LAB NO 1

CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER TO
AMMETER
A galvanometer can detect only small currents. Thus, to measure large currents it is
converted into an ammeter. It can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a low
resistance called shunt resistance in parallel to the galvanometer.

A galvanometer is used to detect feeble electric current.

AIM:
To convert a western galvanometer into ammeter.

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Galvanometer ,cell, rheostat , ammeter of desired range , resistance wire , key, screw guage.

Theory:
For the conversion of the galvanometer into the ammeter, shunt resistance is required. Following is
the formula:
G=Ig*G/I-Ig
Where I is the range of conversion

Ig: maximum current passes through galvanometer for full scale deflection

I: range of ammeter

G:galvanometer resistance

Ig=CsN

N:total no of division

Cs:current sensitivity or figure of merit

PROCEDURE:

 The total number of divisions on either side of the galvanometer scale should be equal and
denoted by n.
  Current Ig must be calculated for the full-scale deflection using Ig = nk.
 The shunt resistance value is calculated using the formula

S=Ig*G/I-Ig
The shunt resistance S has a small value such that the range is not available in the resistance box. To
obtain the value of this small resistance, wires of copper, manganin , etc are used with suitable
diameter and length.

 Let the length of the wire be 2 cm more than the calculated value of I such that there is 1 cm
extra available at each end. Mark points on each end of the wire and connects it to the two
terminals of the galvanometer. The wire should be such that the points are on the outside of
the terminal screws. A galvanometer with the shunt wire will now work as an ammeter with
the range I.
 The electrical connections must be the same as in the circuit diagram.
 To observe maximum and minimum deflection in the galvanometer, insert the key and
adjust the rheostat.
 Note the readings from the galvanometer scale and the corresponding ammeter reading.
 Record the observations.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION:
The resistance of the galvanometer, G =

The figure of merit, k =

Number of divisions in the galvanometer scale, n =

Current for full-scale deflection, Ig = nk

Range of conversion, I =

Stunt resistance=

S=Ig*G/I-Ig
 Sr Θ R Θ/2 S G=R*S/RS
no

RESULT:
The conversion is perfect as the difference between the actual and measured value of currents is
very small.

LAB NO 2
Conversion of Galvanometer into voltmeter
Apparatus:
Two keys, high resistance box, low resistance box, battery, sand paper, voltmeter,
rheostat, digital multimeter, galvanometer, connecting wires.

Procedure:

The procedure of this experiment has four steps:

Step 1: Determination of Resistance of Galvanometer

• I drew neat and clean circuit diagram. I made tight connections according to circuit diagram. I
connected HRB, battery, key “K1” and galvanometer in series to form a loop. Then I connected LRB
along with “K2” in parallel to galvanometer.

• I closed K1 and opened K2. I plug out suitable resistance R from HRB and obtained even number
deflection(Θ) on galvanometer. Now, I closed K2 and observed that deflection on galvanometer
becomes zero.

• The key K1 and key K2 are kept closed. Then I plug out that shunt resistance “S” from LRB which
makes deflection on galvanometer half(Θ/2).

• I calculated the resistance of galvanometer by formula

RS
Rg=
R-S

• I took two more observation by changing values of “R” and “Θ” keeping “S” constant by same
method. I calculated mean value of resistance of galvanometer. I also measure resistance of
galvanometer by using multimeter for verification.

Diagram
Calculations:
No Resistance Deflection Half deflection Resistance from Rg= RS
from HRB (Θ) Θ/2 LRB S(Ω)
R(Ω) R-S

1- 6000 22 11 100 101.7 Ω

2- 5700 24 12 100 101.8 Ω

3- 4900 28 14 100 102.0 Ω

Mean
101.7+101.8+102.0
Rg=
3

Rg= 101.8 Ω

Step 2: Figure of merit

• I measured the emf of cell by using voltmeter.

• I connected the galvanometer, HRB, battery and one key in series. I measured large deflection on
galvanometer by plugging out suitable resistance “R”.

• I took to observations by changing value of “R” and calculated figure of merit for each reading by
using the formula
E
k= I calculated the mean value of “K”. where “K” is a current per
division of (R+Rg)Θ galvanometer.

Diagram:
Calculations:
No Resistance Deflection(Θ) Emf of cell Figure of merit
from HRB E(volt)
K= E A/
R(Ω)
div
(R+Rg)Θ
1- 6000 22 1.5 1.11* 10^-5

2- 5700 24 1.5 1.07* 10^-5

Mean

K= 1.11* 10^-5 + 1.11* 10^-5

K= 1.09 * 10^-5 (A/div)

Step 3:High resistance
• I counted the number of division(n) on galvanometer between middle point and either
extreme point.
• I calculated full scale current on galvanometer by using formula Ig=nk

• I calculated the value of high resistance Rh by using formula, Rh= V -Rg

Ig
• I took a high resistance box and took out plugs having resistance equivalent
to Rh from it. Now this resistance box indicates the value of Rh. I connected Rh in series
with galvanometer. This arrangement becomes designed voltmeter.

No. of divisions on galvanometer=n= 30 div

Current for full-scale deflection Ig=nk
 = 30*1.09*10^-5 = 3.2*10^-4 A
Range of conversion V = 3volt

Value of high resistance Rb= V -Rg = 3-101.8/3.2*10^-4 =9273 Ω

Ig

Step 4: Verification
I connected standard voltmeter in parallel to (Rh+Rg) according to circuit diagram.I adjusted the
rheostat and noted the readin on standard voltmeter and galvanometer. Then I converted the
galvanomter reading into voltage. I calculated the difference between two readings.

Vg

LRB

G HRB

Calculations:
No Deflection on Reading of designed Reading on Difference
galvanometer(Θ) voltage standard
voltmeter(V)

1- 10 0.1* 10 =1.0 V 1.1 Nill

2- 15 0.1* 15 =1.5 V 1.5 Nill

3- 22 0.1* 22 =2.2 V 2.2 Nill

LAB NO 3
 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING A NEON FLASH BULB
AND CAPACITOR
APPARATUS:
Neon flash bulb, capacitor, resistor, D.C power supply , stop watch , connecting wires.

DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

Sr Resistanc Time of 20 flashes Mean Flashin
e time g
n T1 (sec) T2(sec)
period
o R T=t1+t2/
T=t/20
2

1 1 4.93 4.67 4.8 0.24

2 2 13.7 13.9 13.8 0.690

3 3 22.3 22.4 22.35 0.7

4 4 14.9 15.1 30 0.75

PROCEDURE:
 Make a connection by using one known resistance R1 and battery.
 Start increasing the voltage of battery from 0 . I observed that neon flash bulb start flashing.
 Measure the time of 20 flashes twice (t1 ,t2) by using stopwatch and then find out its mean
value.

T=t1+t2/2

 Calculate the time period T of neon lamp by dividing mean with 20

 Repeat the step (2,3,4) for other resistance (R2,R3) and calculate time period T for each
resistance
 Plot a graph between the resistance on x-axis and time period T on y-axis.it will be a
straight line .
  Now connect the unknown resistance “Rx” in circuit and calculated the time period Tx.
 Now , mark the time period Tx on the time period axis and measured corresponding value
of unknown resistance.

GRAPH:

RESULT:
The value of unknown resistance Rx is 3.26M corresponding to 0.75 s on y-axis.

LAB NO 4
RLC SERIES CIRCUIT
OBJECTIVE:
To experimentally determine the resonance frequency in a series RLC circuit and compare
this to the expected resonance value.

INTRODUCTION:
The voltage through an RLC series circuit will be measured as a function of frequency for
a fixed applied voltage. The frequency for which the rms voltage attains a maximum value is the
resonance frequency. The expected resonance frequency is given by equation 1.
 𝐹 = _1_____

2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

PRINCIPLE:
Resonance in a series RLC circuit occurs when the reactive effects
of the inductor and capacitor cancel each other out, resulting in a purely
resistive circuit

EQUIPMENT’S:
•Series RLC circuit components (resistor, inductor, capacitor)

•Breadboard and connecting wires

•Function generator

•Ampere meter (current measuring device)

•Multimeter

PROCEDURE:
•Assemble the series RLC circuit on the breadboard, connecting the resistor,
inductor, and capacitor in series.

•Use the multimeter to measure and record the values of the resistor (R),
inductor (L), and capacitor (C).

•Connect the function generator to the circuit to provide an AC signal.

•Connect the ampere meter in series with the circuit to measure the
currentflowing through it.

•Set the function generator to produce a sinusoidal waveform at a low

frequency.

•Gradually increase the frequency, noting the frequency at which the current
through the circuit is maximized.

•Identify the frequency at which the current through the circuit is at its
maximum. This is the resonance frequency.

•Record the current amplitude at the resonance frequency using the ampere
meter.

•Calculate the expected resonance frequency using the formula:

𝐹 = _1_____

2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

•2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 where L is the inductance and C is the capacitance.

•Compare the experimentally determined resonance frequency with the
expected resonance frequency (theoretical).

•Percentage f(experiment) – f(theoretical) Difference

%= .100
f(theoretical)

Circuit diagram:

Observations
Current(1) mA Frequency (f)

0.1 100

0.6 550

1 100

1.7 1500

2.3 2800

1.6 5600

1 9500

0.6 16600

0.1 34000
Resonance Frequency:

F (experimental)=2800Hz

F (theoretical)= 3000Hz

Percentage Error:

%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = .100
2800-3200

3200

=1.25%

RLC PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Certainly! To create a practical RCL (resistor, capacitor, and inductor) parallel
circuit, you'll need the following components:

Equipment's:
•Resistor (R)

•Capacitor (C)

•Inductor (L)

•Power supply

•Breadboard and jumper wires

•Multimeter

Procedure:
•Place the resistor, capacitor, and inductor on the breadboard.

•Connect one end of each component to a common node (ground rail).

•Connect the other end of the resistor, capacitor, and inductor to separate
nodes on the breadboard.

•Connect the free ends of these components to a common node (positive rail).

•Connect the positive terminal of the power supply to the common positive node
on the breadboard.

•Connect the negative terminal of the power supply to the common ground
node.

•Use the multimeter to measure the resistance of the resistor (R), the
capacitance of the capacitor (C), and the inductance of the inductor (L).

•Turn on the power supply and apply the desired voltage.

•Measure the voltage drop across each component using the multimeter.

•Observe how the circuit responds to the applied voltage.

Circuit Diagram:

Remember to use appropriate resistor, capacitor, and inductor values based on

your circuit requirements. Also, be cautious with voltage levels and make sure
not to exceed the component ratings.

This practical setup allows you to observe the characteristics of an RCL parallel
circuit and study the interactions between the resistor, capacitor, and inductor
when connected in parallel.

Observations:
Frequency (Hz) Current(mA)

1k 3.2

2k 2.6

3k 1.9

4k 1.4

5k 1.5
 6k 2

7k 2.5

8k 2.8

9k 3.1

10k 3.2

Graph: