1) Find the sum of all the elements present in a jagged array of 3 inner arrays.

using System;

namespace Lab4

public class Program

public static void Main()

// Declare a jagged array

int[][] jag = new int[3][];

jag[0] = new int[2]; // First subarray has 2 elements

jag[1] = new int[4]; // Second subarray has 4 elements

jag[2] = new int[3]; // Third subarray has 3 elements

// Variables to store sums

int[] sum = new int[3]; // Array to store sum of each subarray

int result = 0; // Variable to store total sum

Console.WriteLine("Enter the values for the jagged array:");

// Input values for the jagged array

for (int i = 0; i < jag.Length; i++) // Loop over rows

Console.WriteLine($"Enter the values for row {i + 1}:");

for (int j = 0; j < jag[i].Length; j++) // Loop over columns of current row

jag[i][j] = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine()); // Read input and store in jagged array

// Calculate sum for each subarray and total sum

 for (int i = 0; i < jag.Length; i++) // Loop over rows

for (int j = 0; j < jag[i].Length; j++) // Loop over columns of current row

sum[i] += jag[i][j]; // Add elements of current row

result += sum[i]; // Add row sum to total sum

// Display row-wise sums

Console.WriteLine("\nThe sum of individual rows:");

for (int i = 0; i < sum.Length; i++)

Console.WriteLine($"Row {i + 1} sum: {sum[i]}");

// Display total sum

Console.WriteLine($"\nThe total sum of all elements in the jagged array: {result}");

Console.ReadLine();

2) Write a Program to demonstrate abstract class and abstract methods in C#.

using System;

class Program

public static void Main(String[] args)

{
 Console.WriteLine("Enter the first number:");

int a = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

Console.WriteLine("Enter the second number:");

int b = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

AbsChild absChild = new AbsChild();

absChild.Add(a,b);

absChild.Sub(a,b);

absChild.Mul(a,b);

absChild.Div(a,b);

public abstract class AbsParent

public void Add(int x, int y)

Console.WriteLine($"Addition of {x} and {y} is : {x + y}");

public void Sub(int x, int y)

Console.WriteLine($"Subtraction of {x} and {y} is : {x - y}");

public abstract void Mul(int x, int y);

public abstract void Div(int x, int y);

public class AbsChild : AbsParent

public override void Mul(int x, int y)

{
 Console.WriteLine($"Multiplication of {x} and {y} is : {x*y}");

public override void Div(int x, int y)

Console.WriteLine($"Division of {x} and {y} is : {x/y}");

3) Implementation of inheritance and operator overloading in C#

using System;

class Shape

public virtual double CalculateArea()

return 0; // Default implementation for base class

class Circle : Shape

public double Radius { get; set; }

public Circle(double radius)

Radius = radius; // Assign the radius

public override double CalculateArea()

return Math.PI * Radius * Radius; // Area of a circle: πr²

 }

public static Circle operator +(Circle c1, Circle c2)

return new Circle(c1.Radius + c2.Radius); // Combine radii

class Rectangle : Shape

public double Width { get; set; }

public double Height { get; set; }

public Rectangle(double width, double height)

Width = width;

Height = height; // Assign width and height

public override double CalculateArea()

return Width * Height; // Area of a rectangle: width × height

public static Rectangle operator +(Rectangle r1, Rectangle r2)

return new Rectangle(r1.Width + r2.Width, r1.Height + r2.Height); // Combine dimensions

class Program
{

static void Main(string[] args)

// Circle operations

Circle circle1 = new Circle(5);

Circle circle2 = new Circle(3);

Circle circleSum = circle1 + circle2; // Use overloaded + operator

// Rectangle operations

Rectangle rectangle1 = new Rectangle(4, 6);

Rectangle rectangle2 = new Rectangle(3, 8);

Rectangle rectangleSum = rectangle1 + rectangle2; // Use overloaded + operator

// Print results

Console.WriteLine("Circle 1 Area: " + circle1.CalculateArea());

Console.WriteLine("Circle 2 Area: " + circle2.CalculateArea());

Console.WriteLine("Circle Sum Area: " + circleSum.CalculateArea());

Console.WriteLine("Rectangle 1 Area: " + rectangle1.CalculateArea());

Console.WriteLine("Rectangle 2 Area: " + rectangle2.CalculateArea());

Console.WriteLine("Rectangle Sum Area: " + rectangleSum.CalculateArea());

4) Implementation of Properties and Indexer in C#

using System;

class Book

private string author;

private string title;

 // Property for Title

public string Title

get { return title; }

set { title = value; }

// Property for Author

public string Author

get { return author; }

set { author = value; }

class Library

private Book[] books;

// Constructor to initialize the library with a specific size

public Library(int size)

books = new Book[size];

// Indexer to access books in the library

public Book this[int index]

get

if (index >= 0 && index < books.Length)

 return books[index];

else

throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("Invalid index");

set

if (index >= 0 && index < books.Length)

books[index] = value;

else

throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("Invalid index");

// Method to display all books in the library

public void DisplayBooks()

foreach (var book in books)

if (book != null)

Console.WriteLine($"Title: {book.Title}, Author: {book.Author}");

class Program

static void Main(string[] args)

// Create a library with a capacity of 3 books

 Library library = new Library(3);

// Create books

Book book1 = new Book { Title = "1984", Author = "George Orwell" };

Book book2 = new Book { Title = "To Kill a Mockingbird", Author = "Harper Lee" };

Book book3 = new Book { Title = "The Great Gatsby", Author = "F. Scott Fitzgerald" };

// Add books to the library using the indexer

library[0] = book1;

library[1] = book2;

library[2] = book3;

// Display all books in the library

library.DisplayBooks();

// Access a specific book using the indexer

Console.WriteLine($"\nFirst book in the library: {library[0].Title} by {library[0].Author}");

5)a) Implementation of Delegates in C#.

using System;

delegate int Calc(int num);

public class Example

static int n = 50;

public static int sub(int num)

n = n - num;

return n;

}
public static int add(int num)

n=n + num;

return n;

public static int mul(int num)

n = n * num;

return n;

public static int div(int num)

n = n / num;

return n;

public static void Main(string[] args)

Calc a = new Calc(sub);

Calc b = new Calc(add);

Calc c = new Calc(mul);

Calc d = new Calc(div);

a(10);

Console.WriteLine("After a delegate,Number is {0}", getnum());

c(3);

Console.WriteLine("After c delegate, Number is {0}", getnum());

b(30);

Console.WriteLine("After b delegate, Number is {0}", getnum());

d(5);

Console.WriteLine("After d delegate, Number is {0}", getnum());

public static int getnum()

 {

return n;

5)b) Implementation of Delegates and Events in C#.

using System;

delegate void MyEventHandler();

class MyEvent

public event MyEventHandler SomeEvent;

public void OnSomeEvent()

if(SomeEvent != null)

SomeEvent();

class EventDemo

static void Handler()

Console.WriteLine("Event Occurred");

static void Main()

MyEvent evt = new MyEvent();

evt.SomeEvent += Handler;

evt.OnSomeEvent();
 }

6) Implementation of Generic Interfaces in C#.

using System;

public interface IStorage<T>

void Add(T item); // Add an item

T Get(int index); // Retrieve an item by index

public class Storage<T> : IStorage<T>

private readonly T[] items; // Private field for storing items

private int currentIndex = 0; // Private field for tracking the current index

public Storage(int size)

items = new T[size];

public void Add(T item)

if (currentIndex < items.Length)

items[currentIndex++] = item;

Console.WriteLine($"Added: {item}");

else

{
 Console.WriteLine("Storage is full!");

public T Get(int index)

if (index >= 0 && index < items.Length)

return items[index];

else

throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("Invalid index");

public class Program

public static void Main()

// Storage for strings

IStorage<string> stringStorage = new Storage<string>(3);

stringStorage.Add("Apple");

stringStorage.Add("Banana");

Console.WriteLine($"Item at index 1: {stringStorage.Get(1)}");

// Storage for integers

IStorage<int> intStorage = new Storage<int>(2);

intStorage.Add(42);

intStorage.Add(100);
 Console.WriteLine($"Item at index 0: {intStorage.Get(0)}");

7) Using Try, Catch and Finally blocks write a program in C# to demonstrate error handling.

using System;

public class ExceptionHandlingDemo

public static void Main()

try

Console.WriteLine("Enter the first number:");

int num1 = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine()); // May throw FormatException

Console.WriteLine("Enter the second number:");

int num2 = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine()); // May throw FormatException

int result = num1 / num2; // May throw DivideByZeroException

Console.WriteLine($"Result: {result}");

catch (FormatException ex)

Console.WriteLine("Error: Please enter a valid number.");

catch (DivideByZeroException ex)

Console.WriteLine("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.");

catch (Exception ex)

 {

// General exception to catch any other unexpected errors

Console.WriteLine($"An unexpected error occurred: {ex.Message}");

finally

Console.WriteLine("Thank you for using the program.");

7) Using Try, Catch and Finally blocks write a program in C# to demonstrate errorhandling.

using System;

using System.Linq.Expressions;

using System.IO;

class Program

static void Main(string[] args)

try

int number = Convert.ToInt32("123abc");

Console.WriteLine($"Converted number :{number}");

catch (FormatException)

Console.WriteLine("Error:FormatException occurred");

try

int[] array = { 1, 2, 3 };
 Console.WriteLine($"Array element at index 5:{array[5]}");

catch (IndexOutOfRangeException)

Console.WriteLine("Error:IndexOUtOFRangeException occurred");

try

string FilePath = "nonexisten.txt";

File.ReadAllText(FilePath);

catch (FileNotFoundException)

Console.WriteLine("Error: FIleNotFound exception occurred");

try

int result = Divide(100, 0);

Console.WriteLine($"Result = {result}");

catch (DivideByZeroException)

Console.WriteLine("Error: DivisionByZero occurred");

try

throw new Exception("Simulated I/O Exception");

catch (Exception ex)

{
 Console.WriteLine($"An unexpected error occurred:{ex.Message}");

finally

Console.WriteLine("Cleanup and Logging can happen here");

static int Divide(int divident, int divisor)

if (divisor == 0)

throw new DivideByZeroException();

return divident / divisor;

8) Write an application to implement the Inter Thread Communication.

using System;

using System.Threading;

class Program

static object lockObject = new object();

static int sum = 0;

static bool dataProduced = false;

static void Main()

Thread producerThread = new Thread(Producer);

Thread consumerThread = new Thread(Consumer);

producerThread.Start();
 consumerThread.Start();

producerThread.Join();

consumerThread.Join();

Console.WriteLine($"Sum of numbers: {sum}");

static void Producer()

lock (lockObject)

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

Console.WriteLine($"Produced:{i}");

sum += i;

dataProduced = true;

Monitor.Pulse(lockObject);

Monitor.Wait(lockObject);

dataProduced = false;

Monitor.Pulse(lockObject);

static void Consumer()

lock (lockObject)

while (!dataProduced)

Monitor.Wait(lockObject);

while (dataProduced)

Console.WriteLine($"Consumed:{sum}");
 Monitor.Pulse(lockObject);

Monitor.Wait(lockObject);