Module - 3
Building Services
Prepared by:
Subject:- BCE Asst.Prof. Nutan c. Patel
Code:-3110004 (Civil Department,ACET)
Types Of Building Services
1. Plumbing sanitation, Water Supply, Drainage
System
2. Electricity
3. Building Finish Like Plastering, Painting
4. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, Air
conditioning)
Water Supply System Plumbing
Water Supply system Plumbing
• The services including water supply, drainage
and sanitation.
• Plumbing is not a specific but general term
consist of installation of materials and
maintenance of pipes, different appliance used
water supply system, sanitary and drainage
system.
Water Distribution System
• Water is collected from reservoir into
purification tank and then elevated to
municipal water tank from which water is
distributed.
• Quality of water supply is safe and potable.
Water Supply system
Collection Water Water
of Water Transport treatment
Sewage Sewage Water
treatment collect distribution
Sewage Sewage
reuse Disposal
Material Used For Service Pipe
1. G.I Pipes
2. Copper Pipes
3. Polythene Pipe
4. Lead Pipe
G.I Pipes
• Galvanized Iron Pipes
• Used for Distribution of Water supply
• Pipes are coated by the process of
galvanization.
• Not easily get corrode.
• Corrode in acidic water.
Copper Pipe
• Copper Pipe are non corrosive.
• Costly pipe
• Strong and ductile pile.
• Generally not in use
Polythene Pipes
• These pipes are plastic pipes.
• Non corrosive
• Light in weight
• Low cost
• Easy to installed
• Low maintenance
Lead pipes
• Not commonly used
• Lead give poisoning effect
• High resistance to corrosion
Domestic Service Connection
Valve, Fitting & Taps
Valve
• Valve which is used in domestic water supply
• Valves are used to control
1. Flow of Water
2. Release or Admit the air
3. Regulate pressure
• Types of Valves
1. Sluice Valve
2. Pressure Relief Valve
3. Reflux valve or Check Valve
4. Air valve or Air Relief valve
5. Scour valve
6. Globe valve
Sluice Valve
• Also called gate valve or stop valve
• Valves are located at the intersection of
pipelines or at a street corner.
Pressure Relief Valve
• Also called
safety valve.
• Fixed at
downstream
end of long
length.
Check Valve
• Also called non-return valve or foot valve.
• Valve is open only in the direction of flow.
• Prevent back running of water.
• Valve are placed about 300m interval
• Generally used in sloppy area
Air Valve
• Also called air relief valve.
• When water is flowing through pipes some air
is carried with water and air cause blockage of
water.
Scour Valve
• These valve are also called wash out valve.
• Fixed at every dead end.
Glob Valve
• Provided to control the rate of flow
• Fittings & Taps.
1. Water Taps
2. Stop cock
3. Bends
Water Taps
• Plastic, Copper, Brass, Steel
Material used
• Bib Tap is common used tap
• Push Tap also included in
water Tap
• Pillar tap are generally used
in wash basin
• The usual size of the water
tap are 9.5, 13, 16, 19, 25,
32, 38, 50mm
Stop Cock
• Common used in water supply line between
building and street in mains and in house
plumbing.
• Stop the water line
Bends
Tees
Crosses
Elbow Union
Caps Plugs
Sockets
Nipples
Flange
Sanitary Fitting
Sanitary Fitting
• Various ceramic product used for sanitary purposes.
1. Water Closet
o European Type
o Indian type
2. Flushing cistern
3. Wash basin
4. Sink
5. Urinals
o Basin Type or Bowl Type
o Stall Type or Slab Type
6. Bath tub
Water Closet
• Definition: A sanitary fitting which is designed
to received human excreta directly from the
person using it is known as water closest.
• Types
1. European type water closest
2. Indian type Water closest
1. European Type Water Closet
• Made of Porcelain
• Pan has a flushing rim
to spread water
• Cover is provided at
top
• The excreta fall
directly in to the trap.
2. Indian type Water Closet
• Made of Porcelain
• Pan and trap are two
different part
• Pan has flushing rim
to spread the flush
water
Flushing cistern
• Necessary for
flushing
• Capacity is 5 to 15
litres
• Hand operated or
automatic
Wash Basin
• Generally made of Glazed earthware
• May be pedestal or fixed on wall
Sink
• Sink is rectangular
basin
• Made up glazed
earthware
• Size if sink depend
upon use
• Outlet usually of
about 40mm diameter
• Sink can also be
prepared of cast-in-
situ
Urinals
• Urinal are generally provided with manually or
automatic flush system.
• Urinals are classified in following two
categories
1. Basin Type urinal
2. Slab type urinal
Trap
Trap
• Definition: Trap is bent or depressed sanitary
fitting which is always remain full of water.
• The depth of water seal in practice is varies
from 25mm to 75mm.
• Functions:
1. The main function of a trap in drainage
system is to prevent the passage of foul air.
2. Also it allows the sewage to flow through it.
Classification of Traps
According to shape
o P – Trap
o Q – Trap
o S – Trap
According to use
o Floor Trap
o Gully Trap
o Intercepting Trap
P - Trap
• Trap which has shape of letter P is know as P –
Trap
Q – Trap
• Trap which has shape of letter Q is know as Q
– Trap
S – Trap
• Trap which has shape of letter S is know as S –
Trap
Floor Trap
• Also called Nanhi trap
• A cast iron cover with grating is provided at
top, so as to prevent entry of solid matter.
• Cover can be removed for cleaning of the trap.
• Located in bathroom
Gully Trap
• Usually made of
stoneware and a cast
iron grating is
provided at top.
• It is fitted inside a
masonry chamber
• Water seal is provided
of a height 60 to 70
mm.
Intercepting Trap
• Intercepting trap is
to prevent entry of
sewer gas from
public sewer line in
to house drain.
• The trap has water
seal of 100mm
• Fresh air inlet is also
provided in
manhole.
Qualities of Good Trap
• Simple construction
• Adequate water seal
• Easily cleaned
• Self cleaning property.
• Internal and external surface is smooth
Tools and Plants required for Pipe
Fitting in Plumbing work.
• Spanner
• Pipe Vice
• Pipe Cutter
• Pipe wrench
• Threading dies
• Hacksaw
• Adjustable wrench
• Chain wrench
• Pipe bending machine
Electricity
Electrification
• Following points to be consider while selecting
installation system
1. Life of installation
2. Alteration in future
3. Construction of Building
4. Possibility of Fire hazards
5. Presence of corrosive fumes
6. Dampness
System used for distribution of Power
• Single Phase – Two wire system (230v)
• Three Phase – Three wire system (440v)
• Three Phase – Four wire system (440v)
Accessories of electrical Installation
• Cables
• Flexible wires
• Switches
• Fuses
• Ceiling rose
• Lamp Holder
• Plugs
• Socket outlet
• Junction Box
Cables
• Copper or aluminium material is used
• Wire is coated with insulating material to
minimize risk of fire & shocks
• Types of Cables
1. Vulcanized Indian Rubber Insulated (VIR)
2. Tough Rubber Sheathed Cables (TRS)
3. Cab Tyre Sheathed Cables (CTS)
4. Weather – proof cable
5. Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables (PVC)
6. Lead Sheathed Cables
Flexible Cords
• Large number of fine wire to form the
conductor.
• These are insulated by plastic insulation.
• Wire is used to connect domestic appliance.
• These cords are easy to guide and handle.
Switches
• Break of electrical connection to the load is
carried out with the help of switch.
• Switch should be connected with Live (L) wire
• Switch connected in neutral wire will make and
break circuit but the user can get a shock if he
touch live point.
• Switch are available in 5A and 15A
• In certain application such as staircase lighting we
use the switch to turn ON and OFF the lamp more
than one point.
Fuse
• Used for protecting the appliance against over
current.
• A fuse is basically a piece of wire rated for
particular current and has a low melting point.
• Copper, Zinc, Lead, Tin, Aluminium etc
material used.
Socket Outlet
• Socket outlets are provided for temporary
electrical connections such as table lamp, table
fan, radio, TV etc...
• Socket outlet can be of the following two type
1. Two Point type
2. Three Pin type
• Socket are fixed on wooden block
Plug
• The plug along with flexible
cord are used for providing the
electrical supply to portable
appliance like table fan, table
lamp, radio, TV etc.....
• Available in 5A and 15A rating
• Two types
1. Two Pin plug
2. Three Pin Plug
Lamp Holder
• Used to support and connect Lamp to supply
system.
• Possible to remove or replace lamp from lamp
holder.
• Classification
1. Batten holder
2. Pendant Holder
3. Bracket holder
4. Angle Holder
Ceiling Rose
• Ceiling rose is used for connecting the ceiling
fans, pendent lamp, etc to supply system
• Ceiling rose is made of following two parts
1. Base
2. Cover
Junction Box
• Junction box are used to join some conductor.
Switches
• A switch is a mechanical device used to connect
and disconnect a circuit.
• Switch has two piece of metal called contacts that
touch to make a circuit and separate to break the
circuit.
• Types of Switches
1. Mercury tilt switch
2. Knife Switch
3. Changeover switch
1. Mercury tilt switch
• The mercury switch consist of a drop of
mercury inside a glass bulb with 2 contacts.
• The two contacts pass through the glass, and
are connected by the mercury when the bulb is
tilted to make the mercury rolled on.
2. Knife Switch
• Enclosed circuit and connection are with a
rubber or plastic insulated section for the user,
the contact and bridge are fully exposed.
3. Changeover Switch
• Switch contact have a spring loaded action
which disconnect the load easily.
•
Fuses
• Fuse is simplest device, which break the circuit
under abnormal condition
• Types of Fuse
1. Semi enclosed
2. Totally enclosed
3. Dropout fuse
4. Expulsion fuse
5. High Rupturing Capacity Fuse
6. Striker fuse
7. Switch fuse
MCB
• MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)
• Circuit break under overloading and short
circuit condition.
• Under a normal condition use as a switch.
• Used in low voltage domestic, commercial and
industrial.
• Current carrying part are made by copper and
other parts are made by non rusting type
material.
Electric Shock
• An electric shocks can occur upon contact
human’s body with any source of voltage.
• The current may causes tissue damage if it is
sufficiently higher.
• Death caused by an electric shocks is referred
to as electrocution.
Safety Rules
• Use standard pins to supply of power from the
plug point.
• Use ISI marked electrical materials.
• Replace the bulb only after switch it off.
• Plug point of heavy appliance like refrigerator,
washing machine must be properly earthen and
use 3 pin plug.
• Keep a bulb in place in all the lamp holders.
Earthing
• Earthing means connecting neutral point to the
earth by a conductor of negligible resistance.
• Three Types of Earthing
1. Pipe Earthing
2. Plate Earthing
3. Earthing for domestic applience
Building Finishes
Building Finishes
• All Building finishes such as plastering,
pointing, painting etc...
• Protect the material used in building from
weathering effect
• To give decorative finish to building.
Plastering
Plastering
• Plastering is covering with material of various
composition applied either externally or
internally to wall by lime, cement, or mud.
Necessity of Plastering
• To provide smooth, regular, clean, durable and
finished surface.
• To conceal defective workmanship.
• To protect surface from atmosphere.
• To fill the joints formed in masonry work.
• To provide satisfactory base of decorative
Preparation of Surface for Plaster
• All the projections which extend by more than
13mm from the general surface of the wall face
are knocked off.
• All joints in masonry are valued out for a depth of
at least 13mm.
• Surface are brushed and well melted with clean
water.
• Surface are free from oil, grease.
• Holes are properly filled in advance.
Ground work for plaster
• In order to obtain uniform thickness of plaster
vertical strip called screed or band are formed
on the wall surface.
• Dots are applied horizontally and vertically at
a distance about 2m covering entire wall.
• After fixing dots the vertical strips of plaster
called as screed are formed between dots.
• Screed maintain thickness of plaster.
Procedure of applying internal plaster
to brick masonry wall
1. Single coated plaster
• 12 mm thick on brick masonry and 20 mm
thick on rubble masonry.
• First coated plaster is applied by clearing
surface and sprinkle the water.
• If we apply second coat at least 2 days left for
drying of first coat.
2. Double coated plaster
• Second coat is applied after first coat.
• Second coat is uniformly spread with trowels.
• Thickness of second coat of plaster is 6 to
10mm.
3. Neeru – Finishing or Sanla – Plaster
• These coat is applied after 5 dyas of the
second coat.
• This coat consist of create white or fat lime
and fine white sand the ratio of 1:2 is laid in
thickness of 3 mm.
• Some time small quantity of mica powder is
also add for shining purpose.
Types of Plaster
• Classification of Plaster depends upon the
types of binding material used.
• Types of Plaster
1. Cement Plaster
2. Lime Plaster
3. Gypsum plaster
4. Plaster of Paris
5. Stucco Plaster
Cement Plaster
• Mixture of Cement, Sand and Water
• Usually applied in one coat of thickness
12mm, 15mm, 20mm.
• Usual proportion is 1:4
• Surface is levelled with wooden float, straight
edges and trowel.
Lime Plaster
• Lime is used as a building material in making the
mortar for plastering purposes then it is called
lime plaster.
• Mixture of Lime and sand in equal proportion.
• Making the plaster more effective sand should be
free from Pebbles, Garbage and mud.
• Fat Lime generally recommend for plaster work.
• Plain Side 13 mm, For Rough side 16 mm thick,
and in stone work 19 mm thick plaster is applied.
Gypsum Plaster
• Gypsum plaster are required small portion of
sand and other aggregate is required.
• Plaster is in light in weight.
• Unaffected by bacteria.
• Used in multi storage building.
POP (Plaster of Paris)
• POP Obtained from Gypsum.
• Gypsum is heated to certain temperature, water
is removed and we got very fine powder of
POP.
• POP sets immediate after adding water in it.
• The dry mix of POP and sand is mixed in
small quantities and suitable quantities of
water is add and this plaster is applied within
in 5 minutes.
Stucco Plaster
• Stucco is the name given to an decorative
plaster used on both external and internal.
• Total thickness about 25 mm
• Three coat of plaster
• First coat is rough coat which bond with wall
• Second coat give desire shape to the surface
• Third coat required texture, smoothness, and
decorative appearance.
Pointing
Pointing
• The joints on the face of stone or brick
masonry are roughly filled with mortar is
called pointing.
• Two types of Mortar
1. Lime Mortar 1:2 mix
2. Cement Mortar 1:3 mix
Methods of Pointing
• All the mortar joints are raked out to a depth of
10 – 15 mm with the help of pointing tool.
• Dust and loose mortar are roughly cleaned.
• Mortar are taken in small pan and by pressing
fill up the joints.
• Excess mortar is scraped away.
Types of Pointing
• Classification depend on shape of finishing
1. Beaded pointing
2. Flush pointing
3. Recessed pointing
4. Rubbed or grooved pointing
5. Tuck pointing
6. Vee pointing
7. Weathered or struck pointing
8. Struck pointing
1. Beaded pointing
• Gives good appearance
• Difficult to maintain
• The raked joint are filled up with mortar and
finished flush with the face of wall and then
bead is formed.
2. Flush Pointing
• Joints are raked and they are finished flush
with the face of brick masonry.
• Simplest type of pointing.
• Not give good appearance
3. Recessed pointing
• Mortar is kept vertical but inside the wall
surface with the help of suitable tools.
• Suitable for facing work.
• Facing work of good texture of work
4. Rubbed or Grooved pointing
• In this type of pointing the racked joints are
filled up flush with face of the wall and
semicircular notches are formed by special
tools.
5. Tuck pointing
• In this type of mortar is pressed in the joints
and finished flush with the face of the wall
when the mortar is still wet a rectangular
groove is formed at the centre of joints.
• This groove is filled with white lime putty.
6. Vee pointing
• In this type of pointing either V shaped
grooves are done on finished surface .
7. Weathered or struck pointing
• In this type of pointing either V shaped
grooves are done on finished surface on outer
side .
8. Struck point
• This is a modification of flush pointing in
which the face of pointing is kept inclined,
with upper edge pressed inside the face by
10mm.
Tools required for plastering
• Gauging trowel
• Floats
• Floating rule
• Plumb bob
• Steel Ghamelas or steel pot
• Spang
• Spirit level
• Straight edge
• Set square
• Brushes
• Corner edge
• Scratches
Gauging Trowels
• Gauging trowels are commonly used to apply
the mortars on the surface to be plastered.
Floats
• Two type of Floats used
1. Wooden Floats
2. Metal floats
Floating rule
Plum bob
• It is small and handy tool used for making
mortar perfectly vertically.
Paints & Painting
Paints
• Paint is a mechanical dispersion mixture of
one or more pigments apply on surface.
• When paint is applied on metal surface primer
is compulsory apply.
Necessity of Painting
• Protect iron and wood from wear & tear.
• Protect wood from insects, fungus and
moisture.
• Protect iron from corrosion
• Paint surface reflect heat and light.
• Provide smooth and beautiful surface
• To prevent corrosion in metal
• To provide surface hygiene, safe and clean.
Characteristic of Good paint
• It should have good spreading power
• Have good consistency
• Harmless to user
• Paint should be cheap
• Easily apply on surface
• Dry within in 24 hrs
• Paint should be not affected by heat, rain, wind
etc...
• Colour of the paint should be retained for long
time.
• Paint should be good fire and moisture
resistance.
• Its firm it should not cracked on drying.
• Paint should be glossy and stable
Constituents of Paint
1. Pigments
2. Vehicle (drying oil)
3. Thinner
4. Drier
5. Fillers
6. Plasticizer
Classification of Paint
1. Emulsion Paint
2. Exterior house paint
3. Interior wall paint
4. Chemical resistant paint
5. Luminous paint
6. Metal paint
7. Cement paint
8. Distemper (water paint)
1. Emulsion paint
• Dispersion of rubber like resin in water
• Water is used in place of Thinner.
• Constituents of Emulsion paint
o Rubber Like Resin : such as semi solid
polystyrene
o Oleoresinous material: Linseed oil is used
o Pigments: Mica and titanium oxide used
o Extender: Silica and magnesium silicate used
o Emusifying agent: tetra sodium phosephate,
sodium sulphate used
o Stabilizer: Dextrin, Starch, Water soluble gum
used
o Preservatives: mercuric chloride, chlorothymol
are used
o Antifoaming agent: Pine oil and kerosene is
used.
o Drier: naphthenates , manganese and zinc
o Volatile material: Water
2. Exterior house Paint
• These paints have following constituents
Pigments: Zinc oxide, Titanium oxide, White
lead
Vehicle: Boiled linseed oil
Thinner: Mineral Spirits, Naphthas
Extenders: Barytes, talc, clay
3. Interior wall paints
• These paints are prepared by mixture the
following constituents:
Pigments: White and coloured pigments
Vehicle: Varnish or boiled linseed oil
Resins: Emulsified phenol formaldehyde
resins and casein.
4. Chemical Resistant Paint
• These paint consist of baked oleoresinous
varnishes, clorinated rubber composition,
bituminous varnishes.used
5. Luminous Paint
• These pain consist of phosphorescent paint
composition.
6. Metal Paint
• These paint consist of zinc, alkyds, epoxy,
polyamide, chlorinated rubber etc..
• Silicones are added as heat resistant and water
resistant
7. Cement Paint
• Cement paint are produced by mixing white
cement (70%), hydrated lime, pigment, very
fine sand is used.
8. Distempers (water Paint)
• Distemper are water paint
• Ingredient of distemper are
1. Chalk Powder
2. Glue
3. Colouring pigment
4. Water
Types of Exterior paint available in
Market
• Latex Paint
• Oil Finish paint
• Velvet finish Paint
• Pearl paint
• Gloss paint
• Acrylic finish paint
• Alkyd finish paint
• Plastic paint
• Exterior emulsion wall paint
Surface preparation for Painting
• Apply sand paper on surface of wall
• Holes, cracks, irregular surface filled by putty.
• Apply white putty
• Apply sand paper for final finish
• Apply white wash as a first coat.
• Apply colour
HVAC
(Heating, Ventilation, Air
conditioning)
Heating
• Heating system mostly used in cold area
• Such system of heating boiler, furnace, heating
lamp, steam.
• Heating ventilation Devices
1. Steam coil
2. Hot water coil
3. Electric heater
4. Duct furnace
Ventilation
• Supply of fresh air from out side in to a
enclosed space like bungalow, commercial or
public building.
• Ventilation can be obtain by natural system,
mechanical system, artificial system
Necessity of Ventilation
• Ventilation avoided unwanted accumulation of
Carbon dioxide.
• Help to produce air movement
• It prevents dust and bacteria carrying particles.
• It helps to remove smoke, smell and odour.
• It helps to prevents suffocation.
System of Ventilation
1. Natural Ventilation
o Wind effect for ventilation
o Stack effect for ventilation
2. Artificial or mechanical ventilation
o Exhaust system
o Plenum system
o Extraction plenum system
o Air conditioning
Air - conditioning
• Classified in two part
1. Unitary system
• Window Air conditioning
• Split air conditioning system
• Package air conditioner
2. Central System
