S block

metals ns
Alkali
metals ns2
Alkaline earth

metals
Alkali
Rb Cs Fr
Li Na k

ns

white solid
silvery cut with knife
nature can be
in
soft
except for
Li
has bright lustuse
the surface oxidation
when cut
due to
soon fades mobile elections of
but
due to
Lusher is
lattice
the metal atomic
with Tse in non
Tses
softness
 Atomicandionickedius
in their respective
periods
Largest
Tses down the group as
Atomic radius
new shell
added to
Es are
t the group
also Tses
tonic radius ionic
trend in
solution the
in aq

Tadius Rbi Cst

Nat 7 kt
it
small sized
extensive hydration of
to
due
cation

Ionisation energy
as atomic
tses d the group
I E

size Tses
they attain inert gas config by loosing
an electron
 Oxidate
i oxidation State
attain inert gas
looses one e easily to
i
config
is very high
I I C

Redifer Nagfkcgfkbcgfcs.gg
in has phase Eigg
Rb Cs
Na k
Li Ve
in age phase are
metals
alkali oxidises oh
E values of be easily
can reducing agent
i er they good
as
behaves
this factors teat
M
I E
D
28 age Eo
DHatomisation's more for values
Due to
have Lower MPD BP
M P involves i e
that
weak
metallic bonding
density is
However d of K
Tses d the group
as its atomic volume
Na
less than
feet f accomodate 3d
Na
to
is larger than
Sub shell
bonds covalent
from ionic
They predominantly
Li are due to t.se
Compounds of
I tee group
Tses
character
ionic
in IE electricity
and
heat
good
conductors of shows P E effect
metals high
All alkali its IG is
Except Li show
as
not or its
salt
Li does metal
cone Hd
flame
colouration
f metallic chloride
Paste of
Red introduced into
Li crimson f flame
Golden yellow
Na
K Violet Pole
dark
Kb Violet
CS Sky blue
 Chemical properties

highly reactive
Alkali metals
are

Low I E
due to atoomisation
Low enthalpy of
size

with Oz
Reaction
Metallic oxide
2m20
t Oz
4M CS
k Kb
M Li Na peroxide
excess M 202
7
Oz
2Mt air
Kb Cs
Na k Superoxide
M
Moz
M tOz
M 7 k Rb Cs
Lit
superoxide
or
peroxide tee 8
Li doesnot form strongly C field
02 ions allow
ions hold it does not
and 05
ions strongly to from
with 0 tee gray as
02 combing stability Tses d
size coulion anion
Large
Canon Tses
Superoxide
Stabilize larger
size of
Reaction of Hydrogen

2M It
2Mt Hz
673k
as
d Ses t the group

stability of
hydrides Bond strength
Ases n

bond length
M H
the
f Ses Tsg d
this hydries
ability of
Reducing

group
Lio Ht
172
Lilt H2o
Hz
RoNat t
NAH t ROH Hz
NANIk t
MHz Nut t Hz
NAH 1 Nat
CHE CH
2 NAH
towards H
metal
reactivity of Ise in
order of as there is
1 the group
discs hydrides
lattice energy
of
 Reaction with H2o
2
t He
H2o MOH
Mt
H2
Zandt
t ZHI Hat H2
Nat
CH ca
Nat as we
becomes violent
with water
Reaction
the group
move down
I E lyses
DHatomisation Ises

with H2O
Li reacts gently
and move
melts on the surface catches fire
Na sometime
and
move vigorously catches
and always
k reacts vigorously
Rb and G alkali metal
So are of an
fize a halogen
with halogens Reactivity n
for
Reaction I the group
2 MX
Tses
2Mt Xz halogen with
Reactivity f needs Ises
an alkali
from Fa fo Iz
 liquid Nib
Solubility of
Nlb
Mt calls x
Mt Ckty
e CNB y
in
blue
nature and
in
Solution is paramagnetic

conducting

Also a good seducing agent

Hz
2M Mkt
2Mt 2 113
bronze
a copper
conc
above 3M Flue to the
At
solution
is formed thus metallic
coloured ions and
metal solution is
clusters of coloured
Bronze clusters
lustuk due to
e
diamagnetic
S and P
with
Reaction
S8
8NazS
Is
16 Nat
4Na3P
12 Nat Pg
Nacity amalgam
Nat Hg
General characteristics comp
of
hydroxides
I oxides and
2 MOH
M 20 t H2O nature
basic in
hydroxides
oxides and
character of in
Basic
due to t.se
d the group
M and
Tses O
between
bond strength
soluble in H2o
are highly
all hydroxides
Liott Lioti
except except
thermally stable
are
all t H2o
03 Li 20
2 Li
OH
Resembles mg

NaCl t H2O
NaOH 1 HI
Na2504 t 2h20
NaOH t 142504
2Nd H If 202
2 H2o
NA 27
2 KOH 1142025023
Kozt 2h20 oxidising'tagents
WI
I Yes
2Mt Xz 2M x

M2 Ot 2 Hx 7 2 MX t H2O

2MXt H2O t CO2

M263 t 2HX
solids
Colourless high melting point
alkali halides
character in
Covalent

polarisation effects anion

size
and large
Small size cation
covalent character
favours
Lid Lif
Li I Li Br
KI RBI Cscl
Lid Nacl
ions
Lattice energy depends on size of
has maximum lattice energy among
Nacl
chlorides alkali metals
of order
For the same alkali metal the Ap
F 7 Cl BE I
 halides
Solubility of
and hydration enthalpy
Lattice energy
alkali
solubility of
Except for fluorides as hydration
discs down the group
halides the
loses more than
Cations
enthalpy of
t.se tiaenergy
alcohol acetone etc
is soluble in
Lif covalent character
predominant
due to Hydration energy
energy
high
high lattice
Less hydration
insoluble in water
is
GE tote ions
enthalpy for
are
CIF
Li except
All halides of high hydration
in water due to
soluble
is sparingly
entealpy of
Lit LEE
its high Lattice energy
to
soluble due
covalent and soluble in
Lid is also
organic solvents
 acids

are thermally stable

alkali Metals
cost of
discos
except for
Lizot CO2
Liz cog
t 62
Mgo
mgcos
Slate
not known
in solid
Li Hoz is
Iho t Co2
12 Naz coz t
2 Na Hoz
bicarbonates are soluble
carbonates and
All the increases rapidly
the solubility
in water and
due to rapid disc in
on descending
the group

lattice energy
1 02
24 103 Is Li 201 2 102 t
2

Mg1403 Mg Ot Hoz
Na Nat 1
Na Noy F 202
alkali metals are stable
salphala of
 Li
Anomalous Behaviour of
size
Reasons Small
power
high polarising
high DH Hydration d orbitals
non availability of I E
and high
Last positive
electro
higher
are comparisively
M.p and Bp
alkali metals
harder than other and 05
022
Liso others form
Li forms only
does My colt 2
a weak base C So
Li Colt is solvents
soluble in organic
is
halids of Li
Cso docs ng XD does
7.266Li t Na 243N C so my
and exists as Lid 2 H2o

Lid is deliquescent chlorides

03 other
MgCh
8
as
Magda exists
are anhydrous
and fooms Lithium carbide
Lit c readily
so does mg
 Lizcoz I Lizo 1 Coz

OH 03 Uzo t H2O

4 LIN03 i20 4 NO 2T Oz
t
hydroxides are
metal carbonates
All other alkeli
stable to heat
1
M Nos 07 M NOL t 202

Liz 63 Liz Pop Lif are only

Li OH
are insoluble in water
metal salts which
alkali an
zoos Mgs 4 z ng E
Kl't ng Hz Mg
insoluble in H2o
2T exists only in
Lit and my
Hag of
Cov solution
Extraction alkali metals
of
themselves good
are
metals
Alkali Their oxides and I
agents
reducing
reduced easily cannot
cannot be D i
ve
elements retard
electro displacement
highly
metal
by
be obtained alkali metal
age
Sola i of
Electrolysing
at
cathode
He
salts liberts DUO _0
H 2T EEell IO

IH th
m EEeii zvesaor
nettle
AG.dz
t q.im

minerals SIoduemeneli
Mms 0412
Triphylite Na zP04

Petalik Li Al 20514
F z
k 0373 CHO
Lepidolite Cli Na z

Anbylgonite Li Al 04 F
 Extraction of Li ose
f 1373K
ore spodumene or lepidolite
It2504 523K
I conc

other metal sulphate

Liz Soc and si 02
Sio
I filter to remove

AcidTreatment Narcos

3z and
n
Fez
LizcozCSoluble Al2
DztebexcesefNa2w3
I 4263
f HI
2 Lid
meth silicate
Ose Laws
fusion d fused with
extracted wite HI
1
Soluble
Chlorides of
siege Insoluble Li Al ca k Na
evaporateand add
c
pyridine
I soluble insoluble d tf ka k
and Aest
 d ne
Lid
Electrolysis f
and 451 KI
551 Lid Tse tee conductivity and

to t.se fusion temp

Li Cag's pure and

Cathode Lit co
At wrapped in
2cL Ist k
paraffinwax
at anode
Tedd
Ela Pci EE
t

1 Li Lid
Li no Rani

Lizot H2 Li Liz S
Li
Ciao mile light Li Lisp
Li
H 425oz t H2
Li
Li 7 Liz N
 odin
Minerals Sodium
of
Nad Sodium chloride

Nang Chile saltpetre

2492504.101120 hlaubers Salt

1011 20 Borax
Na213407 Soda
MaalSig g
Feldspar
a

P2ocess
Downs
Extractionf Nai
Nacl is very
high
rep of
electrolytic
temp
volatile at the
is
Na
a
colloidal Sol with
molten Na forms

molten Nacl na N
electrolysis i.e
of not
the products Nad if
will react to give Iz
clz steel guage
separated anime f
molten
Mattie Na Nad
at cathode
mortal data
 white metal
silvery test
Golden yellow flame
in flame

02 214920
4149
Oz
Nazoz
12
H2o 7 NaOH t
E 2 Nacl
Iz
Nass
1 s
F Naz p
f p
Is wait
1 12
Hz
HI Nad t te
1 Hz
C H50 Matt 2
t CutsOH
CBCoo Nat
1 Iz Hz
t ab Coo it
R c
E t iz Hz
t R CECH
Mazo t si
t Sioz
A163
Nacht Al
Nacl Be
Beds
Compounds of alkali metals

NIH
Nazcozt Ca Colt z 7 2 NaOH t Cacog
Prep

Caster Kellner process

too
praggtham
dit
Nacl NaOH Had

Itg.t
Mattie at cathode
Hgt Na Hg
reduction of
cathode
on the Surface of Hg
At
Nat is easier than
26 Iata
anode
at
Iz Hz T
H2o NaOH t
Na Hg t
Poop of NaOH
stable towards heat
2Nat 26 t Hz
Hlaolt 12C

3 NaOH 7 Teco17131 t 3kcal

Feast brown

Nlbtt Hot NaCl

NH4 It NaOH

ZHAI
t t Hao
2NaoH Ago
S Itg Iz t
yellow powder
Naal Ost 2h20
t NaOH
6 At Colt z d Soluble

f 3Nad
3NaOH
Aldst 2h20
Mazzola y
2 NaOH
Zn Colt z soluble
H2o
2 NaOH Nazsiost
Sioz t
3h20 7 PHS t 3NaHzPOz
Pat 3 NaOH t

2 NaOH t 2h20
31kt 2NaA1q
ZAI f

n
 Kat caustic potash
t 7 KOH
Bacott 32 Ba 50 1
Kzsoat

pnop
37 He
Kz
2K H t coz 3
I coz A 20
kHC03

olubte _iVa.oHis cheaper

than Kott

soda
Nards Baking
cess
So sofa
ommonical Brine
and NHS
Nacl
Mlb t
NHaHC03J
C0TtHzo
NH4HC03 1 Nacl
K

stH
034
t naked

a NHS
Cachet Hot
NAGI t CACOH z

Tattoos co
cacozes
only byproduct
KzC0

2kclt3 gcoz
3ltzoJtC0 t
2mCgCoz.kHC03.4H2oJ7Mgdz d
3
s2mgcoztK2Co
2 gC03 kHC03.4lt2oJ t CO2
t 91420

f ngo
K 203
gA3 91120
t
3

solid
while deliquescent
than Narcos
more
alkaline
2M HCG
H2o
M 263 t CO2 t
M Hwy
T
 c
Htt 42100
H3P04
CLICHARB CL Cl
Lu
C Ci xD 24
Ht Eltz poof
K
H3P04
KcLk3
CL
CL CHL2 t 2 did 2
Htt HP0
H2poci f 0042
Cd Clay 1
CHT
K2 1210041
10043
CH'T
13045 Kz
Htt HPoq2
HP042 I
CL CCHd2t on 4243
CL L2 LHD
CLed2Cl 43

K2 92 21
KK
Hpoa2J k
K
ki
Chik
a 5
 43 3
Ks
K2
kc
10045
Tfc
incorrect SB titration
 him Ra
Be ca Sr Ba
ng
2
ns
radius Tses d the
Atomic radius and Ionic

are smaller than alkali metals

They
group due to Tse in
in their respective period electrons are
and
nuclear charge
Effective shell
to the same
added

I E doses t the group

alkaline
ca Be Reactivity of
Ba so mg earth metal
are less
I E is alkali metals they

reactive than alkali metals

Tse in 3rd I E
be sharp
There would inert gas
removed from
e's are
as

configuration
2nd In E is 7 1st I E alkaline
thou 2 O S due
with
eerie metals forms comp only
to stability of inert gas config
oxidation State t2

m m't t z
inert gas electronic configuration

Hydration energy
alkaline earth
Hydration energy of
in the same period
metals alkali metals
more charge greater
smaller size
due to
ratio
charge radius

tan of metallic bonding

bonding
are
involved in metalic
2e
metallic bond
stronger
higher MP and BP
n density
corresponding
alkali metals
Harder than
11
denser 11

density Tses t the group

 Flame colouration

do not impart colour to flame

Being
I E
due to their high

ca2t brick red

n
Crimson
sz2t
Bott apple green
I the group
Tses
metallic character
than alkali
are less electro positive
they
metals predominantly
also foom ionic comp
They due to
Covaleny is greater
tendency of
m't ion
ability of
high polarising
and
salts except of F
solubility solubility of Ise in
the group due to
OH 3 lyses d

energy
hydration solubility Tses
For F and OH
t the group
 Reactivity
alkali metals due to
Less reactive than

I E
high than Eoalkali metals
less ve
E µz is
µ
than alkali
less reducing
They are

metals Mses d the group

nature
Reducing

chemical poop

Reaction with H2o

with Hzolsteam zed
doesnot react
Be
Feet I E and Less negative Evalue
High
Less reactive
t Hat
21120 7 Mg Colt z
Ng t
boiling
does not react
with cold water
ng
coat when
it forms a protective of Mgo
Greeted with boiling H2O
it reacts slowly
with boiling H2O
 g
have more ve Eo
Ca Sr and Ba
even
Cold water
reacts with
t Hz
Ca Colt z
Ca 1 211 20 metals
than alkali
is
However reactivity
H2o Tses d the group
towards
Reactivity

w r

D 2Beo
2 Be t 02
873K
Bes 142
3 Be t Nz
s

t air Ngo t Mgs Nz

Ng oxides and
also forms their
Ca Sr and Ba

nitrides
towards Oz Tses I the group
Reactivity

Ca Ba Sr are stored in paraffin

forms a protective coat of their

Be.mg
oxides and ooo not stored in paraffin
 Bez Nz Volatile
crystalline solids
other nitrides are

03 3M t 142
Mrs Nz t 2k11g
3M Colt 2
M 3 Nz t 6 H2O

Peroxides
Barium forms
Bao
Large Bat 02
soon
size srt on

2 Cat Oz Icao

21120 t 02
It 2oz 7
Ca Colt z t

oxidesandHdes
chanci en.no
2 Mo Being Ca
2Mt Oz
Sr Ba
Not coz CBe.mg
NCOs
t H2 Ca S2 139
MOH z
Mt 2h20
Ca Sr Ba
H2o M Colt z
Not
Be HK 2 Nacl
t 2NaOH
Beck
t Na2504
Mgsoat
2NaoH Ng GAI
 g
Basic character oxides and hydroxides
of
due to Ise in
Tses t the group
Ise in
M O Also due to
Bond energy of Mses
Canon
Reason size of
Lattic energy
d the group
also Tses
solubility
basic when
and less
are less soluble oxides and
they
to
alkali metal
compared Smaller ionic size
Reason high IE
hydroxides
and lattice enthalpy
greater
amphoteric in nature
Be Coltz is

Ebs
MXzt H2
Mt 2 Hx
MXzt H2o
Mot 2Hx
M Colt zt 2 Ht M Xz t 2h20

2Hx Miz t Hao t 62

M z t
PNI
covalent and soluble in organic
are
All Bexz Ionic character
are ionic
All MXz
solvents
Tses d the group
chlorides boom hydrates
Beck all
Except
Cactz G H2O
Ck 6h20 luses t the
Mg
to form hydrates
Tendency

group
t X H2o
2C H2o I MXz
M Xz anhydrous
Ca Sr Ba
t ZHI
Mg Colt z
Mg Ck 6 H2o 1 2h20
Salt
b undergo hydrolysis
IHI
61120
Mgdzcantyd
in H2o due to
soluble
Betz is very
Belt
high hicydration energy of
insoluble
halide which is
Cafe is onlyto Lattice energy
in H2o due high
Reaction with H2

s
MHz
Mt Hz
Cid t Al Ust 2 Belt
2 Bech t Ci Al Hq
compounds
HL are covalent bond
Beltz and Mg 3C 2e
with
polymeric structure
having

yet Bel
Be r a
a
1
ionic in nature
are
other MHz
M Colt z t Zita
7
MHz t Zitzo
Methanide
Caltz hydrolith p
1 Beet Zoo
2C 7
2B cot
WII I H2O
Becoltz city
cacz.tt caCoHjztCH

aIcoCa0t3c
cat 2C
acetylide
0 15
and Sulfshales
carbonates
Msoa Tses
stability of Moog and
Thermal and
Canon Tses
group
Size of
d the size
Stabilises large
large size onion

cation
loses d the
Mco A Msoq
solublities of hydration energy
t.se in
group
due to

cation
of H2o
are soluble in
Be 504 MgSoa f CO2
It GF
Absence

Be Cibo
Beast Ii H2o
coz
and
mg w
is slightly soluble
are insoluble
others
07 2040 t 2MHz t Oz
2M 44032
Anomalous Behaviour of Ben

Reason Small size

high I E
high CN

high polarising power

orbitals
absence of d
harder than other alkaline earth
Be is
metals
than my
lighter
B P and Mp are higher than Mg
with H2o
react
does not

Beo is amphoteric
on hydrolysis
gives city
Bez C
t
72 Be Colt zt CH4
Bez C 24h20
acetylene on
and Cacz gives
Nycz MG t 2h20 7 M Colt zt
hydrolysis Ez Hz

does not exhibit co ordination number

Be
more than 4 While others have maximum
number 6
co ordination
Diagonal relationship
with Ali
covalent comp
Both form predominantly
of both
are
and oxides
Hydroxides
in nature
amphoteric
insoluble
Both oxides
are high melting
solids
both have bridged
Beck and Allez

chloride structure
I
Be I
d Be
at
a U
a
Al ne
al Tal a

are extensively hydrolysed

Both salts
on hydrolysis
n
carbides gives CHa
attacked by acids due
are not
i

the formation of
thin oxide film
to
rig
magnesite
Mgcos
Dolomite
CaGz
Mofaz
7 H2o
Epsomite
My504
KI
Carnalile
2
My Iz Langheinite
112504 2 Mgsog
CO2
mgcoz argot
t 2602
Caws Mgcoz 07 Cao t Mgo
c t Iz 7 mg Iz t Cee
Myo f
subtfected
to electrolysis

1273K Te
t Te si 2mg t
Icao tango TI p
Cassio
Foo e8
evaporation
sea water is concentrated by
are precipitated
and cacoitz
Mg Cath
hydroxides are heated to give ago
the
and Cao
Electrolysis of Ngok
Nacl and Cack
with
is taken along
Mgch 1023K and
are fused at 973
They that acts as
in a steel tank
electrolyzed molten
rods dipped in
cathode Graphite
as anode
mixture acts

at cathode Ngata mg
Iz t a
anode ZI
at

poor Is
coalgas
Gal gas
Boast Gsg Too

Lofty pfhamo.org
I
molten Mfd2 room 0
poofs
metal with less d
white
silvery become dull
in air and
tarnishes
ductile
malleable and
fairly
o
Chem

t 02 2mg o
2mg
t Nz 7 Mgs Nz
3mg t Hz T
t steam Mgo
Mg
Ck
t Iz Mg
ng Hae
Mg Iz
t
t dil HI
Mg Its
t dil 112504 mySog
t Hz
dit Anos organs
H2O t 502
t conc I 12504 Mg Soat
Ng oxidisingagent
H2O t Noe
Mg CNODet
conc Halos
Ag t
oxidising agent which
These acid oxidises mg fo ago
teen roads with acid
As a reducing agent
2B t 3mg 0
3 Ng t 13203
Is Si t 2mg O
Siozt 2mg
o t C
t coz I 2mg
2mg Ot S
07 2mg
2mg t 5oz

Grignard reagent
compound
organometallic
important
Grignard Regine
Rx my
Esher Ring x
g
Clb Clk Mg BZ
cuts Br t ng
s1 MY BR
s
HBO 7 egg cuz
Clb Clb ng Br t
city t MgCOHJI
Clb ng I t H2O

Al wi Mn
Duralium alloy f ng
Al Mg
Magnaliam
n
 Joffrey
7 H2O
My804 and FeSo 7H20
with 2ns 4 7 H2o
isomorphous

it 2hrs04
ng cog Cacoz
t 1 271 20 t
2 cz
t Casoat
NgSog Mgpoq7 Hao
gives
cooling Mgsoq Ga
t Hao t
Hz Sog 7 Mgsoq
Mgcog t Hz
Sog t
Assoc ng
Mg t i t H2o
a
t
Myo
504 7 H2o
H2o My
MgSog
kieserite
and
PH crystalline solid
efflorescent
soluble in H2o
highly
7 H2o MgSog H2o Mgsoc
Mgsoq Sbooglyds
medicine
purgative megotsors
modrant in dyeing industry
Drying agent
in organic chemistry
 g
cog 07 Ngo 1 coz
my
t H2o Mg Colt z
Mgo
Quicklime 1270K
should be less than
Is Cao t CO2
Cacog K
Casi 03 7 1270
Cao t 5502
acidic slag
flax
bit 63 KJ
Ca Colt 2
Cao H2o
Slaked line
coz Cacoz
Cao t
Cachet H2o
Cao t ZHI
22773 Caczt CO
3
Cao t 3C
3273 K
1120
2 111 3 t
Nita I Cadet
Cao acidic
alcohols and non
used for drying
gases
in furnaces
basic lining
NazSog
t 2Naolt My colt Lt
MgSog
H2o
MgColt z Mgot
2N Had MgI2t 2911740A
Mg Colt
2 t
Slaked lime
Ca Colt z t 2 Nad
Cachet 2 NaOH

H2O Ca Colt z
Cao t
sparingly soluble in
white amorphous powder
water

CaCOHL
Cao t H2O
zt H2o
Ca Colt t Iz Cachet Ca Cod
H2O
Cacoz t t
Coz H2O
soluble Cafta3 z
coz
cachet H2o
Cacus t ZHI
Ita 263
2N Had
Cacus It
anhyd
Cause dryin agent

g
l 1
 pan's Soa Yalta
Plaster of
CaSog 211 20 Caso4 H2O

Jf 120 C
Casoq.Yz
pop
200 C

dead burnt plaster casoq dead

Is
Cao t 5oz t 4202

3
26504 2h20
2 Casoq Yz H2o Gypsum

pediment Ratio of
60
Lime 50 Ah 3 and silica
2 3 i

Mgo 2.5 and 4

20 25 t Remo of
Sioz 0 to kick
alumina
1 Li
Feroz 1 Tecos
5 10 s
A1203 as close as 2
l Z's
503
g
 annual exam

BCC
RR

P CB o.rs

Matter
States of
Thermodynamic
Equilibrium