CMIT 291 - LINUX

Final Exam: Intro to Linux

1. Which command can be used to print using a specially formatted
string?
a. printf

2. Which port does slapd LDAP daemon listen for connections?

a. 389

3. Which commands examine /etc/passwd to find users that are using

either /bin/bash or /usr/bin/zsh for their shell environment?
a. egrep’/*/..?sh$’/etc/passwd

4. Default number of lines printed by head and tail commands?

a. 10 for both head and tail

5. A file called test.php to determine line count, output from the wc

command is 1418293 test.php. Which of these three digits
corresponds to line count?
a. 14

6. Which is the correct name for JSON?

a. JavaScript Object Notation

7. Which port does slapd LDAP daemon list for connections?

a. 389

8. Which server role should be implemented to speed up web browsing

for local clients?
a. Web proxy

9. You need to locate files within the /tmp directory or one of its
subdirectories. These files should be empty. Assuming you have
super user privileges, which command should you use?
a. find/tmp-empty

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10. Which command can be used to search contents of all files below
your current location for files that contain the characters DB?
a. grep-r”DB”*

11. Which protocol does a mail server use to send email messages to
remote mail servers?
a. SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol)

12. Which of the following are filter commands?

a. Grep, egrep, cut

13. Which statement best describes ls and -la command?

Lrwxrwxrwx.1 root root 35 Jul
2014.fetchmailrc->.configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc
a. It is a file called .fetchmailrc that is linked using a symbolic link

14. Working with a file called test.php to determine line count, the
output from the wc command is 14 18 293 test.php. Which of the 3
digits corresponds to line count?
a. 14

15. Which option is used to change the number of lines of output for
the head and tail commands?
a. -n

16. You need to set a watch on the /var/log/secure file. Using super
user privileges, which command should you employ?
a. tail -f/var/log/secure

17. When performing rsync across devices, you receive errors that file
ownership cannot be preserved, likely due to missing users or groups
on the destination system. Which option should be removed from the
rsync options in order to not preserve user and group ownership?
a. -o

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b. -g

18. Which TCP port needs to be allowed through the firewall for
standard LDAP traffic to be received by the server?
a. 389

19. You need to delete files in a directory as well as any empty

subdirectories. You want to be asked permission before deleting
each file and receive detailed information as the command executes.
Which command and option combination should you use?
a. Rm-ivd directory

20. Assuming you own and operate the domain example.com, the
valid hosts are shown as *.example.com. What does this tell you
about this certificate?
a. It is a wildcard certificate

21. What is the default delimiter used by the cut command?

a. Tab

22. Which option for the wc command prints the number of lines given
as input?
a. -l

23. Which web server has gained popularity as a high-performance

load balancer?
a. nginX

24. Which of the following symbols could be used to redirect

STDOUT?
a. >
b. L
c. >>

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25. Which command is used to query and work with the hardware
clock on the system?
a. Hwclock

26. Which of the following is a required section within a systemd

service unit file?
a. [Service]

27. Which of the following commands provides a command-line

interface into Network Manager?
a. Nmcli

28. Which of the following commands scans the IP address

192.168.1.154 for open ports?
a. nmap 192.168.1.154

29. Which command can be used to obtain extended hardware and

device information, including information about the motherboard?
a. dmidecode

30. Which systemctl command needs to be executed after making a

change to a systemd-related configuration file?
a. systemctl daemon-reload

31. Which command displays Desktop Management interface

information?
a. dmidecode

32. You are troubleshooting a service that does not stop correctly.
During troubleshooting, you find that the command to stop the service
needs to be changed. Which configuration option specifies the
command to execute for stopping a service?
a. ExecStop

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33. Which file contains information on currently mounted filesystems,

including their mount options?
a. /etc/mtab

34. Which command can be used to list all of the detected hardware
within a system?
a. Lshw

35. A device mismatch is reported by pvs. Which command rescans

volume groups after resolving the mismatch?
a. vgscan

36. Which docker command creates a container from an image and

starts that image?
a. run

37. Which of the following terms is used in orchestration and

automation scenarios to refer to the collection of devices being
managed?
a. Inventory

38. Which command is used to remove unused filesystem blocks from

thinly provisioned storage?
a. fstrim

39. According to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), what is the

correct location for add-on application storage software packages?
a. /opt

40. Which of the following commands helps you to determine

information about a given window within an X session, including
information on the window size and its position?
a. xwininfo

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41. Which of the following commands can be used to display the

current disk utilization, including free space?
a. df

42. Which command is used to turn off AppArmor profiles?

a. Aa-disable

43. You have added a new RAID adapter to the system. Which
command can be used to ensure that the adapter was detected by
the kernel?
a. dmesg

44. You are troubleshooting a service not starting on time. Which

network unit target waits until the network is up, such as with the
routable IP address?
a. network-online.target

45. Which option of the systemctl command shows the current target
to which the system will boot?
a. get-default

46. Which test within a shell script while loop will examine one value to
see if it is less than another?
a. -lt

47. You would like to efficiently manage firewall rules such that you
can define a group of IP addresses to which a single rule can be
applied. Which command enables you to create a group of IP
addresses?
a. ipset

48. You need to examine who is currently logged in to the system.

Which of the following commands will display this information?
a. w

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49. Which command is used to load a module and its dependencies

automatically?
a. modprobe

50. When working in a virtual server environment, which column within

iostat output shows the amount (percentage) of time spent in an
involuntary wait scenario due to the hypervisor?
a. steal

51. Which of the following command lines would monitor a single

process called nagios in a continuous manner?
a. top -p’ pidof nagios

52. Which option to lspci is used to display both numeric codes and
device names?
a. -nn

53. Which runlevel is typically used for single user mode, as indicated
in /etc/inittab?
a. 1

54. Which command displays the contents of the PATH variable in

Bash?
a. echo $PATH

55. Which command can be used to view the kernel ring buffer in
order to troubleshoot the boot process?
a. Dmesg

56. When running useradd, which option needs to be specified in

order for the user’s home directory to be created?
a. -m

57. Which git command is used to display a short history of commits

along with the commit ID?

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a. log

58. Which of the following commands changes a file called script.sh,

which is located in your home directory, such that it can be executed
by the owner of the file and no one else?
a. Chmod 700 ~/script.sh

59. Which of the following commands saves the current set of iptables
rules into a file?
a. Iptables-save

60. Which git command is used to display a short history of commits

along with the commit ID?
a. Log

61. Which of the following commands can be used to generate a

private and public key pair for authentication with SSH?
a. ssh-keygen

62. Which command is used to add a group to the system?

a. groupadd

63. Which of the following commands will send the contents of

/etc/passwd to both STDOUTn and a file called passwordfile?
a. cat / etc / passwd | tee passwordfile

64. Which option of the quotacheck command is used to create the

files for the first time?
a. -c

65. When running useradd, which option needs to be specified in

order for the user’s home directory to be created?

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66. You are writing a shell script using Bash and need to print the
contents of the variable. Which of the following commands can be
used to do so?
a. echo

67. You are using a container image for cloud deployment and are
building a stateful application that must store data between
deployments. Which type of storage should be used?
a. Persistent volume

68. Which configuration option within a systemd timer unit the files
causes the program to execute a certain number of seconds or
minutes after the system has booted?
a. OnBootSec

69. Which file test within a Bash script checks to see if the file exists?
a. -f

70. Which command is used to obtain a list of USB devices?

a. Lusb

71. Which background process runs to maintain the list of snap

packages available on an Ubuntu system?
a. snapd

72. On which port does the slapd LDAP daemon listen for
connections?
a. 389

73. Which of the following commands adds a default gateway of

192.168.1.1 for interface eth0?
a. route add gateway gw 192.168.1.1. eth0

74. Within which directory will you find the repositories used by yum?
a. /etc/yum.repos.d

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75. Which of the following describes a primary difference between

traceroute and tracepath?
a. The tracepath command provides the MTU for each hop,
whereas the traceroute command does not.

76. A piece of software on client machines that listens for connections

and executes commands on behalf of the server in an orchestration is
commonly known as which of the following?
a. Agent

77. During the boot of a system with GRUB, which key can be pressed
to display the GRUB menu?
a. Shift

78. Which of the following is the correct method for invoking the Bash
shell for a script, typically found as the first line of the server?
a. #!/bin/bash

79. The SAMN has crashed again, and one of the filesystems in a
Linux server has become significantly corrupt as a result. Which
command can be used to attempt to examine the contents of the
drive without causing more damage?
a. debugfs-c

80. You are using the vi editor to change a file, and you need to exit.
You receive a notice indicating “No write since last change”.
Assuming you want to save your work, which of the following
commands will save your work and exit vi?
a. :wq

81. When you’re using systemctl to kill a process, what is the default
signal sent to a process?
a. SIGTERM

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82. When working with a network configuration, which of the following

terms refers to a computer with two network interfaces?
a. Dual-homed

83. Which option changes the amount of time that grub waits before
booting into the operating system?
a. timeout

84. Which signal number corresponds to SIGKILL?

a. 9

85. You suspect there is high CPU utilization on the system and need
to further troubleshoot. Which command can be used to obtain the
information required for troubleshooting this issue?
a. uptime

86. You need to redirect both STDERR and STDOUT to a file. Which
of the following character sequences accomplishes this task?
a. 2&>1

87. Which of the following packages orchestration for Linux in an

agentless manner?
a. Ansible

88. When troubleshooting a connectivity issue, you have found that

you can reach a server via the Web but cannot ping it and suspect
that there are dropped packets. Which of the following best
describes a possible cause for this scenario?
a. ICMP traffic has been blocked

89. Which command is used with systemd in order to list the available
service units?
a. systemctl list-unit

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90. When using the dm-crypt command, which type of encryption is

used by default?
a. LUKS

91. Which of the following commands can be used to display the

network information about TCP connections on a Linux system?
a. netstat -t

92. Which of the following best describes the relationship between

pods and container with Kubernetes?
a. Pods can contain multiple container

93. Which YUM option displays the dependencies for the package
specified?
a. deplist

94. You need to enable the web server (running as the www-data user
and group) to write into a directory called /home/webfiles. Which
command/commands will accomplish this task in the most secure
manner?
a. Chgrp www-data /home/webfiles; chmod 775 /home/webfiles

95. You are working with a MySQL database and need to read in
several SQL commands from a file and send them into the MySQL
CLI for execution. You will be using STDIN redirection for this.
Which of the following commands is correct, assuming a filename of
customers.sql?
a. Mysql < customers.sql

96. Which of the following commands can be used to find zombie

processes?
a. ps | grep Z

97. Which option on a filesystem will enable user-level quotas?

a. usrquota

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98. Which command shows the background processes related to the

current shell?
a. jobs

99. Which option of the useradd command sets the number of days
between password expiration and when the account is disabled?
a. -f

100. You need to look at the information on logins beyond what was
captured by the current log file for the last command. Which option of
the last command can be used to load information from an alternate
file?
a. -f

101. Which option of the ioping command sets the number of requests
to send?
a. -c

102. Configuration of udev devices is done by working with files in

which directory?
a. /etc/udev

103. Which docker command sends an image to the Docker Hub

registry or to a local registry?
a. push

104. Which command will search for a package named zsh on a Debian
system?
a. apt-cache search zsh

105. Which systemd target can be used as an alternative to rescue

mode when recovery is not possible in rescue mode?
a. emergency

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106. Which option of the journalctl command displays the output in

reverse, with the newest entries first?
a. -r

107. Which command can be used to display information about current

file attributes?
a. lsattr
108. Which command can be used to change the size of a logical
volume when using Logical Volume Manager?
a. lvresize

109. Which command can be used to search the contents of all files
below your current location for files that contain the characters DB?
a. grep -r “DB” *

110. You need to obtain a directory listing of all files and directories
except those that begin with the letter p. Which of the following
commands accomplishes this task?
a. ls -I [^p]*

111. Which command can be used to convert lowercase letters to

uppercase letters across an entire file?
a. tr

112. What type of hypervisor is the Oracle VirtualBox application?

a. Type II

113. Which option is used to change the number of lines of output for
the head and tail commands?
a. -n

114. Which type of module interface for PAM is used to set a policy
such as the time-of-day that a user can log in?
a. account

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115. Which of the following best describes an overlay network when

used with technology such as Kudernetes?
a. An overlay network is a virtual network used for communication
between containers.

116. Which of the following commands initializes a physical disk

partition for use with LVM?
a. pvcreate

117. What time intervals are represented by the three numbers in the
load-average output obtained with the uptime command?
a. 1, 5, and 15

118. Which git command is used to retrieve a repository from a remote

server?
a. clone

119. Which of the following describes a primary difference between

traceroute and tracepath?
a. The tracepath command provides the MTU for each hop,
whereas the traceroute command does not.

120. The SAN has crashed again, and one of the filesystems in a Linux
server has become significantly corrupt as a result. Which command
can be used to attempt to examine the contents of the drive without
causing more damage?
a. debugfs -c

121. Which command will output a new GRUB configuration file and
send the output to the correct location for booting?
a. update-grub

122. You need to increase the performance of process ID 4382 by

changing its priority. Which of the following commands will
accomplish this task?

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a. renice -5 -p 4382

123. Which git command shows the current state of the working copy of
a repository?
a. git status

124. Which statement can be used in a Bash script if variable $num1 is

greater than $num2, assuming both variables contain integers?
a. If [ “$num1” gt “$num2” ]

125. Which command is used to change the SELinux type of a file?

a. chcon

126. Which of the following commands will search each user’s

.bash_history file to determine if the user has invoked the sudo
command?
a. find /home -name “.bash_history” | xargs grep sudo

127. Which of the following is true of Linux swap space?

a. Swap is used as additional memory when there is insufficient
RAM.

128. The default format for an OVF template uses which document
standard?
a. XML

129. You need to run the ./myscript.sh script with a nondefault priority
setting. Which of the following commands will accomplish this task?
a. nice -n 10 ./myscript.sh

130. Which of the following options within an OpenSSH server

configuration is used to determine whether the root user can log in
directly with an SSH client?
a. PermitRootLogin

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131. Within the [Timer] section of a systemd timer file, which

configuration directive is used to specify the process or service to
start?
a. Unit=

132. Which of the following best describes the result of the command
cat/etc/passwd | cut-d:-f1 > users.txt?
a. The first field will be extracted from the passwd file and placed
into a file called users.txt.

133. Which command can be used to trigger the kernel to update the
partition table?
a. partprobe

134. When using Kerberos authentication, which of the following

commands shows the ticket cache?
a. klist

135. Which docker command displays detailed information about a

container?
a. inspect

136. You want to add the NFS service to the public zone in firewalld.
Which command will accomplish this?
a. sudo firewall-cmd -- add-service=nfs --zone=public

137. When sourcing a file in bash, which chmod command would be

necessary to provide the minimum privileges in order for the file to be
sourced correctly, assuming that your current user owns the file?
a. chmod 400

138. You have added a swap disk to a Linux server and have executed
mkswap. However, on examination of the output from the free

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command, you see that the swap space is not being used. Which
command do you need to execute?
a. swapon

139. Which command displays network usage in a top-like interface?

a. iftop

140. Which of the following commands displays a listing of the users

logged in to the server along with the date and time that they logged
in?
a. who

141. Which of the following commands creates a logical volume with

LVM?
a. lvcreate

142. A developer is reporting that their webpage called index.html

cannot be viewed on the web. While re-creating the issue, you
receive the error “Forbidden” in a web browser and you notice that
the file’s permission appear as -rw-- - - - on the server. Using this
information, which of the following describes the problem and its
solution and, if applicable, the command to correct this issue?
a. The file’s permissions do not allow the file to be read and the
chmod 644 command will correct the issue.

143. Which locale-related variable is used for currency-related

localization?
a. LC_MONETARY

144. Which file contains a list of keys that will be accepted for
authentication for a given user?
a. ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

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145. You would like to run several commands in succession but not
have the output sent into the next command. Which of the following
metacharacters will accomplish this task?
a. ; (semicolon)

146. Which option within /etc/login.defs is used to configure the

maximum number of days until a password change is required?
a. PASS_MAX_DAYS

147. Working with a file called test.php to determine line count, the
output from the wc command is 14 18 293 test.php. Which one of the
three digits corresponds to line count?
a. 14

148. You need to change the startup arguments for a service managed
by systemd. Which line within the unit file is used for this purpose?
a. ExecStart

149. Which option of the useradd command creates a system user

rather than a normal user?
a. -r

150. Which PAM module can be used to lock accounts after failed login
attempts?
a. Pam_tally2

151. Which file contain information about the filesystems to mount them
and their partitions within the system?
a. /etc/fstab

152. Which of the following commands provides an overview of the

current memory usage along with swap space and its current
utilization?
a. free

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153. Within which directory will you find files related to the time zone for
various regions?
a. /usr/share/zoneinfo

154. Assuming that /var/log/journal exists, which type of storage is used

when the Storage= option is set to auto within journald.conf?
a. persistent

155. Which option to renice will increase the priority for all processes by
the apache user?
a. renice -1 -u apache

156. Which of the following commands is used to display the currently

loaded modules on a running system?
a. lsmod

157. Which of the following commands can be used to print the

contents of the current shell environment?
a. printenv

158. Which command can be used to listen for netlink messages on a

network?
a. ip monitor

159. Which option for the wc command prints the number of lines
given as input?
a. -l

160. Which utility can be used to find SELinux context violations?

a. ausearch

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