K. J.

Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

Course Name: Computer Operating System (Elective) Semester: VII

Date of
/ / 2024 Batch No: A1
Performance:
Faculty Name: Prof. Nilesh Lakde Roll No: 16010221018
Faculty Sign & Date: Grade/Marks: / 25
Expt
No: 1
Title: Exploring basic Commands of UNIX: Shell, Processes, Files.

Aim and Objective of the Experiment:

● To Explore basic commands for handling File system under Unix/Linux using shell
scripts.(Creating groups, chown , chmod, directory name).

COs to be achieved:
CO 1: Explain the fundamental concepts of operating system
CO5: Explain basic features of Unix and Mobile OS.

Theory:

An operating system (OS) is a resource manager. It takes the form of a set of software routines that
allow users and application programs to access system resources (e.g. the CPU, memory, disks,
modems, printers network cards etc.) in safe efficient and abstract way.

● The operating system kernel is in direct control of the underlying hardware. The kernel
provides low-level device, memory and processor management functions (e.g. dealing with interrupts
from hardware devices, sharing the processor among multiple programs, allocating memory for
programs etc.)
● Basic hardware-independent kernel services are exposed to higher-level programs through a
library of system calls (e.g. services to create a file, begin execution of a program, or open a logical
network connection to another computer).
● Application programs (e.g. word processors, spreadsheets) and system utility
programs (simple but useful application programs that come with the operating system, e.g. programs
which find text inside a group of files) make use of system calls. Applications and system utilities are
launched using a shell (a textual command line interface) or a graphical user interface that provides
direct user interaction.

Computer Operating System Semester: VII Academic Year: 2024-25

Roll No:
 K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

Operating systems can be distinguished from one another by the system calls, system utilities and
user interface they provide, as well as by the resource scheduling policies implemented by the kernel.
UNIX has been a popular OS for more than two decades because of its multi-user, multi-tasking
environment, stability, portability and powerful networking capabilities.
Linux is a free open source UNIX OS for PCs.
Linux has all of the components of a typical OS :

● Kernel

The Linux kernel includes device driver support for a large number of PC hardware devices (graphics
cards, network cards, hard disks etc.), advanced processor and memory management features, and
support for many different types of file systems. In terms of the services that it provides to application
programs and system utilities, the kernel implements most BSD and SYSV system calls, as well as
the system calls described in the POSIX.1 specification.

The kernel (in raw binary form that is loaded directly into memory at system startup time) is typically
found in the file /boot/vmlinuz, while the source files can usually be found in /usr/src/linux.

● Shells and GUIs

Linux supports two forms of command input: through textual command line shells similar to those
found on most UNIX systems (e.g. sh - the Bourne shell, bash – the Bourne again shell and csh - the
C shell) and through graphical interfaces (GUIs) such as the KDE and GNOME window managers.

● System Utilities

Virtually every system utility that you would expect to find on standard implementations of UNIX
has been ported to Linux. This includes commands such as ls, cp, grep, awk, sed, bc, wc, more, and
so on. These system utilities are designed to be powerful tools that do a single task extremely well
(e.g. grep finds text inside files while wc counts the number of words, lines and bytes inside a file).
Users can often solve problems by interconnecting these tools instead of writing a large monolithic
application program.

● Application programs

Linux distributions typically come with several useful application programs as standard. Examples
include the emacs editor, xv (an image viewer), gcc (a C compiler), g++ (a C++ compiler), xfig (a
drawing package), latex (a powerful typesetting language) and soffice (Star Office, which is an
MS-Office style clone that can read and write Word, Excel and PowerPoint files).

Description of Commands and options:

DOS commands: Attrib, dir, chkdsk, shutdown, tree, create a batch file, output and input redirection

Computer Operating System Semester: VII Academic Year: 2024-25

Roll No:
 K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

Windows utilities: msconfig, defragmenter, performance monitor, task manager, registry editor, event
viewer, process explorer.

Unix Commands:

1) Unix file operations: ls, cp, rm , mv, chmod, chown ,chgrp

2) Text file operations in Unix : cat , more , less , head, tail , grep
3) Unix directory management commands : cd, pwd , ln, mkdir, rmdir
4) Unix system status commands: hostname, w, uname ,utime
5) Process management: ps, top, kill, nice
6) Unix users commands: whoami , id, groups, passwd , who, last

Implementation details/Circuit Diagram/ Block Diagram:

Implementation details/Circuit Diagram/ Block Diagram:

>> Create BATCH FILE

Commands used:- copy con

Computer Operating System Semester: VII Academic Year: 2024-25

Roll No:
 K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

>> Created a Folder, added a text file -> added text to it

Computer Operating System Semester: VII Academic Year: 2024-25

Roll No:
 K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

Commands used:- cd, mkdir, echo

Post Lab Subjective/Objective type Questions:

1. Explain how do you read and interpret syntax of any OS command.
2. Explain different functions of the operating systems.
3. Give the difference between DOS and WINDOWS.

Computer Operating System Semester: VII Academic Year: 2024-25

Roll No:
 K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

>>1. Reading and Interpreting Syntax of an OS Command: To read and interpret the syntax of
an OS command, you typically follow these steps:

● Command Name: Identify the base command (e.g., ls, copy, mkdir). This is the primary
instruction that the operating system will execute.
● Options/Flags: These modify the behavior of the command (e.g., -l for detailed listing in
ls). Options often start with a dash or slash and can be combined.
● Arguments/Operands: These specify the targets or data for the command (e.g., file names,
directory paths). They follow the options and define the scope of the command’s action.

For instance, in the command ls -l /home/user, ls is the command, -l is an option for a detailed
view, and /home/user is the argument specifying the directory to list.

>>2. Functions of Operating Systems: Operating systems (OS) manage computer hardware and
software resources and provide various functions, including:

● Process Management: Controls the execution of processes, handling scheduling,

multitasking, and process synchronization.
● Memory Management: Manages physical and virtual memory allocation, ensuring that each
process has adequate memory and that the system remains stable.
● File System Management: Organizes, stores, retrieves, and manipulates files on storage
devices, handling permissions and data access.
● Device Management: Manages input and output devices through device drivers, ensuring
proper communication between hardware and software.
● User Interface: Provides interfaces (command-line or graphical) for user interaction with
the system.
● Security and Access Control: Ensures system security through authentication,
authorization, and auditing of user activities.

>>3. Difference Between DOS and Windows:

● User Interface: DOS (Disk Operating System) is a command-line interface (CLI) system,
requiring users to type commands. Windows provides a graphical user interface (GUI) with
windows, icons, and menus for easier navigation and operation.
● Multitasking: DOS is single-tasking, meaning it can only run one application at a time.
Windows supports multitasking, allowing multiple applications to run simultaneously.
● File System: DOS uses FAT (File Allocation Table) file systems. Windows supports FAT and
more advanced file systems like NTFS (New Technology File System) with features like file
permissions and encryption.
● Networking: DOS has limited networking capabilities, while Windows offers extensive
networking features, including support for various networking protocols and services.

Computer Operating System Semester: VII Academic Year: 2024-25

Roll No:
 K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

● Compatibility and Software Support: Windows has broader software support and
compatibility with modern applications, while DOS is limited to older software and
applications designed for its environment.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, exploring basic UNIX commands reveals the foundational tools essential for effective
system management. Understanding commands related to the shell, processes, and files equips users
with the skills to navigate, manipulate, and manage the UNIX environment efficiently. Mastery of
these commands enhances productivity and provides a solid basis for more advanced operations and
scripting within UNIX systems.

Signature of faculty in-charge with Date:

Computer Operating System Semester: VII Academic Year: 2024-25

Roll No: