Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 38 (2020) 100673

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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/seta

Techno-economic optimization analysis of stand-alone renewable energy T

system for remote areas
Fareeha Akrama, Furqan Asgharb, , Muhammad Asghar Majeedc, Waseem Amjadb,
⁎

M. Owais Manzoorb, Anjum Munirb

a
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Gujrat, Pakistan
b
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
c
School of Electrical Engineering, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are becoming popular as stand-alone power systems for providing
Techno-economic optimization electricity in remote areas due to the advancement in renewable energy technologies and subsequent rise in the
Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) prices of conventional fuels. A hybrid energy system, or hybrid power, usually consists of two or more renewable
Demand-side management (DSM) energy sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply.
Cost of energy (COE)
Therefore, this paper aims at the design optimization of the hybrid renewable energy systems to meet the specific
daily residential load profile for remote areas. The optimization problem regarding the design of a hybrid re-
newable energy system has been solved using Homer Pro Software depending on demand-side management
during peak and off-peak hours. Four cases are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed design scheme.
The simulation results have shown that the proposed design scheme is suitable for remote areas in comparison to
the earlier proposed systems depicted in four cases. In addition, a properly planned hybrid system with demand-
side management will reduce the overall system cost and increase the system efficiency by reducing carbon
emissions, balancing power system by managing overloading and reduction in load shedding as well as less
complex design and easy implementation in remote areas.

Introduction of that region. However, the high initial cost due to the intermittent
nature of these resources and expensive machinery is the main reason
To improve the human living standards, economic and industrial behind the slow growth of these renewable energy systems [2,3]. Also,
development has been associated with human’s ability to harness natural the high cost of the system’s design methodology is dependent on system
energy resources previously. With every passing year, the energy crisis is capacity regarding peak load and resource availability. In severe energy
increasing in Pakistan, especially in rural and remote areas of crises, without any efficient load management system, load shedding
Baluchistan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and Sindh, due to the longer dis- may increase and eventually reduce the system overall efficiency.
tances from WAPDA (Water and Power Development Authority) grid Previously, a lot of research work has been carried out to develop
stations. However, until recent times, the diesel generator was the only efficient techniques in which the objective function was the cost opti-
available energy resource in these areas even though it is uneconomical mization and HRES efficiency, such as iterative technique [4–5], ge-
due to the fuel transportation to far distance areas with low-efficiency netic algorithm [6], Hybrid Genetic Algorithm [7], GPSO [8], meta-PSO
issues. Renewable energy resources especially wind and solar become the [9], mixed-integer Quadratic programming technique [10], graphical
most reliable, profitable source of electricity for all stakeholders, as these construction technique [11] and probabilistic approach [12]. However,
resources are easily available in Baluchistan and Sindh coastal and off- these design techniques achieved optimum cost but the system effi-
shore areas, and they are free of cost [1]. Moreover, these renewable ciency decreases.
energy technologies are a potential solution for current environmental The study [13] depicts the results of the techno-economic analysis
problems. Furthermore, geographical, environmental and regional cli- of hybrid system comprising of Solar and wind energy for powering a
mate understanding is the most important factor to consider for HRES specific remote mobile-based transceiver station (BTS) in Nigeria.
designing to maintain the power quality, reliability and energy demands Findings indicated that the PV array (10 kW)–DG (5.5 kW) – battery

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Asghar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2020.100673
Received 17 October 2018; Received in revised form 13 February 2020; Accepted 13 February 2020
2213-1388/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
F. Akram, et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 38 (2020) 100673

Fig. 1. Proposed Algorithm.

Fig.2. Monthly Average Solar Global Horizontal Irradiance data of Chaghi.

energy storage system (64 units Trojan L16P) is the most economically architecture for both sensitivity cases of 1.1 and $1.3/l of diesel. The
viable option with the total net present cost of $69,811 and per-unit simulations concentrated on the net present costs, cost of energy and
cost of electricity of $0.409. the renewable fraction of the given hybrid configurations for all the
The study proposed in [14] indicates that the analysis of PV/diesel/ climatic zones.
battery hybrid renewable system configuration is found as optimum An optimal, reliable and cost-effective configuration of HRES has

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F. Akram, et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 38 (2020) 100673

Fig. 3. Monthly Average Wind Speed Data of Chaghi.

Table 1 with a vast land area of 347,190 km2 that contributes 43.6% of the total
Daily Residential Load on Priority Lines. land area of Pakistan. According to the 1998 census, this province has a
Appliances HPLL KWh/day LPLL KWh/day
population of 20 million people. This province occupies vast barren,
uneven and more than 200 rugged segments [15].
Electric Iron 0.5 – The energy department of Baluchistan states that this province has
Fan 1.05 – great potential to harness electricity from renewable resources espe-
Personal Computer – 0.4
cially from solar. According to the energy department, more than 95%
Energy Saver (CFL) (40 W) 1.6 –
Energy Saver (CFL) (15 W) – 0.3 of its area has an average solar irradiation of 5–7 kWh/m2 per day. This
Refrigerator 2.4 – province has been blessed with an extensive potential of wind too. An
TV – 0.75 average wind speed of 7–9 m/s blows in most of its districts like chaghi,
Washing Machine – 0.35
Nokundi, and coastal area. Geothermal energy could be harnessed for
Motor Pump 0.37 –
Total 5.92 1.8
HRES from Koh-e-sultan, which is in the Chaghi district [15].

Proposed algorithm
been provided in the proposed study. This research work presents a
method to design a hybrid power system by considering an efficient
Demand-side management (DSM) is common in smart grid networks
load management technique. To check the credibility of proposed hy-
due to its smart and swift capability of load shedding in the hours when
brid power system, a remote area of Pakistan (Baluchistan) was selected
demand surpasses the supply. Researchers are working to optimize and

Fig. 4. HPLL and LPLL in kWh/yr.

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F. Akram, et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 38 (2020) 100673

Table 2 Many strategies to overcome the load curtailment have been pro-
Climate data of Chaghi (Source: NASA website) [21]. posed till date [16–21]. The proposed algorithm combines DSM with a
Month Clearness index Daily Radiation (kwh/m2 /day) Wind speed m/s standalone hybrid power system design. It is assumed that a smart
distribution board can perform automatic switching between load lines
January 0.630 3.830 5.320 based on priority. Fig. 1. Shows the flowchart of the proposed algo-
February 0.632 4.610 5.940 rithm. LPLL and HPLL are two priority load lines in the smart dis-
March 0.590 5.230 5.900
tribution board. The algorithm is designed in such a way that LPLL and
April 0.609 6.250 5.940
May 0.609 6.760 6.660 HPLL remain activated in hours when power consumption is equal to
June 0.615 7.000 6.960 power generation. When total power generation is less than the total
July 0.606 6.790 5.840 power consumption of both lines but greater than the power required
August 0.614 6.470 5.450
by HPLL, then it keeps feeding HPLL and disconnects the LPLL until the
September 0.645 6.010 5.970
October 0.651 5.040 6.490
generation exceeds the consumption of both lines. Load shedding con-
November 0.637 4.040 5.210 tinues until the power generation is less than the power consumption in
December 0.601 3.420 5.300 LPLL, which lead to disconnect all the connected lines. A load of 609
Height (m) 50 kWh on HPLL has been considered as system design load. The high
priority load line includes the auxiliary appliances like electric iron,
fan, energy saver, refrigerator and motor pump depending on the user
Table 3
requirement and usage on daily purposes. Low priority load lines in-
Average Energy demand for a Single Home (source: RET Screen Software).
clude auxiliary appliances such as personal computers, low wattage
Appliances Load (W) Quantity Average Energy demand energy saver, TV and washing machines. Monthly Average Solar Irra-
Hourly
diance and Wind speed data of Chaghi can be seen in Figs. 2 and 3.
usage/ kWh/day KWh/ kWh/yr.
day month Table 1 shows the distribution of load on different load lines (Fig. 4).

Electric iron 1000 1 0.5 0.5 15 182.5 Mathematical modelling of HRES components
Fan 70 3 5 1.05 31.5 383.2
Personal 200 1 2 0.4 12 146
Computer
As shown in Fig. 1, the proposed hybrid renewable energy system
Energy Saver 40 4 10 1.6 48 584 has been modeled according to mathematical equations shown below.
(CFL)
Energy Saver 15 2 10 0.3 9 109.5 PV system modelling
(CFL)
Refrigerator 200 1 12 2.4 72 876
TV 150 1 5 0.75 22.5 273.7 According to Markvard, the output power of the solar PV generator
Washing 700 1 0.5 0.35 10.5 127.7 can be calculated from the following mathematical equations [22]:
Machine
Motor Pump 370 1 1 0.37 11.1 135.05
PPV = N × Am × g ×G (1)
t
Total 2745 18 46 7.72 231.6 2817.8
where PPV is the output power of the PV generator, N is the total
number of solar PV modules, Am is the area of a single solar PV mod-
ule(m2 ), g is the efficiency of the PV generator andGt is the global ir-
radiations incident on the tilted plane (W/m2 ) .
Kolhe calculates PV generator efficiency according to the following
equation [23].
NOCT 20
= pt r [1 (Tc Tr ) Gt ( pt r )
g t t
800 (2)
where g is the efficiency of PV generator, pt is the PowerPoint tracker
efficiency, r is the reference efficiency of PV generator, Tc is the PV cell
temperature, Tr is the reference temperature of the PV cell, t is the
temperature coefficient of efficiency and NOCT is nominal operating
cell temperature.

Wind turbine modelling

The estimated mathematical model of a wind turbine is shown in

equation (3).

Fig. 5. Schematic Diagram of HOMER for Diesel Generator.

0 Vout < V < Vin
PWT = ( V Vin
Vn Vin )P
m Vin < V < Vn
save energy by applying the DSM scheme on domestic equipment with Pm Vn < V < Vout (3)
an aim to control the load when energy supply is less than energy de-
mand for the residential load. where V is the speed of the wind, Vin is the cut-in speed of the wind, Vn is
the rated speed of the wind, Vout is cutout speed of wind and Pm is the

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F. Akram, et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 38 (2020) 100673

The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for grid extension is:

a1 L + a2 H
LCOEgrid = LRMC +
E (4)
The Levelized Cost of Electricity for HRES is:
b1 H
LCOEHRES =
E (5)
Where LRMC is the long-run marginal cost of electricity in $/kWh,
a1is constant of the grid extension related to the distance in $, a2 is
constant of the grid extension related to the number of homes in $, E is
estimate electricity demand of household in kWh, L is the distance of
grid extension in km, b1is the coefficient of the dispersed renewable
energy source in $ and H is the number of homes in the remote area.
The logical solution to equalize the distance between grid extension
and hybrid renewable energy system is as follows:
(b1 a1 LRMC × E ) H
dequalize =
a1 (6)

Fig. 6. Homer Schematic Diagram for HRES without DSM.

Case study

Chaghi has been selected as a case study for the installation of HRES
in Baluchistan because the WAPDA power supply in these areas is not
available and the national grid extension is not economically beneficial
and is unfavorable because of the longer distance and rugged land.
Fortunately, these areas are rich in renewable energy resources that can
become an economical and reliable source of energy production. The
climatic and energy requirement data is shown in Tables 2 and 3. The
data is composed of NASA and RET Screen Software respectively [25].
In this case study, 105 residential houses with a maximum 66.78KW
demand and 0.5 Load factors are considered that is almost 25% of the
total load of Chaghi. The residential load is categorized into two sets of
loads such as LPLL (washing machine, TV, etc.) and HPLL (lighting,
Fan, etc.). The remotely controllable switch is attached to each load.
HPLL is considered as the most sensitive and critical load that DSM tries
to provide when residential power is inadequate [26–30].

Results and discussions

Optimal system configurations

Fig. 7. Homer Schematic Diagram for HRES with DSM.

Diesel generator system

rated power of the wind turbine. Wind turbine power (PWT ) is zero The total designed electrical load is 809 kWh/d and only diesel
when the speed of the wind is less than cut in or greater than cut out generator is considered to fulfill this load demand as shown in Fig. 5.
speed. The power of the wind turbine is directly proportional to the
speed of the wind in case the wind speed is less than the rated speed HRES without DSM
[24]. As discussed in the previous section, the total designed electrical

Fig. 8. Optimization Results for Diesel Generator.

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F. Akram, et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 38 (2020) 100673

Fig. 9. Electrical Production Summary for Diesel Generator.

Fig. 10. Optimization Results for HRES without DSM.

load is 809 kWh/d and multiple sources are used such as Photovoltaic Fig. 8. The electrical production summary for diesel generator obtained
cell, Wind turbine, battery, and diesel generator to fullfil this load de- from HOMER Pro software shows that the value of the unmet electric
mand. The schematic diagram can be seen in Fig. 6. load for this system is 0% as shown below in Fig. 9.

HRES with DSM Optimum solution for HRES without DSM

In this scenario, 609 kWh/d load of the HPLL has been considered The value of the cost of energy (COE) in this hybrid system is 0.0953
from the total designed electrical load of 809 kWh/d. Hybrid system $/kWh which is acceptable in comparison with the diesel generator
based on sources such as Photovoltaic cell, wind turbine, battery, and only system as shown below in Fig. 10. The Electrical production
the diesel generator is being used as shown in Fig. 7. summary for hybrid energy system (HRES) without DSM obtained from
HOMER Pro software shows that the value of the unmet electric load for
Optimum Results this system is 2.41% as shown in Fig. 11.

Optimum solution for diesel generator Optimum solution for HRES with DSM
The value of the cost of energy (COE) is 0.375 $/kWh as shown in The value of the cost of energy (COE) in this hybrid system is

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F. Akram, et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 38 (2020) 100673

Fig. 11. Electrical Production Summary for HRES without DSM.

Fig. 12. Optimization Results for HRES with DSM.

$0.0895/kWh, which is lower in comparison with HRES without de- 2. Grid extension is the economical option if the distance of the grid
mand-side management (DSM) and the diesel generator system as extension is lesser than the equalized distance.
shown in Fig. 12. The Electrical production summary for HRES with
DSM obtained from HOMER Pro software shows that the value of the It is clear from the above formulae’s and analysis that HRES with
unmet electric load for this system is 2.38% as can be seen in Fig. 13. DSM is most suitable in comparison to grid extension because Chaghi is
252 km away from the nearest grid (Nushki). The difference between
Grid-Extension and proposed HRES comparison the costs of grid extension and HRES is presented in Table 4.
Technical and economical comparison can be carried out when the
HRES and grid extension configurations are producing the same amount
of electricity. Environmental aspects
Atd equalize , the total cost of HRES and grid extension is equal.
Therefore, the following two consequences can be made: The carbon emissions in case of the diesel generators are propor-
tional to the working time of diesel generators. A comparison of carbon
1. HRES is the most economical if the distance of the grid extension is emissions for three systems is shown in Table 5.
larger than equalized distance.

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F. Akram, et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 38 (2020) 100673

Fig. 13. Electrical Production Summary for HRES with DSM.

Table 4 the system [27]. The design cost of the hybrid system includes the in-
Comparison between Grid extension and Proposed HRES. itial capital cost, replacement cost, operation & maintenance cost, fuel,
Grid Extension Capital cost ($/km) 2,016,000 salvage and interest for project lifetime [28–38]. In this research work,
assumed lifetime is 25 years. The simulation result shows the com-
O&M cost ($/km) 1,008,000 parison of four case studies: First system is Diesel generator, the second
system considered in this study is HRES without DSM, the third System
Total cost ($) 3,024,000
is HRES with DSM and the fourth one is grid extension. Table 6 shows
Proposed HRES Capital cost ($) 183,709 the comparison of three systems which depicts HRES with DSM is the
O&M cost ($) 5,209 best optimal solution for the proposed hybrid system design (Table 7).
Total cost ($) 188,918 It can be clearly observed from the comparative study that hybrid
Cost Difference ($) 28,35,082
renewable energy system (HRES) with demand-side management
(DSM) is the best suitable choice for the remote area of Baluchistan
from technical and economical perspective as shown in Tables 5 and 6.
Table 5
Comparison of Different Emissions. This proposed technique would help in decreasing greenhouse gas
(GHG) significantly, which in return reduces global warming and sub-
Name Emissions
sequent adverse environmental effects and human health degradation.
Diesel Power Hybrid System Hybrid System
System without DSM with DSM Conclusion
Carbon Dioxide 248,373 kg/year 0 0
Carbon Monoxide 1,566 kg/year 0 0 Demand-side management control acting on the load profile for a
Unburned Hydrocarbons 68.3 kg/year 0 0 stand-alone system is considered to minimize the unnecessary invest-
Nitrogen Oxides 1,471 kg/year 0 0 ment in the power plant. Diesel generator exhibits the highest genera-
Sulfur Dioxide 608 kg/year 0 0
tion cost of 0.375 $/kWh with a considerable source of carbon emis-
Particulate Matter 9.49 kg/year 0 0
sions. The comparison of the proposed demand-side management
system with the conventional hybrid system concludes that the pro-
System analysis posed system design reduces the initial capital cost of the system by
29%. The total unmet electrical load depicts a slight decrease from
HOMER’s Pro software-based optimization and sensitivity analysis 2.41% to 2.38%. The cost of energy (COE) improved from 0.0953
algorithms are used to calculate the power system configurations. Data $/kWh to 0.0895 $/kWh, with a 6.09% reduction. Based on this study,
provided by HOMER’s Pro serves energy balancing calculations for each it is highly recommended to adopt proposed hybrid renewable energy
power system configuration. Homer’s Pro sorting out has been com- management system (HRES) with the demand-side management (DSM)
pleted by means of the net present cost to compare the design cost of to fulfill the increased energy demand of Baluchistan due to the avail-
ability and accessibility of renewable resources in coastal and offshore

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F. Akram, et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 38 (2020) 100673

Table 6
Comparison between Three Systems.
Parameters Energy-Economics

Diesel Power System Hybrid System without DSM Hybrid System with DSM

System Architecture Generator- 67 kW PV- 190 kW Wind Turbine- 73 kW Batteries- 1591 kwh PV- 139 kW Wind Turbine-57 kW Batteries-1139 kWh
Bidirectional converter- 74.6 kW Bidirectional converter- 56.2 kW
Initial Capital Cost ($) 33,500 258,714 183,709
Operating Cost ($) 108,272 7,451 5,209
Total NPC ($) 1.43 M 355,037 251,055
Total Production (kwh/yr) 296,835 399,052 312,978
Unmet Elctircal Load (kwh/yr) 0 7,122 (2.41%) 5,293 (2.38%)
COE ($)/kwh 0.375 0.0953 0.0895
Diesel Consumed 94,885 0 0
Renewable Fraction (%) 0 100 100
Payback Period (Years) – 6.8 6.4

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