaries
. much rage. I had never seen before.
beaver away: work hard at Ỉ injure sb badly using a
bottom out: stabilise at a knife: The man threatened to come Into: inherit: I came into
sth: No wonder he got good
certain level after decreasing: carve up the party-goers with a fortune when a distant cousin
results; he had a team of
experts beavering away at / thought that the stock his hunting knife. crashed his company aeroplane
the preparations for weeks. market crash had bottomed into a mountainside.
out last month, but after cast around for: look for, try to
beef up: strengthen or remaining stable for a week find: The committee looked come off: (lị take place
improve sth: The football silly when they were left successfully (as planned):
share values started to fall
club decided to beef up the casting around for a way to Although the actors had
again.
team with a couple of world justify their illogical decision.thoroughly rehearsed their
class players. bounce back: return to the performance, it didn’t quite
cave in: nj collapse (in on
previous level of success, come off as planned.
bind over: place sb under a itself): The archaeologists
enthusiasm, health, etc., m end up in a particular
legal obligation (to behave in exploring the underground
especially after sth. bad position in some form of
a certain way) for a certain chamber were worried that It
happens: He is crushed by the
time, under threat of might cave in on them. V) give contest: Harry had no intention
failure of his business of coming off second best in
punishment: / wasn't up an argument or abandon a
venture, but he’ll soon his debate with Deborah.
imprisoned after the fight decision: If you exert enough
bounce back. PJ stop taking a particular drug
outside the nightclub, but a pressure, William is bound to
ịudge bound me over to keep bow out: cease to take part in cave in and agree to your or medication: It took Hannah
the peace for the rest of my sth: Since Joe was a tough conditions. several days to come off the
stay on the island. boxer, I was surprised that he ừanquilíísers.
chew over: give careful and come off it! (expression): I
bowed out so graciously
bieat on about: keep lengthy consideration to sth: don’t believe youl/That can’t be
when he was disqualified
complaining about sth in an After putting our proposal to right!
from the fight.
annoying way: If your salary Mel, we gave him the weekend
is too low, why don't you look bowl overt surprise sb to chew it over. come on PI (come along):
for another job instead of (pleasantly): The security develop/make progress: Her
clamp down (on): act (with Greek Is coming on/afong
bleating on to me about it guard who escorted me out of
authority) to stop (sb doing) an nicely now that she’s started
every time I see you? the building looked a real
thug, so I was bowled over by activity: The council has reading Greek newspapers on a
blot out prevent sth from his gentle manner and tactful started clamping down on stall regular basis.
being seen or thought about, behaviour. holders at the street market |2> start functioning
either by putting sth in front who don’t give receipts. (machinery/appliance): I've set
of it or by not thinking about branch out: start an activity
clock up: reach or achieve a the heating to come on half an
it: The old soldier turned to that is different from your
certain number or total: The hour before you get back from
drink in a desperate attempt normal ones: I’m a bit
film star is still in his early work.
to blot out his battlefield worried about my dentist;
from the way she was talking forties and he’s already clocked w come on (expression): Hurry
memories. up/Please agree to do this/l
to me, she seems to have up five divorces.
bog down: stop sth branched out into don’t believe you!
cteg up: block or become
progressing, or have your psychoanalysis. blocked: The drains have been come upon: find/meet sb/sth
progress held up: The clogged up with, leftovers since unexpectedly: Guess what!
discussion failed to progress butter up: try to please sb in
order to get their support: Mark started preparing the When I was going out the back
in any meaningful way, as family's meals. gate I came upon a family of
they became bogged down in When George realised his
limitations and wanted help campers pitching their tent
trivial details. close in: approach and surround outside my garden. cop out
with his project, he started sb/sth: Some gang members are
boil down to: be caused by a taking his colleagues out to avoid doing sth you are
thinking of surrendering to the
particular thing: Their dinner in an attempt to butter expected to do: Gerald took us
authorities now that the
marital problems boil down them up. all by surprise. Who would
security forces are closing in
to a lack of respect for each have thought that he'd use such
buy off: pay sb or use some on them.
other. a pathetic excuse to cop out of
other form of bribery in order club together: pool running in the marathon?
bone up on: inform yourself to get their support or
about a subject, or revise your agreement: Some MPs were resources/join others in giving w
knowledge of it: It was money, etc, towards sth: When cough up: pay a certain amount
against the proposed Maisie announced her of money (usually unwillingly):
obvious from the way she legislation for ethical reasons The bride’s father had a fit
spoke that she had spent the retirement, her colleagues
previous night boning up on
and refused to be bought off clubbed together to send her on when he heard he was expected
with bribes or promises of a round-the-world cruise. to cough up for the party.
the subject. ministerial positions. carve

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Phrasal Verbs Appemffx 11

cover up: hide the truth: The threatened to do the old man in managed to eke out their petrol up the silk shirts I had ordered,
accountants tried to cover up if he didn’t give them his until the end of the petrol strike the shopkeeper fobbed her off
their illegal activities with money. by giving each other lifts to with nylon equivalents.
pages of meaningless figures. work. get in: 01 succeed in being
dredge up: (1Ị remember sth
I was annoyed with Tim for
learnt in the distant past: If you fall away: (1Ị break off: As the elected: I doubt Mortimer will
breaking the window, but I got ancient statues toppled over in
asked me about my primary get back in at the next election
angrier when I learnt that the earthquake, their fragile
school education, I could after the contempt he has
Tracy had lied to cover up for
dredge up some of the poetry I limbs fell away. shown for the voters.
him. (2) (of land) go down abruptly (2) find time for sb/sth even
had to recite, butmot much
cream off: (1) take the best else. in a steep slope from a though you are busy: No matter
people from a group for special (2 J remind sb of sth particular point: Beyond the how many business meetings
treatment: Whenever our embarrassing, upsetting, etc: To base of the watchtower, the he has, Clive always seems to
people get sent to headquarters my embarrassment, my parents rocky ground fell away sharply get a round of golf in every
for a training session, continue to dredge up my to the wooded valley below. afternoon.
management there always childhood mistakes in front of (3) decrease (in size, amount, (3Ị finally succeed in saying sth
cream off our best personnel my wife’s family. degree, etc): There will bean especially when sb else is
for their own office. upsurge in demand for the new talking a lot: I wanted to warn
(2) take a large portion of a drum Up: make an effort to toy due to its novelty factor, but her that her plan was a bad
sum of money to use for your obtain or encourage the I’m sure this will soon start to idea, but she wouldn't let me
own purposes: Although the appearance/availability of sth: fall away. get a word in.
money was collected for the Roger was at his most (4Ị arrive (train, plane, etc):
orphanage, a lot of it was charming as part of his all-out fell to: (1Ị be the duty of a The afternoon train didn't get
effort to drum up support for particular person: Why does it
creamed off by the trustees for always fall to me to make in until just before midnight
their personal use. the project.
excuses for our son’s bad get on to: (Ì) start speaking
cry out for: be in great need of: dry up: nJ lose all water or behaviour? (21 Start doing sth about a particular topic: It
This is a new industry that is moisture: Last summer was so straight away: The moment she didn’t take long for her to get
crying out for skilled hot that the lake dried up left after criticising them, they on to the subject of divorce.
technicians. completely, for the first time in fell to arguing about whose (2| make a point of contacting
living memory. (21 become fault it had been. figure on: sb to state or ask sth: Once I’ve
cut oft (1Ị use scissors, a knife exhausted/used up (referring to expect sth to happen/include
or other sharp tool/implement decided what we need, I’ll get
a supply of sth): Jane used to on to the suppliers and
to remove a part of sth: My the possibility of sth happening
be able to rely on her former organise it.
parents thought I was fussy, employers for any temporary in your plans/calculations: I
cutting the fat off die meat. work she needed but, since she arranged a night out with all
(2) separate sb/sth from was rude to them, that source my friends, but I hadn’t figured
whatever they are (normally) of employment has dried up. on being ordered to stay in by
with: Two of the volunteers got w become stuck for words my parents.
cut off from the rest of the while speaking: Neil talks such flare up: burst into (larger)
search and rescue party by the nonsense that if you insist, on flames: / threw a teaspoonful bf
thick fog, but they were able to him explaining what he means petrol on the smouldering
establish radio contact. in plain English, he will barbecue and the fire flared
die down: become calmer or eventually dry up completely. up.
less noisy/agitated: The eat Into: (ÌỊ use resources (that (2Ị start or become more
speaker stood silently with his you need for sth else): The violent (trouble, conflict, etc):
arms raised, waiting for the couple were trying to save for It started as a peaceful
uproar that his comment had their old age, but new taxes demonstration, but then
caused to die down. kept eating into their savings. fighting flared up.
(ỈỊ cause damage (especially (3 J become more painful or
dig around: try to find sth by through a gradual process): The severe (an illness/pain) : Rick
searching all over for it: By basement flooded, and now had taken something to deaden
digging around in the rust is eating into all the iron the pain, but halfway through
company’s archives he tools abandoned there. the exam his toothache flared
eventually found details of his up again.
great grandparents ’ egg on: make an effort to
involvement in the business. encourage sb to do sth which fob off: Ọ} make excuses to put
they would be unwise to do: an end to sb’s questioning:
dish out: give He’s such a show-off that he Every time I ask her for the
(food/supplies/criticism/punish will readily act the fool without money she owes me, she fobs
ment, etc) to sb/a number of the need for anyone to egg him me off with excuses. I’ll never
people: You can’t expect me to on. get it back!
dish out these drugs to anyone;
you’ll have to show me a eke out use a supply of sth very (21 get sb to accept sth
doctor’s prescription. carefully so that it lasts longer different or sth of lower quality
than it otherwise would: than what they want: When I
do in: kill (sb): The robbers Mandy and her colleagues sent my young daughter to pick

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Phrasaf Verbs Apperrcfo

get up: (ÌỊ get out of bed after sleeping, or cause sb to do so: / I nervousness/lack of confidence): Lauren hung back until we
gef up at half past six every morning. I assured her that we would appreciate her opinion; then she
(Ỉ) stand up: He was sitting in his favourite armchair, but took
got up to greet the visitors when they arrived. I part In the discussion more willingly. hang out: 0) place clothes
* (3) organise people in a group for a specific purpose: The on a line: A few years ago I couldn't hang out the washing
sheriff got up a search party as soon as she heard about because I was too short to reach the clothes line. P) spend
the missing children. time/stay in a particular place or with certain people: Mark has
(41 increase the amount of a quality that you need: It took started hanging out with a rather strange bunch of people who
me ages to get up the nerve to confess that I was the like to hang out at the race track.
culprit.
(5) rise/increase in strength (wind, etc): Luckily, the wind hear out: listen to everything sb has to say without interrupting:
If you’d only heard her out, you’d understand why she did it.
didn’t get up until I got home.
(61 dress/decorate yourself in a particular way: I would hem in: surround sth/sb: Our most innovative employees left
never have dared get myself up in such outrageous because they were feeling hemmed in by the bureaucratic
clothing, even for a fancy-dress party. regulations.
go about: (1) approach/tackle a task/difficulty: I don’t hive off: sell off or otherwise separate a small part of a business,
know how we should go about telling her that her etc, and transfer it to a different owner: They only hived off
boyfriend has a serious criminal record. those parts of the company because the government’s
(2) continue work, etc, in the usual way: I was just going Department of Trade forced them to abandon some of their
about my business, paying no attention to what was monopoly.
happening around me, when the uproar started.
(3) behave in a certain way: Harold doesn’t usually go home in (on): (Ì) go straight towards something: Modern
about telling other people what to do. missiles can home in on their targets very easily.
(2Ị concentrate on/devote your attention to sth: Even if you don’t
go along With: (1Ị agree with/be in favour of an idea, explain your problem very clearly, Frances is usually able to
proposal, etc: I don't often agree with Sally, but that's a home in on the essential point very easily.
sensible suggestion she’s made, and I'll certainly go along
with It. jack in: cease doing a job/activity (that bores/annoys you): He
(2) accept/obey a rule, decision, etc: It’s ironic that it was would have loved to jack in his job, but he knew he would never
Jennifer who originally proposed the new recruitment find another.
policy, but now refuses to go along with it. keep on about: mention sth continually (and boringly):
go on at: keep criticising/pressurising sb: / wish you’d all I can't stand speaking to Irene; she will keep on about her
stop going on at me to give up being a vegetarian. boyfriend’s behaviour.

go over: look at/discuss sth very carefully: He went over kick off: (1Ị start (a game, discussion, etc): They kicked off the
the terms of the contract with his lawyer before agreeing to meeting/The meeting kicked off with an argument about what
sign it. had been said at the previous meeting.
(2) remove sb from land/property: They made the mistake of
* go under: (1Ị sink: The ferry went under after hitting the kicking US off the farm without getting a court order.
rocks,
t but all the passengers and crew were saved. knock together/knock up: make sth quickly (and often rather
I (2) cease to be able to function/exist (business, enterprise, etc) : carelessly): I needn’t have worried when I saw the storm clouds;
The firm eventually went under as a result of having too many Fred and Sue were able to knock together a decent enough
ibad debtors. shelter in half an hour.

go without: deprive yourself or be deprived of sth (and ladle out: give large amounts of sth to other people: Though my
manage i despite this): l ean go without sleep if I have to, but it uncle is always only too glad to ladle out advice to anyone who
tends to put me in a bad mood. will listen, it is usually fatal to follow any of it.

j grow into: (1) become big enough to wear clothes that lay up: oblige sb to stay in bed as a result of illness: She's been
J were, initially, too big to fit you- When my elder brother left laid up with a bad back for most of this week.
; home, my mother kept his unwanted clothes, in the hope that I I let in: allow sth to pass in or through a hole, opening, etc: / wish
would grow into them. there was such a thing as a window that could let in fresh air
: (2) become used to and confident in a new situation: When while blocking out street noise.
'. they first gave her a position of responsibility, they appreciated
that it would take her a while to grow into it. level off: stop an upward or downward course, development or
progress: Inflation began climbing steeply before levelling off at
grow on: gradually begin to be liked or appreciated by sb: 25%.
At first he didn't like classical music, but it soon began to
grow on him. move over: (1Ị adjust your position to make space for sb else: If
r .......................... ......................................... you move over a little, there'll be room on the bench for another
I hand on: pass sth to sb after using/seeing it yourself (espe- two people.
I daily sb who replaces you): This information is for your eyes (2) give up a job or post in order to let sb else take it: After
I only, but if something should happen to you, it will be handed chairing the committee for fifty years, I was only too glad to
on Ĩ. to whoever takes over your responsibilities. move over and let someone else take the responsibility.
i hang back: be hesitant about doing sth (usually due to muck in: willingly join others in doing sth: It didn't take long to

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clear up after the party because some of the guests mucked in

before going home.
muck up: make a mess/failure of sth: Everything was going
smoothly until Arthur interfered and mucked it all up.

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 lOMoARcPSD|49998268

mull over: give lengthy consideration to sth: I’d been hoping to sb else: My aunt passed on most of the family heirlooms
to have time to mull it over, but they wanted an immediate to me because her own daughter would have sold them to
decision. pay for her expensive lifestyle, [also pass on
news/information to sb] {2) move on: Let’s pass on to the
Jiall down: (1J attach sth in place with nails: You should have
used a padlock to lock the box instead of nailing down the next item on the agenda.
lid. (3 ị pass away/die: It was only when she got back from her
(2) get a firm answer out of sb or manage to get exact details holiday that she learnt that her cousin had passed on the
of sth: It didn't take them long to nail down the exact nature previous week.
of the secret ingredient. pass up: fail to exploit or take advantage of sth: It’s not like him
(3ị reach agreement on the details of a deal: It took the nego- to pass up such an opportunity; why didn't he go when he was
tiators all week to nail down the final terms of the given the chance?
settlement.
patch up: (I) bring a quarrel to an end: You and your brother
nod off: (begin to) fall asleep: No one heard what the Prime should patch up your differences.
Minister wanted to say because by the time he got to the (2) mend: If you don’t patch up those holes in the wall, your
point, everyone had nodded off. tenants will take you to court.
notch up: achieve a certain record or score: By the time he (3) apply bandages to a wound or give other similar medical
turned professional the golfer had notched up a record treatment: Your friend won’t need to stay in hospital. He can go
number of amateur trophies. home as soon as the nurse has patched him up a bit.
(4) manage to reach agreement after arguments or difficult
open up: 0) make sth become more readily accessible: On- negotiations: The ambassadors patched up a compromise, as
line university courses will open up educational they didn’t want their countries to go to war over a relatively
opportunities for working adults. minor conflict of interests.
(2) develop/allow sth to develop: The recent legislation has
opened up new possibilities for bold entrepreneurs. pep up: do sth to boost sb’s/sth’s strength/appeal/interest: This
(3) become more willing to express personal feelings: year we are adding various international elements to the festival
Joanna began to open up when she realised that everyone to pep it up and attract more people.
present had endured similar experiences. perk up: (1) (make sth/sb) become more cheerful/energetic:
pack into: manage to fill a certain time/place/object with a Great! Good news like that is just the thing to perk me up.
lot of activities, things, etc: It was amazing how many topics (2) increase: It’s no coincidence that business perked up after
they managed to pack into such a short meeting. staff had been on the customer relations course.
pack up: Ò) put things in a bag/case before leaving a place: peter out: gradually get smaller until nothing is left; come to an
He started begging her not to go when he realised she was end: When people slowly began to realise how much better the
packing up. new system really was, complaints about it petered out.
(2) stop working properly (machinery, or organs in the pick at: eat only a small amount of a meal without any enthu-
body): He stopped drinking alcohol because he was afraid siasm: It’s not like Melanie to pick at her food; she must be ill.
his liver would pack up.
pitch in: take part in a group activity in a helpful way. Everyone
palm off (with): (1) make sb accept sth of low quality pitched in to clear up the mess, so it was done quickly.
instead of sth better: They would never have dared palm off
such tough, stringy meat on my grandmother. play off against: carefully encourage people to compete with
(2) make sb accept sth/sb that is not their responsibility: Ms each other so that you can secretly benefit: The children
Smith thought she was palming off a difficult child on me, shamelessly played their two grandmothers off against each
but I was glad of Greg's company, because he is a delight if other in order to get them both to give them lots of treats and
you understand him. presents.
(3) give or tell sb sth in order to make them leave or stop piay up: 01 be badly behaved (often on purpose): We had to
making demands of you: They tried to palm me off with leave the party because our children were playing up so much.
some vague promises, but I made them pay me in full before (2Ị make an effort to make sth seem important: The politicians
I left. played up the advantages of their transport policy, ignoring the
pass by: (1) go near or past somewhere else on your way to drawbacks.
a place: You must have passed by your cousin's new house (3) cause problems or pain by not functioning properly: We'll
on your way here from the station, without even realising it. have to go up by the stairs; the lift has been playing up again.
(2) not stop for you to take advantage of it or enjoy it: She plug away: make continuous efforts to achieve sth difficult:
didn’t even realise that life was passing her by until she had Although Mary’s proposal met with complete disapproval at
her ,«• midlife crisis. first, she kept plugging away until the board members could all
pass off: happen/take place: The formal part of the evening appreciate its worth.
passed off without incident, so then I felt relaxed enough to pul! into: move your vehicle off the road to another place and
enjoy the rest. stop: I pulled into the first available parking space at the side of
pass off as: pretend sb/sth is sb/sth else: Derek was in seri- the road.
ous,trouble because he had passed himself off as a high pull off: succeed in doing sth very difficult: A group of circus
ranking diplomat to get the last seat on the plane to New acrobats has just pulled off the most daring bank robbery in
York. pass on: (1) give sth including views and information

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LI ^rasai Verbs Append

puli out: (1) move your vehicle away from the side of the road, make profits, money, etc, far too easily: Roger has been raking
etc: The driver behind me pulled out and overtook me on a It in since he started lending money at high interest rates. rattle
bend! off: say/do sth quickly and with little effort: When asked to name
(2) leave a place: Troops began to pull out of the war zone as any organisations that are improving our world, Paul was able
ýSOon as a ceasefire had been announced. to rattle off the names of twenty without hesitation.
|3) stop taking part in sth: One of the biggest companies pulled
out of the dam construction project when they read, in the rattle through: say/do sth quickly (in order to get finished): We
environmental impact report, about the disasters it would cause. found out later that our professor had been rattling through the
lecture in order to catch her train.
pull through: fl) (help sb) handle a crisis successfully: All the
staff had to work closely together to pull the company through read into: find a meaning in sth that may not actually have been
its crisis. meant: Whether or not you choose to read such a meaning into
P) recover from a serious illness: Helen’s fever was so bad that my actions, I hadn't intended any disrespect.
there were times when the nurse was convinced that she wouldn't reel off: repeat a lot of information from memory, quickly and
pull through, but eventually she did. easily: When I met my old primary teacher, she was able to reel
puii together: (1) work in co-operation with others to achieve a off the names of every child in my class immediately.
shared goal: Our family always pulls together to get through the ride out: experience a crisis or difficulty without suffering lasting
household chores as quickly and efficiently as possible. harm: Having anticipated and planned for the economic crisis,
(2) make sth more successful by careful organisation: It would we were able to ride it out.
take an organisational genius to puirthis department together.
(3) take positive action to control your emotions or deal with rip into: speak very critically to sb (about sth): When they had
your problems: It’s no good just telling her to pull herself had their say, Peter really ripped into them, exposing the
together; she needs both psychological and practical support. stupidity of their argument.

puli up: (1) make sb/yourself abruptly stop what you/they are roll up: (1) turn fabric or material over itself a number of times,
doing: I was about to light the bonfire when a cry from behind it to shorten it: Everyone was eager to roll up their sleeves and
pulled me up short. start working.
(2) stop a vehicle (either referring to the driver or the vehicle) : (2) arrive/appear somewhere: I was just wondering if the others
The limousine pulled up at a checkpoint, and the guard on duty would ever get to the station on time, when they rolled up as if
saluted smartly. they had all the time in the world.
(3) move (a chair) closer to sb/sth and sit down: Pull up a stool root around/about: searching for sth, picking up, moving and
and listen carefully. turning things over: I found Tom in the garden shed, rooting
(4) improve sb’s skills/efforts: He’ll just have, to pull himself around for some bulbs under all the tools.
up; nobody here can sort out his life for him.
(51 criticise: It’s not the first time she’s pulled me up in front of root for: support.sb, express your support for sb: Can there have
the others for my outspokenness. been any parent at the sports day not rooting for their own child
and hoping they would win?
push in: rudely go in front of another person who is waiting root out: 0) identify and deal with a cause of trouble, problems,
(inline): While I was standing in the queue at the post office, at etc: Medical scientists are working round the clock in an effort
least ten people pushed in in front of me, as if it were the most to root out the cause of this dangerous epidemic.
natural thing in the world. (2i find sb, to make them face justice, responsibility, etc: It
push off: leave/go away: He could have asked US to leave in a shouldn’t take the investigator long to root out the trouble
more polite way than simply telling US to push off. makers and deal with them.
put by: save sth (often money) for later: After cutting the pie, he rope in: persuade sb to join in helping others do sth: They roped
put by a couple of slices for the following day's meal. in every adult they could find, to help organise the street party.
put together: (lị construct sth from its different parts: He round off (with): do sth to end sth in a suitable way: They
confidently took the engine apart, but was unable to put it back rounded off the concert with a final song, which all the singers
together again. sang together.
(2) choose people and make a particular group of them: The
professor’s task was to put together a panel of experts that round on: suddenly start to attack or criticise sb: The fire chief
would examine the problem from alt angles. angrily rounded on those reporters who had criticised the fire
(3) think out and produce a new plan, agreement, etc: Barbara fighters’ efforts and pointedly told them how wrong they were.
spent the summer putting together a recovery plan for the rub along: co-operate or co-exist without any serious dis-
failing business, and it seems to be working. agreements: I've had some pretty serious disagreements with
put up for: make sth/sb available for a particular purpose: As colleagues, but my new partner and I seem to be rubbing along
soon as I was born, my parents put me up for adoption because quite happily.
they didn’t know how to cope with my physical disabilities. rub off: transfer to one person from another as a result of lengthy
put up to: encourage sb to do sth (usually sth that is not contact between the two: Fortunately, some of my boss’s charm
advisable): Nora would never have thought of making such and patience rubbed off on me over the years, so I gradually
unreasonable demands; Sam must have put her up to it. rabbit became a better person.
'i
on: keep talking about sth that bores your listener: Sarah was
rule out: (1Ị decide that sth is inappropriate: With such
going out with a stockbroker but ended the relationship very
unfavourable opinion polls, the Prime Minister is bound to rule
quickly because he kept rabbiting on about share prices. rake in:
out an early election.

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Phrasal Verbs Appendix 11

(2Ị prevent sth taking place or being permitted: He had been complaint.
planning a career in politics, but his criminal record ruled that
sign over: formally transfer the ownership of property to sb:
out.
When Jack Tate retired, he signed over the hotel to Kate, the
rustle up: (11 make sth available/obtain sth very quickly: The only member of the family who was interested in running it.
gangster always seemed to be able to rustle up witnesses to sign up: officially join an organisation or employ sb: He signed
speak in his favour, without any difficulty. up as a manager for the multinational company and then
(2Ị prepare and provide a meal, etc, at very short notice: He’s the persuaded them to sign up his sister as well.
only man I know who can rustle up a complete candle-lit dinner
while his wife is having a shower. single out: choose sb/sth for special treatment/attention: When
all the boys are misbehaving, why does the teacher always
scrape by: just manage to survive on the money you have: The single Graham out for punishment?
elderly couple were able to scrape by until they were forced to
buy firewood instead of collecting it in the nearby forest. Sink in: be properly understood or realised: It took a while for
the message to sink in, but he eventually understood it.
see to: do sth that needs to be done: If you see to the paperwork,
I’ll handle the public relations side of the deal. size up: consider sb/sth carefully to make a decision about them:
The team leader was so experienced that it didn’t take her long
send away for: write to place an order for sth to be sent to you: If to size up each of the new members and give them the most
you have a good enough mail order catalogue, you can send suitable role or task.
away for almost any goods you may want.
skim off: take the best part of sth (for yourself): The head
send for: send a message to sb requesting them to come: When teacher skimmed off the best new pupils for her own class.
she saw how ill her child was, she sent for the doctor.
slack(en) off: become less intense/active: When most of the job
send off: 0) post a parcel, letter, etc: He had several copies of the had been done, we slackened off and worked more slowly.
photograph printed, and sent them off to all his relatives. Business was slacking off, but.picked up again after our
(2| order a player/competitor to leave the pitch, field, court, etc: advertising campaign. /
The game had hardly started when the former tennis champion
was sent off for swearing at the umpire. sound out: make the effort tp find out sb’s opinions or intentions:
I only wanted a job as a nurse; why were they sounding out my
send out: (lị post/send letters, etc (usually in bulk to many political views at the interview?
different people): Melinda sent out 250 invitations to her party
spin out: cause sth to take up more time than it normally would:
last week.
Fred didn’t want to take responsibility for the'reforms, so he
(2) produce heat, light, signals, etc, from a central position: This
spun out the process until his summer holiday started.
instrument always sends out signals on the same wavelength.
step in: get involved in sth because you think you can find
set against: (1) cause sb to argue with or dislike sb else: The solutions or help: / think you should leave married couples to
controversy has set environmental activist against sort out their problems themselves, instead of stepping in
environmental activist. whenever they argue.
(2) thinkabout one thing in relation to another: If you set the
benefits of the scheme against the costs, you will realise its stick at: continue doing sth despite its difficulty: Although
potential value. Charles is quite bright, he didn’t have the patience to stick at his
maths course, and eventually gave up.
set back: (1) tcause sth/sb to be delayed: The research team's
funding was cut, and this set-their project back indefinitely. stick out: (1) go/be beyond a certain edge/point or the usual
(2) cost: My new car set me back over €15,000. edge/point: He is self-conscious about his nose, which sticks out
set forth: (1 jBxpiain the details of sth in a clear, logical way rather a lot.
(either in speech or writing): Kromski set forth his arguments in (2) hold sth out from yourself: Mike stuck his hand out,
an article that his editor agreed to publish. expecting the president to shake it.
(2) start a journey (formal): They waited for the sun to rise (3) be so unusual as to be easily noticed: After having his hair
before setting forth on their journey. dyed green, Humphrey stuck out wherever he was.
(4) not give up when sth is difficult: Despite the physical
set upon: attack: The security guard was set upon by three hardships facing trainees on the astronaut course, Amanda
armed robbers while he was delivering the money to the bank. stuck it out until the end.
shake up: cause major changes to take place (in a system, stick out for: continue to demand sth and not accept any less:
organisation, etc): Our new boss has a reputation for being They offered to refund half my money at first, but I stuck out for
innovative, so she should really shake up this conservative the full amount and eventually got it.
office.
stick together: continue to support each other: People with the
shell out: pay a large sum of money: I'm fed up with shelling out same problem should stick together until the problem has been
every time you want new shoes; buy them yourself if you want solved.
them.
shore up: provide support for sth to strengthen it: We’ve
employed a public relations expert to shore up the company's
falling popularity among shoppers.
shrug off: treat sth as unimportant: He learnt to shrug off the
aches and pains a long time ago, and endures his illness without

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Fr P'hrasaJ Verbs Appendix

stop by: (while going somewhere else) visit sb for a short time: think out: give a lot of thought to all the details of sth: You can’t
Now that my aunt is ill, I stop by to see her on my way home say we didn’t think things out before taking our decision; we've
from work most days. covered every possibility.
stop off: have a break somewhere while on a journey to think over: give careful thought to sth before making your
* somewhere else: On his way to America, the Russian diplomat decision: If you don’t mind, I’d like to think it over and give you
stopped off for a day in Ireland. my answer tomorrow.
strike back: on being treated badly by sb, treat them in a similar think through: give careful thought to sth, particularly with
way: When the critic wrote a bad review of a play I acted in, I regard to what may happen as a result of it: If you had thought
struck back by having a very unfavourable write-up of his latest the matter through, you would have realised that your plan
novel published in the paper. wouldn't succeed.
strike out 0) make an effort to be independent and do your own thrash out: discuss every aspect of sth in detail, with a view to
thing: His parents expected him to join the family business, but reaching agreement or making a decision: / know you don't
he struck out and set up his own company. approve of what I did, but I don't mind thrashing out our
(ij attack sb or show sudden anger towards them: Nancy didn't differences to reach some sort of understanding.
really care who she struck out at; she just wanted to show her
rage. tick over: operate or work at a steady, but not particularly
(31 start a journey towards a particular place: Rachel didn’t tell productive, rate: I won’t promise to make you a huge profit, but I
her parents that she intended to leave home and strike out for can keep your business ticking over for a month while you
the big city. attend to your family responsibilities.
strike up: (1Ị start playing music, singing: The orchestra would tie down: restrict sb: It was difficult to tie her down to a date for
never dare strike up before the conductor gave them the signal. a meeting as she always out of the country on business.
(2) begin some form of relationship or contact: Lawrence always tie up: (1| cause sb to be busy: He’s too tied up with
found it difficult to strike up a conversation with strangers. international diplomacy to sort out his personal life.
string along: make sb believe that you are in agreement so that (2) keep sth from being available for use: All my weekends are
you gain time before you achieve what you really want: tied up for the next month, so I can't make any promises.
Stephanie thought I wanted to be friends with her, so I strung tone down: reduce the forcefulness, brightness or strength of sth:
her along until she revealed the information I wanted. The chief executive was furious about what had happened, but
tail off: gradually become smaller or have less impact, volume, she toned down her comments for the official press release.
etc: Her chatter tailed off and finally stopped as she became less toy with: (1) consider sth, but not very seriously: She occa-
and less certain of herself. sionally toyed with the idea of becoming self-employed, but she
take off: (1> start flying, leave the ground: I'm surprised the remained with the company.
plane managed to take off with such a heavy load on board. (21 play with an object or move it about while thinking about sth
(2) have increased success or popularity: Her career in fashion else: Bill toyed with his glasses while he made the phone call.
design only really took off when she broke some of the unwritten
trifle with: treat sth/sb without care or respect: Derek learnt the
rules of the business.
hard way that he should behave better towards Denise and not
(3) leave suddenly: I'm not surprised that George took off like
that when word spread of what he had been doing. trifle with her feelings.
(4) remove: If you take off your socks, I'll mend the holes in turn in: (1Ị give sth to sb who is expecting it or from whom you
them. have borrowed it: You need to turn in your old banknotes before
(5) imitate sb to make fun of them: I couldn’t help laughing you can be issued with new ones.
when Christina took off her pompous brother in such a true-to- (2) deliver a suspect to the police or to other officials: When the
life way. ship's officers caught the smugglers on board, they turned them
take over: (1) obtain control of sth: The army is threatening to in to the port police.
take over too country. (3) go to bed: Make sure the TV is switched off before you turn
(2) do sth.when sb else stops doing it (especially in a position of in for the night.
responsibility): Don’t try to drive all the way by yourself; I'll turn over to: change the way sth is used or the purpose for
take over when you’re feeling sleepy. which it is used: The factory owner’s children closed the bomb
talk over: have a full, detailed discussion about sth: I'm sure you production section and turned it over to surgical aids
wouldn’t find the problem so stressful if you would only talk it production.
over with someone. vouch for: speak on behalf of sb/sth, giving a guarantee for
talk up: make sth sound better in some way than it first seemed: them: / can vouch for the success of the experiment; I was pres-
His proposal is actually quite sensible, but if he doesn't talk it ent when the professor carried it out. wait up: stay up instead of
up I don't think people will agree to it. going to bed, because you expect sb to come that you want to
see: There'll be no point waiting up, because I won’t be home
tap into: gain access to a resource or supply: The Internet tonight.
provides a rich source of information to tap into. tear off:
remove sth (clothes, sheets of paper, etc) roughly or violently: walk away with: obtain/win sth without great effort: The
Penny tore a sheet of paper off the pad and passed it to me. favourite thought he could walk away with the first prize, but the
competition was tough, and he only came third.
tear up: remove/destroy sth, bring sth to an end: The new
walk in on: enter a place where sb is doing sth that they would
president tore up the peace treaty and declared war again.

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Phrasal Verbs Appends

be embarrassed to be found doing: When we went to the
marriage guidance counsellor we accidentally walked in on her
having a fight with her husband.
walk off with: take sth without the owner’s permission: She
doesn’t do it on purpose, but my boss is always walking off with
my cigarette lighter.
walk over: treat sb with no respect: If you don’t show any
strength of character or make your views known, people will
walk all over you.
ward off: take action to keep sth harmful away from you or stop
it affecting you: My parents have started taking vitamin pills in
an attempt to ward off the ravages of old age.
wash clown: follow food with a drink to help it be swallowed
and digested: Sol has taken to washing every meal down with a
bottle of mineral water.
waste away: lose weight/strength due to illness or stress: It didn't
take long for the old mán to waste away after his wife and
children were killed in a car crash.
wear down: (make sth) become smoother or smaller by rubbing
or scraping: A beaver would have to do more than scrape the
bark off a few trees for its teeth to wear down.
(2) constantly talk to or annoy sb, to make them lose their
strength or determinatioti: His children hope to get more pocket
money by wearing him down with constant demands.
whip up: (1) do sth to cause/be the cause of strong reactions or
emotions in other people: Harvey deliberately spread false
rumours to whip up intense jealousy among his colleagues. (2)
prepare a meal, etc, very quickly: Surely you can’t seriously
expect me to whip up a five-course meal in one and a half
hours? (3J cause sand, waves, etc, to rise up or fly about: The
wind was so strong it whipped up the fallen snow and made it
seem like another snow fall.
wind ciown: (Ì) turn a handle to make sth go down: You can
wind down the car windows now; it's stopped raining.
(2) do less and less work, etc (usually before closing a business
or stopping work altogether): Ecologists were glad to see that
the factory had started winding down its operations.
(3) relax after being active or dealing with sth stressful: After a
competitive game of volleyball, I like to wind down in a
luxurious bath.
wrap up: (1) get dressed in warm clothes: Wrap up well; there’s
an icy cold wind out there.
(2} successfully complete a task or reach an agreement: The
politicians from the two countries hope to wrap up a deal before
the holiday period starts.
write off: (1) decide that sth won’t succeed: We may as well
write off her proposals; they would cost far too much.
(2) decide that sb is no longer important or useful: They thought
they could write off their competitor when he ran out of money,
but his workers have agreed to work for nothing until the
company recovers.
(3) declare that a vehicle is too damaged to be repaired: / don’t
believe any lorry could fall 500 metres off a mountain road and
not be written off.
(4| decide that a debt is never going to be paid back to you: We
wrote off that debt over thirty years ago, so we were surprised
when the debtor won the lottery and paid it back with interest.

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Collocations Append^
COLLOCATIONS
adverb + adjective clinch increase
acutely aware blissfully clinch an argument marked increase significant increase
unaware/happy deadly serious a clinch a bargain clinch a intimate
deathly shade of... distantly related deal clinch a title clinch a intimate atmosphere intimate
distinctly different eternally grateful victory conversation intimate details
highly successful hopelessly close intimate friends intimate knowledge
devoted immensely popular close quarters intimate setting
progressively worse scrupulously close shave life
honest supremely confident vitally close-knit community a fact of life
important woefully inadequate close-knit family a walk of life larger than life way of
arouse common life ... "
arouse interest common knowledge living
arouse suspicion arouse sympathy conduct cost of living do sth for a living earn
assert
conduct an experiment a living standard of living living
assert (your) authority . assert conduct a meeting conduct proof living wage
(your) independence assert (your) negotiations conduct an lone
rights assert your orchestra conduct one's
position/innocence/etc assert lone figure
affairs conduct oneself lone parent
yourself
effect lone wolf
beat knock-on effect profound major
beat about the bush effect side-effect major factor
beat eggs undesirable effect visible measure
beat an opponent beat the rap beat a effect emergency measure
record beat sb to sth beat a team fall generous measure precautionary
beat the traffic fall asleep measure special measure temporary
body language fall ill measure
furrowed brow clench your fall prey to
teeth/fist cross/fold your arms eye fall silent
contact hand in hand nodfjypur fall victim to the birth rate
head put your hands on ypur hips falls darkness falls the
put your head in your hands roll government falls prices fall
your eyes shake your head shrug silence falls soldiers fall the
your shoulders stare blankly temperature falls false
calculated false alarm
calculated risk false eyelashes false hope
catch false impression false
catch (a) cold move false name false
catch fire passport false pretences
catch sb redhanded catch sb's false step false teeth
attention catch sight of catch your happy
death happy coincidence
high happy medium
high standard heavy
heavy burden
ideas heavy responsibility
conceive a notion/an idea get the
impression/idea get a notion have a
vague impression/ notion/idea be
under the impression have a
(sneaking) suspicion be under
suspicion regard with suspicion
have/hold/express/air an
. opinion/view to be of the
view/opinion take a dim view of
with a view to doing haven't the
faintest/foggiest/ slightest
idea/notion

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Collocations Appendix

memory only only child slight

memory lapse memory loss perform slight advantage
commit to memory fade from perform slight change
memory in living memory perform a ceremony feat slight damage
jog your memory recent perform a miracle error slight
slight slight headache
memory refresh your perform a play/concert slight improvement
memory trigger a memory. . perform a service sole problem
menial perform a
menial chores menial job perform an experiment an
menial task(s) menial work petty petty operation sole charge sole
mind petty petty proprietor sole
be in two minds about be on cash
petty petty survivor
my mind boggle the mind crime/theft
petty petty sound
call to mind ' change my petty details sound grasp
mind cross my mind have sth dissension standing
power
on your mind make up my grievances army
jealousy standing standing
mind slip my mind speak my invitation
standing standing
rules joke
mind standing
squabbles ovation
minor startling
minor alterations minor room
startling
change minor injuries minor power cut power dressing startling startling
matter minor modification practise achievement
subject
minor objection minor practise an art practise result
offence minor operation revelation
law/medicine/dentistry practise
minor part/role minor repairs practise practise practise
near self-restraint the
prospect daunting exciting immediate subject matter
near miss piano, etc what you
prospect little/no prospect
preach your French, trivial
‘of’ collocations dereliction of etc detailtrivial
trivial trivial
record
duty difference of opinion dispute
trivial trivial trivial
evasion, of responsibility beat the/my, etc record daunting matter
lapse of, memory matter of prospect break a record go/be on/off
prospect objections
importance offer of help price record have aprospect
good/bad record hold a offence
of failure right of way slip of record put something on record single problem
the tongue term of single single single single single
uncanny
endearment waste of time single
uncanny ability
vote of confidence uncanny feeling
uncanny resemblance
win
win acclaim
win approval
win an argument
win a battle
win hands down
bed market men and
win the right to do sth
women parent room
win a seat
ticket
win sb over
win a victory
workplace
plum job professional jargon
relegate to the rank/status of

Phrases
in decline on the ... a decrease in ... ...
decline fall/go into on the decrease ... an
decline a reduction increase in .. ... on the
in ... increase
... a rise in ...
a drop in ...
... on the rise

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Collocations Appendix

Part 1 Part 2 Part 4

1 A B c D 19 A B c D 34 A B c D
I-----1
I
2 4 ■< c D 20 £ B c D 35 A B c D
Bizi Bi- icS ■■I
3 A B q D 21 A B c D 36 A B c D
4 A JB c £ 22 A £ £ £ 37 B £ IH
SỆ

5 A B c D 23 A B c D 38 A B c H
D
6 A, ẳ c D A B c D 39 A B c D
Pgs
7 A B c D 25 A B c D 40 A B c D
8 A B c D 26 W'sg.. c Ợ
CT
9 A B c D
10 A B c D
11 A B c D
12 fA JB £ p
27 A B c D E F G H
13 A B c D
II

28 IB c ế E F G SE
14 A B £ D - TH
29 Ổ B c D E F G
15 À £ D 1-----1 1------1 t-------) i------1

30 AI—I B c D E F
p;sr~1®s G
S/C7~3;SS H"
16 A — £ lê
31 AC~1 B c
r~—i l~—1 D
CZZZl E 1—1 F m G
r~~i r—1 H
17 A B £ D
32 Ar~~i B c D
I'CS'I': E F G H
18 B £ D
33 A B c D E F G H

Photocopiable page

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NOTES

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