在下林伯虎丨 2024 年 第 137 期 讲师丨大熊 上线日期丨 2024.07.16 Tue.
Tiger Times 01
一段尘封的历史：以色列竟差点在云南建国？
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孙科的职务是什么？
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爱因斯坦为什么支持在中国建立犹太人定居点？
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第一位犹太裔美国最高法院法官是谁？
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国民政府为什么批准在云南建立犹太人定居点？
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犹太人定居中国的计划为什么没能实现？
扫码听课
讲解文本
What if Israel Had Been in China?
By Harry Saunders, Foreign Policy, Published June 2, 2024
How Albert Einstein, a Brooklyn dentist, and pre-World War II
听课笔记
Chinese leaders tried to create a Jewish homeland in Yunnan.
On March 7, 1939, China's top legislative official, Sun Ke, filed a
dispatch to the government's Civil Affairs Office. As a member of
the Supreme Council for National Defense, he had spent the previous
two years searching for ways to give China a fighting chance against
the invading Japanese. Now, Sun Ke wanted to brief his colleagues
on a seemingly unrelated issue: the plight of the Jewish people.
"These people suffer the most from being without a country, and
for more than 2,600 years they have moved about homeless," Sun
Ke wrote, before describing Hitler's plans for extermination. "The
British want to set up a permanent settlement in Palestine," he
continued, "but this has provoked vehement opposition from the
Arabs there, and the violence has not yet died down."
Sun Ke believed that a more suitable refuge could be found in his
own country. Not in Shanghai, where 20,000 Jews had already fled,
but in the Himalayan foothills of China's hinterland. With Laos to
the south and what was then called Burma to the west, Yunnan was
a border province with an unusually temperate climate, staggering
natural beauty, and enough uncultivated land to accommodate
100,000 Jews fleeing Nazi persecution. What it lacked in scriptural
在下林伯虎丨 2024 年 第 137 期 讲师丨大熊 上线日期丨 2024.07.16 Tue. 02
significance, it made up for with its history free of antisemitic
violence.
To Sun Ke and the unlikely coalition of Kuomintang (KMT) officials
and American Jews who rallied behind his plan, Yunnan represented
nothing less than the promised land of China.
In January 1934, a dentist from Brooklyn named Maurice William
wrote a letter to Albert Einstein to present his idea for Jewish
settlement in China. "During a visit at the summer home of Judge
[Louis] Brandeis last September we naturally discussed the plight of
German Jews," William wrote. "He too feels that China is the one
great hope for Hitler's victims."
"Your plan," Einstein responded, "seems to me to be very hopeful and
rational and its realization must be pursued energetically." The more
he thought about the plan, the more sense it made. "The Chinese and
Jewish peoples," he told William two months later, "in spite of any
apparent differences in their traditions, have this in common: both
possess a mentality that is the product of cultures that go back to
antiquity."
The Chinese government proved less receptive. Before writing to
Einstein, William had discussed his plan in depth with Ambassador
Alfred Sao-ke Sze, who agreed that importing German Jews could be
a boon for the Chinese economy. Sze's superiors in the KMT valued
William's opinion. But not as much as they valued their relations
with Germany, which had stepped up its military and economic aid to
China soon after the Nazis took power.
Constructing a settlement for the exact people that Hitler reviled was
sure to offend the German government, the KMT leadership figured.
Several years would pass before they became desperate enough to
reconsider.
On Christmas Eve, 1938, Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC)
Secretary G. Godfrey Phillips sent an urgent cable to the American
在下林伯虎丨 2024 年 第 137 期 讲师丨大熊 上线日期丨 2024.07.16 Tue. 03
Jewish Joint Distribution Committee: "Shanghai is gravely
perturbed by abnormal influx of Jewish refugees," he warned.
"Shanghai is already facing the most serious refugee problem due
to Sinojapanese hostilities. It is quite impossible to absorb any large
number of foreign refugees."
Shanghai enjoyed an unusual status in the early days of World War
II. Japanese forces captured the city in November 1937, but they
left control of the International Settlement in the hands of the SMC.
Under its multinational leadership, Shanghai remained one of the
few ports in the world that would allow stateless persons entry.
From 1937 to 1939, more than 20,000 Jewish refugees, mostly from
Central Europe, flooded into the city.
Over that same period, China suffered a string of devastating military
defeats at the hands of the Japanese. After capturing Shanghai in
November, the Imperial Army marched on Nanjing, forcing Chiang
Kai-shek and his government to flee. By January 1939, the Japanese
controlled nearly the entirety of China's eastern seaboard. Chiang's
forces had halted the Imperial Army's advance, but Chinese pleas for
U.S. and British military support continued to fall flat.
Soon after Phillips sent his cable, Sun Ke learned that SMC officials
planned to restrict the flow of refugees to Shanghai. Resettling Jewish
refugees in Yunnan suddenly seemed to him like the perfect solution
to the joint crises facing his country. He began drafting his dispatch
to the Civil Affairs Office the next month.
The logic behind Sun Ke's proposal was simple: If China offered
refuge to the persecuted Jews of Europe, then their co-religionists in
the United States and Britain might convince those governments to
support China against the Japanese. "British economic support was
in truth manipulated by these large merchants and bankers," Sun
Ke wrote, "and since many of these large merchants and bankers are
Jewish, therefore this proposal would influence the British to have an
even more favorable attitude toward us."
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In addition to their propaganda value, Sun Ke believed that Jewish
refugees had something to offer a Chinese province lagging in
economic development. In the short term, the symbol of Jewish
refugees could help China win the war. In the long term, the refugees
themselves, with their "strong financial background and many
talents," as he put it, could help China develop into a great nation.
His reasoning echoed that of Einstein, who told William back in
1934 that his settlement project would "place at the service of
China the beneficent aid of Western skill, knowledge and science."
The historical record reveals no direct link between the plan that
William presented to Einstein in 1934 and Sun Ke's proposal in 1939.
However, William's renown in the KMT and his correspondence
with Sze, the ambassador, both suggest that the similarities between
his idea and Sun Ke's proposal were the result of influence, not
coincidence.
Some within the Chinese government doubted that engaging with
the thorny issue of Jewish refugees would be worth it. The Foreign
Ministry warned that governing Jews in China would only be tenable
in the short term, before their demands for autonomy became too
difficult to control. China's Interior Ministry went further. "The
enemy and fascist countries are constantly alleging that we are a
communist state," ministry officials wrote, "and at this time to take
in a large number of Jews will make it difficult to avoid giving
the enemy a pretext for propaganda. In general, in fascist theory,
communism and the Jews are frequently mentioned in the same
breath."
But the promise of potentially attracting Western military assistance
proved stronger. In March 1939, the KMT approved Sun Ke's
proposal and began publicizing the Yunnan plan in the Chinese
and U.S. press. That they lacked a clear plan of execution made
little difference. Since Jewish settlement's primary appeal lay in its
propaganda value, merely declaring support for it could be enough to
win the sympathy of the Americans.
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When William heard about Sun Ke's proposal, he burst into action.
His peers in the United States had given him nothing but positive
feedback, and with the KMT on board, it looked like his idea could
finally become a reality. But the moment William started to ask for
government money, things started to look different.
In response to polls revealing an electorate preoccupied with
domestic issues, the Roosevelt administration's foreign policy took a
distinctly anti-immigration turn in the run-up to the 1940 presidential
election. After Hitler annexed Austria in March 1938, the State
Department maintained its quota of 27,730 visas for Germans, even
as applications soared. By June 1939, the waiting list had grown to
more than 300,000. That month, an ocean liner called the St. Louis
carrying 937 mostly Jewish refugees from Hamburg got within sight
of the Miami harbor. U.S. immigration officers sent the ship back to
Europe, where hundreds of its passengers were later murdered in the
Holocaust.
It was against this nativist backdrop that William began holding
meetings with State Department officials in August 1939. They
referred him to a committee that advised Roosevelt on refugee affairs,
but no records of any further meetings survive. For a project that
would involve transporting 100,000 refugees from central Europe to
China, the U.S. government's refusal to provide funding represented
a death blow.
The exact circumstances in which the KMT abandoned the project
are similarly murky. But this much is clear: In the archives of the
year 1939, there was a cacophony of discussion surrounding the
Yunnan settlement plans. Press conferences in Shanghai, dispatches
from Chongqing, meetings in Washington. Objections, assessments,
retorts. By 1940: nothing.
In the end, it was Pearl Harbor, not the sympathy of prominent Jews,
that drove the United States and Great Britain to support China.
在下林伯虎丨 2024 年 第 137 期 讲师丨大熊 上线日期丨 2024.07.16 Tue. 06
重点词汇
extermination /ɪkˌstɜːrmɪˈneɪʃən/ n. 消灭，扑灭，灭绝 manipulate (manipulated) /məˈnɪpjʊleɪt/ v. 操纵、操控
○ e.g. The extermination of invasive species is crucial for ○ e.g. He learned how to manipulate the software to optimize
preserving the local ecosystem's balance. 消灭入侵物种对于 its performance. 他学会了如何操作软件以优化其性能。
保护当地生态系统的平衡至关重要。
lagging /ˈlæɡɪŋ/ adj. 落后的
vehement /ˈviːəmənt/ adj.（感情）强烈的；猛烈的 ○ falling behind, not keeping up the pace
○ expressing strong feelings, or shown by strong feelings or ○ e.g. With lagging steps, Pepin went to meet him. 佩平慢吞
great energy or force 吞地走过去见他。
○ e.g. She expressed her disagreement with such vehement
passion that it startled everyone in the room. 她以如此强烈 beneficent /bəˈnɛfɪsənt/ adj. 有益处的
的情绪表达了自己的不同意见，令在场的所有人都吓了 ○ e.g. Her beneficent actions have significantly improved the
一跳。 lives of many in the community. 她的善举极大地改善了社
区许多人的生活。
rally (rallied) /ˈræli/ n. & v. 集会、聚集
○ e.g. The political candidate's speech sparked a massive tenable /ˈtɛnəbəl/ adj. 可行的、可持续的
rally in the city center. 这位政治候选人的演讲引发了市中 ○ a belief, argument etc that is tenable is reasonable and can
心的大规模集会。 be defended successfully
○ e.g. His argument is hardly tenable in the face of such
boon /buːn/ n. 好事 overwhelming evidence. 在如此大量的证据面前，他的论
○ something that is very helpful and improves the quality of 点很难站得住脚。
life
○ e.g. Finding a reliable and affordable babysitter was a boon annex (annexed) /əˈnɛks/, /ˈænɛks/ v. 吞并、合并
for the busy parents. 对于忙碌的父母来说，找到一个既可 ○ to add something to another thing, especially territory; to
靠又实惠的保姆无疑是一大福音。 incorporate
○ e.g. The company plans to annex the smaller firm to
revile (reviled) /rɪˈvaɪl/ v. 辱骂 expand its market reach. 该公司计划吞并这家规模较小的
○ to criticize someone strongly, or say unpleasant things to 公司，以扩大其市场覆盖范围。
or about someone
○ e.g. The crowd began to revile the politician after his nativist /ˈneɪtɪvɪst/ adj. 本土主义的
controversial remarks. 在这位政治家发表了有争议的言论 ○ advocating the perpetuation of native societies
后，人群开始谩骂他。 ○ e.g. The nativist movement gained traction by promoting
policies that prioritize native-born citizens over immigrants.
perturb /pərˈtɜːrb/ v. 打扰、使人不安 本土主义运动通过推行本地出生的公民优先于移民的政
○ e.g. The sudden change in the market perturbed investors, 策而获得了牵引力。
causing widespread concern. 市场的突然变化令投资者感到
不安，引起了广泛关注。 murky /ˈmɜrki/ adj. 浑浊的、不清楚的
○ e.g. The pond water was murky, concealing the creatures
influx /ˈɪnflʌks/ n. 涌入 beneath its surface. 池塘的水很浑浊，掩盖了水面下的生
○ the process of flowing in 物。
○ e.g. The recent influx of tourists has greatly boosted the
local economy. 最近游客的大量涌入极大地促进了当地经 cacophony /kəˈkɒfəni/ n. 噪音、不和谐的声音
济的发展。 ○ an unpleasant mixture of loud sounds
○ e.g. The city streets echoed with a cacophony of honking
seaboard /ˈsiːbɔːrd/ n. 沿海地区 horns, shouting vendors, and bustling crowds. 城市街道上回
○ e.g. The storm is expected to hit the eastern seaboard by 荡着刺耳的喇叭声、小贩的叫卖声和熙熙攘攘的人群声。
early morning. 预计风暴将在清晨袭击东部沿海地区。
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今日习题
1. 根据英文释义写出文中出现的对应单词（或词组）
______: to add something to another thing, especially territory; to incorporate
______: falling behind, not keeping up the pace
2. 一词多义
What does “manipulate” mean in the following sentence?
“Psychologists use various techniques to manipulate stimuli in experiments, ensuring controlled
conditions for observing human responses. ”
A. to control or influence experimental variables
B. to handle or operate objects with precision
C. to engage in deceptive practices
D. to skillfully maneuver through complex situations
3. 翻译：根据给定中文回译英文
上海在二战初期享有不同寻常的地位。1937 年 11 月，日军攻占上海，但将租界的控制权交给了
上海工部局。工部局由多国人士共同领导，上海当时仍然是世界上少数几个允许无国籍人士入境
的港口之一。从 1937 年到 1939 年，超过 2 万名犹太难民涌入上海，其中大部分来自中欧。
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
习题答案
from Central Europe, flooded into the city.
would allow stateless persons entry. From 1937 to 1939, more than 20,000 Jewish refugees, mostly
SMC. Under its multinational leadership, Shanghai remained one of the few ports in the world that
the city in November 1937, but they left control of the International Settlement in the hands of the
3. Shanghai enjoyed an unusual status in the early days of World War II. Japanese forces captured
2. A
1. annex; lagging
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参考译文
注：译文基于机器翻译生成，便于同学们理解文章大意。具体词句意请以老师讲解为准。
假设以色列建在中国会怎样？
阿尔伯特 · 爱因斯坦、布鲁克林牙医和二战前的中国领导人如何试图在云南建立一个犹太人的家园。
1939 年 3 月 7 日，中国最高立法机关官员孙科向政府民政办公室递交了一份提案。作为国防最高委员会的成员，他在过去的两年
里一直在寻找让中国有机会对抗日本的侵略。现在，孙科想向同僚介绍的是一个看似毫不相干的问题：犹太人的困境。
在描述希特勒的灭绝计划之前，孙科写道：“ 民族受亡国之苦痛最深，二千六百余年来转徙流离。”“ 英国人想在巴勒斯坦建立一
个永久定居点，” 他继续写道，“ 但是这已经激起了当地阿拉伯人的强烈反对，暴力至今尚未平息。”
孙科认为在他自己的国家可以找到一个更合适的避难所。不是在已经有 2 万犹太人奔去的上海，而是在中国腹地的喜马拉雅山麓。
云南南邻老挝，西接缅甸，是一个边境省份，有着罕见的温和气候，自然风光美不胜收，未开垦的土地足以容纳 10 万逃离纳粹迫
害的犹太人。虽然这片土地不存在于圣经里，但它可以用没有反犹太暴力的历史所弥补。
支持孙科国民党官员和美国犹太人组成了一个不可能的联盟，对他们来说，云南代表的是中国的应许之地。
1934 年 1 月，布鲁克林一位名叫莫里斯 · 威廉的牙医给阿尔伯特 · 爱因斯坦写了一封信，提出了他在中国建立犹太人定居点的想法。
威廉写道：“ 去年 9 月，我们在布兰代斯法官的避暑别墅访问期间，自然而然地讨论了德国犹太人的困境。他也认为，对于纳粹受
害者，中国是一个很大的希望。”
“ 你的计划，” 爱因斯坦回答说，“ 在我看来是非常有希望和合理的，必须积极把它实现。” 这个计划他越想就觉得越有道理。他
在两个月后告诉威廉：“ 中国人和犹太人尽管在传统上有明显的差异，但有一个共同点：他们都拥有一种心态，这种心态是古代文
化的产物。”
事实证明，中国政府不太容易接受。在写信给爱因斯坦之前，威廉曾与时任驻美公使施肇基深入讨论了他的计划，后者同意引进
德国犹太人可能会促进中国经济发展。施肇基的国民党上级很重视威廉的意见。但他们更重视与德国的关系，在纳粹上台后不久，
德国就加大了对中国的军事和经济援助。
国民党领导层认为，为被希特勒辱骂的人建立一个定居点肯定会触怒德国政府。过了好几年，他们走投无路，才开始重新考虑此事。
1938 年圣诞节前夕，上海工部局秘书长 G· 戈弗雷 · 菲利普向美国犹太人联合分配委员会发出紧急电报，警告说：“ 犹太难民的不
正常涌入严重扰乱了上海。由于中日敌对关系，上海已经面临着最严重的难民问题。要吸收大量的外国难民是完全不可能的。”
上海在二战初期享有不同寻常的地位。1937 年 11 月，日军攻占上海，但将租界的控制权交给了上海工部局。工部局由多国人士
共同领导，上海当时仍然是世界上少数几个允许无国籍人士入境的港口之一。从 1937 年到 1939 年，超过 2 万名犹太难民涌入上海，
其中大部分来自中欧。
在同一时期，日本侵华，中国遭受了一连串毁灭性的军事打击。11 月占领上海后，日本帝国主义军队向南京进军，迫使蒋介石及
其政府逃亡。到 1939 年 1 月，日军几乎控制了整个中国东部的沿海地区。蒋介石的军队阻止了日本帝国主义军队的推进，但中国
要求美国和英国提供军事支持的请求仍然落空。
菲利普发出电报后不久，孙科就得知工部局官员计划限制难民涌入上海。在孙科看来，在云南安置犹太难民似乎是解决中国双重
危机的完美方案。次月，他开始起草给民政办公室的建议书。
孙科提议背后的逻辑很简单：如果中国向遭受迫害的欧洲犹太人提供庇护，那么他们在美国和英国的犹太教同胞可能会说服这些
国家的政府支持中国抗日。孙科写道：“ 英国对经济援助最初之阻挠与最近之实现，实皆此巨商与银行家操纵之，而此巨商与银行
家则以犹太人为多，故此案实施当可影响英国对我态度进一步之好转。”
孙科认为，犹太难民除了具有宣传价值外，对云南这个经济发展落后的省份还有一定的贡献。在短期内，犹太难民的象征意义可
以帮助中国赢得战争。从长远来看，用他的话说，“ 犹太人财力丰盈，人才尤多 ”，可以帮助中国发展成为一个伟大的国家。
他的理由与爱因斯坦的一致，爱因斯坦在 1934 年告诉威廉，他的移民计划将 “ 把西方的技能、知识和科学提供给中国。” 威廉在
1934 年提交给爱因斯坦的计划和孙科在 1939 年的提议是否存在直接联系，在历史记录中无法显示。然而，威廉在国民党内的声
望很大，而且他与施肇基公使也有通信，这些都表明，他的想法与孙科的提议十分相似，是因为孙科受到了威廉的影响，而并非
巧合。
中国政府内部的一些人怀疑，处理犹太难民这一棘手问题是否值得。中国外交部警告说，在中国管理犹太人只会在短期内可行，
时间一长，他们就会提出自治的要求，变得难以控制。中国内政部更是表示：“ 敌人和法西斯国家不断声称我们是共产主义国家，
在下林伯虎丨 2024 年 第 137 期 讲师丨大熊 上线日期丨 2024.07.16 Tue. 09
此时接纳大量犹太人，将很难避免给敌人提供宣传的借口。一般来说，在法西斯理论中，共产主义和犹太人经常被一概而论。”
但事实证明，吸引西方军事援助的潜在希望更加强烈。1939 年 3 月，国民党批准了孙科的提议，并开始在中美媒体上宣传云南计划。
虽然他们缺乏一个明确的执行计划，但无关紧要。由于犹太人定居点的主要吸引力在于它的宣传价值，仅仅宣布对它的支持就足
以赢得美国人的同情。
威廉听说孙科的提议后，立即采取了行动。他在美国的同僚给他的都是积极的反馈，加上国民党的支持，他的想法似乎终于可以
成为现实。但是当威廉开始向美政府要钱的时候，事情开始变得不一样了。
当时的美国民意调查显示，选民关注的是国内问题。因此，罗斯福政府的外交政策在 1940 年总统大选前夕明显转向反移民。1938
年 3 月希特勒吞并奥地利后，尽管难民申请人数激增，美国国务院仍然维持 27,730 个签证德国配额不变。到 1939 年 6 月，等候
名单已经增加到 30 多万人。当月，一艘名叫圣路易斯的远洋邮轮载着 937 名主要来自汉堡的犹太难民驶入了迈阿密港。结果，美
国移民官员将这艘船送回了欧洲，后来，数百名乘客在大屠杀中遇害。
正是在这种本土主义的背景下，威廉于 1939 年 8 月开始与美国国务院官员会面。他们把他推荐给一个委员会，该委员会就难民事
务向罗斯福提供建议，但没有任何进一步会议的记录流传下来。对于一个要将 10 万难民从中欧运送到中国的项目而言，美国政府
拒绝提供资金无疑是致命一击。
国民党放弃该项目的具体情况同样不明朗。但有一点很清楚：在 1939 年的档案中，围绕云南定居点计划的讨论各执一词，争执不
休。1939 年时，还有上海的新闻发布会、重庆方面的公函、华盛顿的会议，有反对、评估、反驳。而到了 1940 年：什么都没有。
最终，驱使美国和英国支持中国的不是显赫犹太人的同情，而是珍珠港事件。
背景知识
孙科致国防最高委员会提案（节选）
（犹太）民族受亡国之苦痛最深，二千六百余年来转徙流离，备受各方之压迫。最近欧洲法西斯势力之张盛，犹太民族更饱
受无情之虐待，以德国为最甚，自希特拉（即希特勒，笔者注）并奥后，屠杀奥犹，变本加厉，最近更借口德驻法大使秘书为犹
人杀害，发动大规模之排犹运动，其手段之毒辣亘古未闻。…… 今拟在西南边区划定犹人寄居区域，有如下之理：
一、就国策言，联合并援助弱小民族，为总理遗教所规定。
二、就对英言，援助犹人可以增进英国一般民众对我之同情。更有进者，英国之远东政策实取决于在远东之巨商与银行家，
英国对经济援助最初之阻挠与最近之实现，实皆此巨商与银行家操纵之，而此巨商与银行家则以犹太人为多，故此案实施当可影
响英国对我态度进一步之好转。
三、就对美言，美国援犹运动，近已独占全国人民之注意，援华运动受其影响甚巨。此案实施之后，不独能获得美国一般人
民之好感，且足以移美国注视犹太之目光转而向我，宣传上必可得巨大之收获。
就建设前途言，犹太人财力丰盈，人才尤多，若能结其好感，得其协助，实足为我莫大之臂助。
办法
一、在西南边区接近国际路线之虞，划定若干方里，为犹太人寄居区域。
二、由中央制定中央及地方该管长官组织委员会，负责筹划该区域建设及管理事宜。
三、由上述委员会负责发动国内外有地位声望之犹太人领袖，一致回应并参加推进此项计划。
四、另设犹太人失业技术人员登记机关，尽量介绍其专门人才，为我后方建设各部门之用。
参考资料：中国第二历史档案馆
本期拓展
注：基于老师讲解音频整理，供同学们自行查阅。
国民政府训政时期；希特勒 “ 最终解决方案 ”；锡安复国主义；上海公共租界工部局（SMC）；
编辑丨文鹃
