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113 學年度第 1 學期國立中興大學期初考試試卷

科目(Subject) 微積分(一)(1226) / Calculus(I)
學系(Department) ___________________________ 年級(Year)__班別(Class)__
學號(Student ID) __________________ 姓名(Name)

Multiple Answer Questions(複選題)

To get all points for each question, you must select ALL correct choices and NONE of incorrect choices. If you miss a

correct choice or taking an incorrect choice, then you will lose 50% of the full points. For all other cases you will get zero

points.

I. ______ (10 points) Which of the following is wrong?

lim 𝑓(𝑥) doesn’t exist.

(A) If 𝑓(𝑐) is not defined, then 𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 .
(B) If 0 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 4 , then 𝑥→0

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 ∈ ℝ , then lim |𝑓(𝑥)| = 𝑏 .

(C) If 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 ∈ ℝ and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑀 ∈ ℝ , then 𝐿 = 𝑀 .

(D) If 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑥⁄𝑥 = lim 1 = 1 exists.

Ans. (A) Consider 𝑥⁄𝑥 is not defined at 𝑥 = 0 , but 𝑥→0 𝑥→0

lim 0 = 0 = lim 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 4 , we have lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 by the squeeze theorem.

(B) Since 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0

lim −1 = −1 ≠ 1 = lim |−1|

(C) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 ∈ ℝ and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑀 ∈ ℝ , we could pick 𝛿𝐿 > 0 and 𝛿𝑀 >
(D) Given arbitrary 𝜀 > 0 , since 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

0 such that

if 0 < |𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝛿𝐿 , then |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝐿| < 2𝜀 (1)

and if 0 < |𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝛿𝑀 , then |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑀| < 2𝜀 . (2)

Pick 𝛿 = min{𝛿𝐿 , 𝛿𝑀 } . Assume 0 < |𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝛿 . We have

(1)
0 < |𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝛿 = min{𝛿𝐿 , 𝛿𝑀 } < 𝛿𝐿 ⇒ |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝐿| < 2𝜀 (3)

(2)
and 0 < |𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝛿 = min{𝛿𝐿 , 𝛿𝑀 } < 𝛿𝑀 ⇒ |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑀| < 2𝜀 . (4)

第(1)頁
 評 分 評 閱 者
113 學年度第 1 學期國立中興大學期初考試試卷
科目(Subject) 微積分(一)(1226) / Calculus(I)
學系(Department) ___________________________ 年級(Year)__班別(Class)__
學號(Student ID) __________________ 姓名(Name)
(3) and (4)
𝜀
Therefore, |𝐿 − 𝑀| ≤ |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝐿| + |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑀| < 2
+ 2𝜀 = 𝜀 , and 𝐿 = 𝑀 .

From the Online Test System 1-3.

Single Answer Questions (單選題)

Select only ONE correct choice from a list of four choices.

3 4 3𝑥
lim √2𝑎 𝑥−𝑥3 −𝑎2√𝑎
II. ______ (10 points) Given 𝑎 > 1 , find 𝑥→𝑎 𝑎− √𝑎𝑥

(A) 34𝑎(2 + 𝑎)

(B) (√𝑎 + 1)𝑎

16
(C) 9
𝑎

(D) None of the above.

3 3 4 3
lim 𝑎 − √𝑎𝑥 2 = 0 > 𝑎2 − 𝑎3 = lim √2𝑎3 𝑥 − 𝑥 4 − 𝑎√𝑎3 𝑥 , the limit lim √2𝑎 𝑥−𝑥3 −𝑎2√𝑎 𝑥 doesn’t exist.
Ans. Since 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑎− √𝑎𝑥

From Assignment0928 - Section 1-6

III. ______ (10 points) Consider 𝑓 defined according to the graph. What is 𝑓(−1) ?

(A) 1

(B) 2

(C) 3

(D) None of the above

第(2)頁
 評 分 評 閱 者
113 學年度第 1 學期國立中興大學期初考試試卷
科目(Subject) 微積分(一)(1226) / Calculus(I)
學系(Department) ___________________________ 年級(Year)__班別(Class)__
學號(Student ID) __________________ 姓名(Name)

Ans. From the Online Test System 1-1.

IV. ______ (10 points) What is the solution of the inequality |𝑥 − 𝑐| < 𝑡 , where 𝑡 < 0 ?

(A) −𝑡 − 2𝑐 < 𝑥 < 𝑡 + 2𝑐

(B) −𝑡 − 𝑐 < 𝑥 < 𝑡 + 𝑐

(C) −𝑡 + 𝑐 < 𝑥 < 𝑡 + 𝑐

(D) None of the above

Ans. Since it is impossible to have 0 ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑐| < 𝑡 < 0 , the answer is (D) None of the above.

From Assignment0924 - Section 1-7

V. ______ (10 points) If ⌊𝑥⌋ is the floor function, the greatest integer smaller or equal to 𝑥, where is 𝑥⌊𝑥⌋

discontinuous with the domain [−2,3] ?

(A) −1 , 1 , 2 , 3

(B) −1 , 0 , 1 , 2

(C) −2 , −1 , 1 , 2 , 3

(D) −1 , 1 , 2

第(3)頁
 評 分 評 閱 者
113 學年度第 1 學期國立中興大學期初考試試卷
科目(Subject) 微積分(一)(1226) / Calculus(I)
學系(Department) ___________________________ 年級(Year)__班別(Class)__
學號(Student ID) __________________ 姓名(Name)

lim− 𝑥⌊𝑥⌋ = lim− 𝑥 ⋅ 2 = 6 ≠ 9 = 3⌊3⌋ , 𝑥⌊𝑥⌋ is

Ans. Since 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

not continuous at 3 . Other points could be easily seen

by the graph.

From the Online Test System 1-3.

Non-Choice Questions (非選擇題)

VI. The table shows the position of a motorcyclist after 𝑡 (seconds) 0 1 2 3 4

accelerating from the rest. 𝑠 (meters) 0 1 6 14 24

(A) (6 points) Find the average velocity for [2,3] , [3,4] , and

[2,4] , respectively.

(B) (4 points) Estimate the instantaneous velocity when 𝑡 = 3 .

m−6 m
Ans. (A) (6 points) [2,3]: 143 s−2 s
= 8 m⁄s , [3,4]: 244ms−14
−3 s
m
= 10 m⁄s , and [2,4]: 244 ms−2
−6 m
s
= 182 sm = 9 m⁄s .

(4 points) 𝑣2 = 14−1
2
= 13
2
, 𝑣3 = 9 , 𝑣4 = 35−14
2
= 21
2
… etc.

(2 points) 14
2
= 7 , 24
3
= 8 , 24
2
= 12

m⁄s+10 m⁄s
(B) (4 points) 8 2
= 9 m⁄s .

(3.5 points) One minor mistake. For example, 10+8

2
= 16
2
= 8 m⁄s .

′
(3 points) Not finish. 𝑠 (3) = ℎ→3
lim 𝑠(ℎ)−𝑠(3)
ℎ−3
= lim 𝑠(ℎ)−14
ℎ→3 ℎ−3
.

′
(2.5 points) Not finish with one minor mistake. 𝑓 (3) = ℎ→0
lim 𝑓(3+ℎ)−𝑓(3)
ℎ
= lim 𝑓(3+ℎ)−9
ℎ→0 ℎ .

(2 points) Range too far away. 0~2s: 62 = 3 m⁄s ; 0~4s: 24

4
= 6 m⁄s ; (3+6)
2
= 92 = 4.5 m⁄s .

第(4)頁
 評 分 評 閱 者
113 學年度第 1 學期國立中興大學期初考試試卷
科目(Subject) 微積分(一)(1226) / Calculus(I)
學系(Department) ___________________________ 年級(Year)__班別(Class)__
學號(Student ID) __________________ 姓名(Name)

(1.5 points) 𝑣 = 𝑠(ℎ)−0

3−1.2
= 14−0
1.8
≈ 7.778 m⁄s

(1 points) Just give an answer with correct unit. A: 8.9 m⁄s

(0.5 points) Just give an answer with correct unit. When 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑠 = 14 A: 14 meters.

From Textbook §1.4 Exercise 7.

1 − 𝑥 2 , if 𝑥 > 𝑎
VII. (10 points) Find all values of 𝑎 that make 𝑓(𝑥) = { √1 − 𝑥, if 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 continuous everywhere.

Ans. (10 points) Since 1 − 𝑎2 and √1 − 𝑎 are both continuous on their domains, all we need to find is the

solution of √1 − 𝑎 = 1 − 𝑎2 . Then, 1 − 𝑎 = (1 − 𝑎2 )2 = (1 − 𝑎)(1 + 𝑎)(1 − 𝑎2 ) which implies either 𝑎 =

1 , or 1 = (1 + 𝑎)(1 − 𝑎2 ) = 1 + 𝑎 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎3 ⇒ 0 = 𝑎 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎3 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑎 − 𝑎2 ) . This implies either

2 −1−√5
2
𝑎 = 0 , or 0 = 𝑎2 + 𝑎 − 1 = (𝑎 + 12) − 54 ⇒ 𝑎 = −12 ± √5 . However, √1 − ( 2
) > 0 > 1 − (−1−√5
2
) =
2

−√1 − (−1−√5
2
) implies 𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous when 𝑎 = −1−√5 . Therefore, all values of 𝑎 that makes 𝑓(𝑥)
2

−1+√5
continuous are 0 , 2
, and 1 .

(9 points) 寫有一個不合但寫錯不合的解

−1±√5
(8 points) 0 , 2
, and 1

(7 points) Write 1 − 𝑎 = (1 − 𝑎2 )2 but only find 0 and 1

(6 points) Find 0 and 1 with some justification.

(5 points) Find 0 , 1 , and −1 .

(4 points) Find 1 with some justification.

(3 points) Find 1 without justification.

第(5)頁
 評 分 評 閱 者
113 學年度第 1 學期國立中興大學期初考試試卷
科目(Subject) 微積分(一)(1226) / Calculus(I)
學系(Department) ___________________________ 年級(Year)__班別(Class)__
學號(Student ID) __________________ 姓名(Name)

(2 points) Find 0 and another wrong number.

(1 points) Find infinitely many solutions.

From Textbook §1.8 Exercise 48.

1 1
(𝑥+ℎ) 2 − 𝑥2
VIII. (10 points) Prove that lim ℎ2 ℎ→0
doesn’t exist.

Ans. (10 points) Proof by contradiction

1 1
−
(𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2
lim
Suppose ℎ→0 ℎ2
= 𝐿 ∈ ℝ . Then,
1
1
−
1 −1 2 2 2 −2𝑥−0
(𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2 (𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2
0 = 0 ⋅ 𝐿 = lim ℎ ⋅ lim ℎ2
= lim ℎ ⋅ ℎ2
= lim 𝑥ℎ(𝑥+ℎ)
−(𝑥+ℎ) −2𝑥ℎ−ℎ −2𝑥−ℎ
2 𝑥2 = lim ℎ(𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2 = lim (𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2 = (𝑥+0)2 𝑥 2
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0

= −2𝑥 −3
1 1
(𝑥+ℎ) 2 −𝑥2
A contradiction since −2𝑥 −3 is never zero! Therefore, lim ℎ2 ℎ→0
doesn’t exist.
1 1 1 1
− −
(𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2 (𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2
(10 points) When 𝑥 < 0 , we have lim ℎ→0+ ℎ2
= ∞ ≠ −∞ = lim
ℎ→0− ℎ2 . When 𝑥 > 0 , we have
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 − 𝑥2 2 − 𝑥2 2 − 𝑥2
lim+ (𝑥+ℎ)ℎ2 = −∞ ≠ ∞ = lim− (𝑥+ℎ)ℎ2 (𝑥+ℎ)
. Therefore, lim ℎ2 doesn’t exist.
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0

(9 points) Write 𝐿 ∈ 𝑅 instead of 𝐿 ∈ ℝ .

1 1 1 1 1 1
2 − 𝑥2 2 − 𝑥2 −
(𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2
lim+ (𝑥+ℎ)ℎ2
(8 points) ℎ→0 = ∞ ≠ −∞ = lim− (𝑥+ℎ)ℎ2 lim
. Therefore, ℎ→0 ℎ2 doesn’t exist.
ℎ→0
1 1 1 1
− −
(𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2 (𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2
(7 points) lim ℎ→0 ℎ2
= ⋯ = ∞ . Therefore, lim
ℎ→0 ℎ2 doesn’t exist.
1 1
(𝑥+ℎ) 2 −𝑥2 −2𝑥−ℎ 2 2
(6 points) lim ℎ2 ℎ→0
= lim ℎ(𝑥+ℎ)
ℎ→0
2 𝑥2 . Since lim ℎ(𝑥 + ℎ) 𝑥 = 0 ≠ −2𝑥 = lim −2𝑥 − ℎ , we know
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
1 1
2 −𝑥2
lim (𝑥+ℎ)ℎ2 doesn’t exist.
ℎ→0
1 1 1 1
− −
(𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2 −2𝑥−ℎ 2 2 (𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2
(5 points) lim ℎ→0 ℎ2
= lim 2 2
ℎ→0 ℎ(𝑥+ℎ) 𝑥
lim ℎ(𝑥 + ℎ) 𝑥 = 0 , we know lim
. Since ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ2 doesn’t exist.
1 1 1 1
(𝑥+ℎ) 2 −𝑥2 −2𝑥−ℎ −2𝑥 (𝑥+ℎ) 2 −𝑥2
(5 points) lim ℎ2 ℎ→0
= lim ℎ(𝑥+ℎ)
ℎ→0
2 𝑥2 = 0 . Therefore, lim ℎ2 ℎ→0
doesn’t exist.

第(6)頁
 評 分 評 閱 者
113 學年度第 1 學期國立中興大學期初考試試卷
科目(Subject) 微積分(一)(1226) / Calculus(I)
學系(Department) ___________________________ 年級(Year)__班別(Class)__
學號(Student ID) __________________ 姓名(Name)
1 1 1 1
− −
(𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2 −2𝑥+ℎ −2𝑥 (𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2
(4 points) limℎ→0 ℎ2
= lim 2 2
ℎ→0 ℎ(𝑥+ℎ) 𝑥
= 0 . Therefore, lim ℎ→0 ℎ2 doesn’t exist.
1 1
2 −𝑥2
(𝑥+ℎ)
(4 points) lim ℎ2 lim −2𝑥+ℎ
2 2 lim = −2𝑥 −3 does not exist.
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 (𝑥+ℎ) 𝑥 ℎ→0
1 1
(𝑥+ℎ) 2 −𝑥2 𝑥 2 (𝑥+ℎ) 2 −2ℎ𝑥−ℎ 2 −2𝑥−ℎ −2𝑥−0 −3
(3 points) lim ℎ2
ℎ→0
= (𝑥+ℎ) 2 𝑥2 − (𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2 = (𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2 ℎ2 = (𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2 = (𝑥+0)2 𝑥2 = −2𝑥 does not exist.
1 1 1 1
− −
(𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2 (𝑥+ℎ)2 𝑥2
(3 points) 令 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
. lim ℎ2
= (lim ) (lim 1
ℎ ℎ
) = lim (ℎ1) 𝑓 ′ (0) ∵ 𝑓 ′ (0) = −2(013 ) 不存在∴
𝑥2 ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0
1 1
2 −𝑥2
lim (𝑥+ℎ)ℎ2 = lim (ℎ1) 𝑓(0)不存在
ℎ→0 ℎ→0

(2 points) Write something worse than (3 points)

(1 point) Write something I could not follow

(0 point) Blank

From Textbook §1.6 Exercise 34.

IX. (10 points) Given 𝜀 > 0, find a 𝛿 > 0 such that

∀𝑥(0 < |𝑥 − 2| < 𝛿 → |(2𝑥 − 1) − 3| < 𝜀) . (5)

Then, explain why Eq. (5) holds.

Ans. (10 points) When 𝛿 = 2𝜀 , we have |(2𝑥 − 1) − 3| = |2𝑥 − 4| = 2|𝑥 − 2| < 2𝛿 = 2 ⋅ 2𝜀 = 𝜀 .

(8 points) 取 𝛿 = 2𝜀 , |(2𝑥 − 1) − 3| → |(2𝑥 − 4)| → |2(𝑥 − 2)| < 2 ⋅ 𝛿 ⇒ |2(𝑥 − 2)| < 2 ⋅ 2𝜀 ⇒< 𝜀 成立

lim(2𝑥 − 1) = 3
(8 points) ∀𝑥(0 < |𝑥 − 2| < 𝛿 → |(2𝑥 − 1) − 3| < 𝜀) 𝑥→2 |(2𝑥 − 1) − 3| < 𝜀 ⇒

|2𝑥 − 4| < 𝜀 ⇒ |𝑥 − 2| < 2𝜀 0 < |𝑥 − 2| < 𝛿 𝛿 = 2𝜀

(8 points) −𝛿 < 𝑥 − 2 < 𝛿 −𝛿 + 2 < 𝑥 < 𝛿 + 2 −𝜀 < 2𝑥 − 4 < 𝜀 −2𝜀 < 𝑥 − 2 < 2𝜀 −2𝜀 +

2 < 𝑥 < 2𝜀 + 2 𝛿 = 2𝜀

第(7)頁
 評 分 評 閱 者
113 學年度第 1 學期國立中興大學期初考試試卷
科目(Subject) 微積分(一)(1226) / Calculus(I)
學系(Department) ___________________________ 年級(Year)__班別(Class)__
學號(Student ID) __________________ 姓名(Name)

(7 points) |(2𝑥 − 1) − 3| < 𝜀 |2𝑥 − 4| < 𝜀 2|𝑥 − 2| < 𝜀 0 < |𝑥 − 2| < 2𝜀 when 𝜀 exist, 𝛿 exist

(7 points) … |(2𝑥 − 1) − 3| < 𝜀 = |2𝑥 − 4| < 𝜀 = |2(𝑥 − 2)| < 𝜀 = |𝑥 − 2| < 2𝜀 so, 𝛿 = 2𝜀 …

(6 points) 0 < 2|𝑥 − 2| < 2𝛿 0 < |2𝑥 − 4| < 2𝛿 0 < |(2𝑥 − 1) − 3| < 2𝛿 = 𝜀

(6 points) 存在 𝜀 > 0, 取 𝛿 = 2𝜀 > 0 |(2𝑥 − 1) − 3| < 𝜀 ⇒ |2𝑥 − 4| < 𝜀 ⇒ 2|𝑥 − 2| < 𝜀 ⇒ |𝑥 − 2| <

𝜀
2
=𝛿

(5 points) 0 < |𝑥 − 2| < 𝛿 𝛿−2<𝑥 <𝛿+2 2𝛿 − 5 < 2𝑥 − 1 < 2𝛿 + 3 2𝛿 − 8 < (2𝑥 − 1) −

3 < 2𝛿 2𝛿 − 4 < [(2𝑥 − 1) − 3] + 4 < 2𝛿 + 4 0 < |[(2𝑥 − 1) − 3] + 4 − 4| < 2𝛿 … ∴ 𝛿 > 2𝜀

(4 points) 由(5)可知 2 − 𝛿 < 𝑥 < 2 + 𝛿――――――①

①代入|(2𝑥 − 1) − 3| < 𝜀可得4 − 2𝛿 − 1 − 3 < 𝜀 < 4 + 2𝛿 − 1 − 3 ⇒ −2𝛿 < 𝜀 < 2𝛿 ⇒ 𝛿 > 2𝜀或𝛿 < −2𝜀

(3 points) let 𝛿 = 2.5 − 2 = 0.5 case 1 𝑥 − 2 < 0.5 𝑥 < 2.5 𝜀 < 1 case 2 2 − 𝑥 < 0.5 𝑥 > 1.5

𝜀 > −1 −1 < 𝜀 < 1 Eq. (5) holds.

(2 points) |(2𝑥 − 1) − 3| < 𝜀 𝛿 = |(2𝑥 − 4)| 0 < 𝑥 − 2| < 𝛿

|(2𝑥 − 4)| < 𝜀 |(2𝑥 − 1) − 3| < 𝜀

(1 point) 0 < |𝑥 − 2| < 𝛿 |(2𝑥 − 1) − 3| < 𝜀

0+2< 𝑥 <𝛿+2 |2𝑥 − 4| < 𝜀 ………

(0 point) Blank

Rule of Inference Tautology Name

𝑝
𝑝→𝑞 (𝑝⋀(𝑝 → 𝑞)) → 𝑞 Modus ponens
∴𝑞
¬𝑞
𝑝→𝑞 (¬𝑞⋀(𝑝 → 𝑞)) → ¬𝑝 Modus tollens
∴¬𝑝

第(8)頁
 評 of even分and評
Definition 閱 者
odd functions
113 學年度第 1 學期國立中興大學期初考試試卷 𝑓 is even ∀𝑥(𝑓(−𝑥)=𝑓(𝑥))
科目(Subject) 微積分(一)(1226) / Calculus(I) ∀𝑥(𝑓(−𝑥)=𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑓 is even
𝑓 is odd ∀𝑥(𝑓(−𝑥)=−𝑓(𝑥))
學系(Department) ___________________________ 年級(Year)__班別(Class)__
∀𝑥(𝑓(−𝑥)=−𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑓 is odd
學號(Student ID) __________________ 姓名(Name)
𝑝→𝑞
𝑞→𝑟 ((𝑝 → 𝑞)⋀(𝑞 → 𝑟)) → (𝑝 → 𝑟) Hypothetical syllogism
X. (10 points) Using the rules of ∴𝑝→𝑟
𝑝⋁𝑞
¬𝑝 ((𝑝 ∨ 𝑞)⋀¬𝑝) → 𝑞 Disjunctive syllogism
∴𝑞
inference to prove: “If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are 𝑝
∴𝑝∨𝑞 𝑝 → (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) Addition
𝑝∧𝑞
∴𝑝
(𝑝⋀𝑞) → 𝑝 Simplification
even, 𝑓 + 𝑔 is always even” with 𝑝
𝑞 ((𝑝)⋀(𝑞)) → (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) Conjunction
∴𝑝∧𝑞
steps and reasons written in two 𝑝∨𝑞
¬𝑝∨𝑟 ((𝑝 ∨ 𝑞)⋀(¬𝑝 ∨ 𝑟)) → (𝑞 ∨ 𝑟) Resolution
∴𝑞∨𝑟

columns.

Ans. (10 points)

Step Reason Rule of Inference Name

∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥)
∴𝑃(𝑐)
Universal instantiation
1. 𝑓 is even ∧ 𝑔 is even Premise 𝑃(𝑐) for an arbitrary 𝑐
Universal generalization
∴∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥)
∃𝑥𝑃(𝑥)
∴𝑃(𝑐) for some element 𝑐
Existential instantiation
2. ∀𝑥[𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)] ∧ ∀𝑥[𝑔(−𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)] Definition of 𝑃(𝑐) for some element 𝑐
∴∃𝑥𝑃(𝑥)
Existential generalization

even from (1)

3. ∀𝑥[𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)] Simplification from (2)

4. ∀𝑥[𝑔(−𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)] Simplification from (2)

5. 𝑓(−𝑐) = 𝑓(𝑐) Universal instantiation from (3)

6. 𝑔(−𝑐) = 𝑔(𝑐) Universal instantiation from (4)

7. 𝑓(−𝑐) + 𝑔(−𝑐) = 𝑓(𝑐) + 𝑔(𝑐) Axioms of Equality from (5) and (6)

8. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(−𝑐) = (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑐) Definition of 𝑓 + 𝑔 from (7)

9. ∀𝑥[(𝑓 + 𝑔)(−𝑥) = (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)] Universal generalization from (8)

10. 𝑓 + 𝑔 is even Definition of even from (9)

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 評 分 評 閱 者
113 學年度第 1 學期國立中興大學期初考試試卷
科目(Subject) 微積分(一)(1226) / Calculus(I)
學系(Department) ___________________________ 年級(Year)__班別(Class)__
學號(Student ID) __________________ 姓名(Name)

−0.5 point: Miss one of the statement or reason

−0.25 point: Make a minor mistake of one of the statement or reason

Notice that the followings are not obvious because we need to check whether the domains of 𝑥 in two terms

of premises are the same, to have a solid proof, we need more than one inference rule and requires

intermediate steps:

∀𝑥[𝑔(−𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)] ∧ ∀𝑥[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] ⇒ ∀𝑥[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) + 𝑔(−𝑥)]

∀𝑥[𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)] ∧ ∀𝑥[𝑔(−𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)] ⇒ ∀𝑥[𝑓(−𝑥) + 𝑔(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]

From Textbook §1.1 Exercise 87.

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