Medieval India

bihar.pscnotes.com/prelims-notes/indian-history/medieval-india-2

North
India

Ghadvalas Chandradeva*. Jaichandra fought Muhammad

Ghur

Chandellas of *Vidyadhara* &

Jejakabhukti/Bundelkhand Yashovarman

Paramaras of Malwa Vakpati Munjal & *Bhoja*

Chahamanas/Chauhans of Vigraharaja IV Visaladeva, *Prithviraj III*

Sakambhari (Chauhan)

Kalachuris of Tripuri Kokalla, Gangeyadeva & *Karina*

(Rajshekhara)

Chalukyas/Solankis of Gujarat Bhima I & *Jayasimha

Siddharaja*

Kashmir Avantivarman (supplanted Karkota dynasty to

which

belonged Lalitaditya
Muktapida.

East & the North East

Bengal (Sena dynasty) Lakshmanasena (last Hindu ruler of Bengal)

Orissa Avantavarman Chodaganga (Mother daughter

of Rajendra

Chola) of Eastern Gangas & Narsimha I (sun

temple)

Assam (Ahoms) Ahoms, a Shan tribe settled in mid 13th

Century.

Deccan & the South

Chalukyas of Kalyani *Vikramaditya VI* (Introduced Chalukya-

Vikram era)

Bilhana’s Vikramanankadevacharita is based

on him

Yadavas of Devagiri Bhillama V*, *Simhana*

Kakatiyas of Warangal Ganapati (ruled for 60
years)

Cholas Vijayalaya*, Rajaraja the Great, *Rajendra I*,

Rajadhiraja,

Rajendra II, Kulottunga I

Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra Nrpakama*, Vishnuvardhan, Ballala II &

Ballala III

Pandyas *Jatavarman
Sundara.Pandya I*

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 AD)

Slave Dynasty Sayyid

Dynasty

1206-10 Qutubuddin Aibak. 1412-20 Khizr Khan

1210-36 Shamsuddin Iltutmish 1420-33 Mubarak Shah

1237-41 Razia Sultana 1433-43 Muhammad

Shah

1241-46 Bahram Shah & Masud Shah 1443-51 Alauddin Alam

Shah

1246-66 Nasirruddin Mahmud Lodhi Dynasty

1266-86 Balban 1451-89 Bahlul Lodhi

1286-90 Kaikhusrau, Kaiquabad & Kaimur 1489-1517 Sikander Lodhi

Khalji Dynasty 1517-26 Ibrahim Lodhi

1290-96 Jallaluddin Khalji

1296-1316 Allauddin Khalji

1316-20 Mubarak Shah & Khusrau khan

Tughlaq Dynasty

1320-25 Ghiasuddin Tughlaq

1325-51 Muhammad bin

Tughlaq

1351-88 Firuz Shah Tughlaq

1388-94 Mohammad Khan, Ghiasuddin

Tughlaq Shah II,
 Abu Baqr, Nasiruddin Muhammad,
Humayun

1394-12 Nasirrudin Mahmud Tughlaq

Delhi Sultanate

Slave Qutbuddin Died while playing Chaugan. Aram Shah (short

period)

Aibak

Shamsuddin He defeated Yalduz of Ghazni & Qubacha of Multan.

Captured the

Iltutmish fort of Ranthambor, Lakhnauti. Organized the iqta

system (land

assignment) & currency (introduced copper tanka & silver

jital).

Razia Married Malik Altunia (Governor of Bhatinda). Turkish

Sultana Aamirs

played the dominant role & after Razia, they enthroned

Bahram

Shah, Masud Shah & Nasiruddin Mahmud in that

order.

Balban Balban was Turkish slave of Iltutmish. He poisoned his

(Ulugh master

Khan) Nasiruddin Mahmud. Killed the rebel governor of Bengal,

Tughril

Khan. He revived the practice of sijda (prostration) &

paibos

(kissing monarch’s
feet).

Kaikhusrau, Kaiquabad & Kaimurs had short

duration.

Khalji Jalaluddin Descended at the age of seventy. Later Alauddin murdered

Khalji his uncle

& father in law Jalaluddin & seized the throne.

Alauddin Lay seige to Ranthambor which was under redoubtable

Khalji Hammir
 Deva which continued till one year. Later Chittor under
Ratan

Singh (wife Padmini) fell & was renamed Kizhrabad. Malik

Kafur

campaigned against Kaktiyas (Warangal), Hoysalas

(Dwarasamudra) & Pandyas. Mubarak Shah (son) &

Khusrau khan

had short
rule.

Kharaj (land tax – 50%), Charai, Gharii (dwelling tax).

First to

introduce permanent standing army, dagh & chehra.

Afghans &

Sultan’s Indian officers rose to prominence.

Tughlaq Ghiyasuddin Earlier called Ghazi Malik. Ghiasuddin had repelled mongol
attack

Tughlaq under khaljis before ascending throne. Attaked Kaktiyas &

Bengal

succesfully. Founded third city of Delhi –

Tughlaqabad.

Muhammad Open consorting with Hindus & Jogis. Killed Ulemas, qazis
bin who

Tughlaq rose in rebellion. Shifted capital to Devagiri (renamed

Daulatabad),

token currency (bronze coin-jittal). Shifted to Swargadwari

during

famine. At his death Barani commented, ‘at last the people

got rid

of him & he got rid of the people’. First sultan to visit the
shrine of

Moinuddin Chisti. Disciple of Shaikh Alauddin & Jinaprabha

Suri.

Firuz Shah Not a military leader. Conqured Thatta, Orissa (uprooted

Jagannath

Tughlaq idol), Nagarkot. Distributed iqtas, made them heritable

increased
 salaries. Founded Fatehabad, Hissar, Firuzpur,
Jaunpur &

Firuzabad. Built canals. Influence of Ulema revived. First

muslim

ruler to impose Jaziya on Brahmins but abolished Ghari &

Charai.

Visited the shrine of Salar Masud Ghazi & became

fanatical.

Removed paintings from palace. Got many sanskirt

works

translated in Persian

South India

Vijaynagar Harihara & These brothers were released by Muhammad Tughlaq &
they laid

Bukka the foundation of Vijaynagar empire (Sangama dynasty)

Deva Raya I Succeded his father Harihara II. Lead a crushing

defeat against

Sultan Firuz Shah Bahmani. Constuction of dam

across the

Tungabhadra. Italian, Nicolo de Conti came during his

period.

Deva Raya Sometimes called Immadi Deva Raya. One of the greatest
II Sultan.

Bahamani Firuz Shah Great king. Lost to Deva Raya I & abdicated throne in
favour of his

Bahman brother Ahmad Shah I who transferred Bahmani Kingdom

capital

from Gulbarga to Bidar. Later with the help of Iranian

prime

minister Mahmud Gawan, Ahmad Shah I expanded

considerably.

Later Bhahmani kingdom got divied into five regions –

Golconda,

Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Berar & Bidar.

Tuluva *Kishna After Deva Raya II came Suluva dyansty, which was
Deva replaced by

Raya* Tuluva dynasty whose geatest ruler was Krishna Deva

Raya. Ablest

of Vijaynagar soverigns. After him Rama Raja succeded.

Delhi Sultanate Continued

Timur Timur 1398 During the reign of Mahmud Tughlaq who fled the city. He
AD

Invastion assigned Delhi to Khizr Khan & hence Sayyid dynasty was
born.

Sayyids Khizr Khan Khizr Khan’s reign as well as that of his successors,
Mubarak Shah,

Muhammad Shah & Alauddin Alam Shah was spent trying

to

control the rebellious leaders (esp. Khokhars led by

Jasrath).

Lodis Bahlul Lodi First dynasty to be headed by Afghans. Principal event of

Bahlul

Lodi’s life was the annexation of Juanpur kingdom.

Sikander Contemporary of Mahmud Begarha of Gujarat & Rana

Lodi Sanga of

Mewar. The rent rolls of his reign formed the basis during
Sher

Shah Suri period. Imposed the Jaziya. The Bahluli coin

remained in

circulation till Akbar’s rule. He was the only sultan to be

killed in

the battle field.

Smaller States

Assam Ahoms – Greatest ruler during this peiod was Suhungmung

Gujarat Muzaffar’s Shah grandson, Ahmad Shah I founded new capital

Ahmedabad. Was the

first sultan to levy Jaziya on hindus of Gujarat. *Mahmud Begarha* was

the greatest

Mewar Rana Kumbha. His grandson was Rana Sanga.

Amber Under Prithviraj who fought under Rana Sanga at Khanua

Jaunpur Under Sharquis. Jaunpur is in eastern U.P.

Kashmir *Zianul Abidin*. Abolished Jaziya. Got Ramayana & Mahabharata

translated into

Persian. Allowed Kashmiri pandits to return to the state.

Mughal Empire

Babur Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur. Ascended throne of Farghana. Daulat

Khan Lodi,

1526-30 govenror of Punjab invited him to dethrone Ibrahim Lodi but later
retracted. Ibrahim Lodi

perished in 1526 at Panipat. Battle of Khanua in 1527 against Rana

Sanga in which Babur

won by effective use of artillery & mounted archers. Died around 1529 &
burried at

Kabul. Introduced Char Bagh (symmetric gardens).

Himayun His early fight was with Bahadur Shah of Gujarat whom he defeated but
did not depose.

1530-56 In Bihar the Afghans rallied under Sher Shah Suri. At the battle of
Chausa in 1939

Himayun was defeated by Sher Shah. He finally left India in 1544 for the
Safavid court. A

decade after the death of Sher Shah, Himayun occupied back Delhi but
died within seven

months after a fall from the steps of his library.

Sher Shah Son of a small Jagirdar from Jaunpur. Defeated Raja Maldeo of Marwar in
the battle of

1540-45 Samel in 1544 & also won Chittor. He realized Jaziya from Hindus.
Revived system of

Dagh & Chehra. Introduced a system of crop rates form the first time.
Introduced uniform

standard gold, silver & copper coins replacing the debased coins &
introduced uniform

weights. Maintained army through Sawars. Died in 1545 (5 years rule).

Akbar Born in Amarkot. Bairam Khan invited Hemu (Afhan assumed title
of Hemchandra

1556-1605 Vikramaditya) in 1556 at the second battle of Panipat in which Hemu was
slained. Later

Akbar discharged Bairam Khan & married his widow. Akbar’s foster
mothers son Adam

Khan won Malwa defeating Baz Bahadur. Won at Gondwana,

Chittor (Udai Sing),

Ranthambor & Marwar. Rana Pratap ascended Mewar after the death of
Udai Singh. In

1576 the Haldi ghati war between Man Singh (grandson of Bhara Mal of
Amber who

entered imperial services) & Rana Pratap. In 1571 Akbar shifted his
capital to Fatehpur

Sikri. Later marched against Ahmedabad, Kabul (deposed Mirza

Hakim). In 1585 he

trasnferred his capital to Lahore. Later won Baluchistan, Qandhar,

Ahmadnagar (Chand

Bibi), Khandesh (Akbar’s last major miliary campaign). In 1579 he

abolished Jaziya. He

issued Mahzar which entitle him to choose one of the interpretations of

Muslim law. Only

Raja Birbal accepted Din-i-Ilahi. Todar Mal, Bhagwan das, Man Singh
declined it. He

abolished the position of wazir after Bairam khan. Revived chehra &
dagh.

Jehangir Jehangir’s elder brother Khusrau revolted thrice against Akbar & was
blinded. He became

1605-27 the first ruler to conquer Kangra. Amar Singh, Son of Rana Pratap
at Ajmer also

surrendered. The Persians got control of Qandhar back in their second

attempt. Deccan

(ruled by Malik Ambar of Ahmadnagar) was subdued again by prince

Khurram. Jehangir

ordered the murder of fifth sikh guru Arjun Dev (the first to be murdered
by Mughals).
 Visited dargah of Moinuddin Chisti several times. Married Iranian widow
(Mehrunisa),

who was given the title Nur Jahan. Nur Jahan’s brother was Asaf khan
whose daughter

Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Banu) was married to Shah Jahan.

Shah Sent his two sons Dara Shukoh& Aurangzeb as hostages to his fathers
court. He was

Jahan helped in his throne capture by his father in law, Asaf Khan. Ordered
execution of his

1628-58 brothers & their sons after accession. Increased control over
Bundelkhand (Ruled by

Jehangir’s hard core friend Bir Singh Deo’s son Jujhar Singh). Qandhar
was capture for a

brief period but lost back to the Safavids. His Peacock throne & capital
Shahjahanabad are

remembered. Reformed the zat & sawar system. Iranis & Turanis
dominated the nobility.

Instituted month scales on the basis of difference between official

estimate of income

(Jama) & actual amount collected (hasil).

Aurangzeb War of succession between Dara, Shah Shuja, Auranzeb & Murad – all
sons of Mumtaz

1658-1707 Mahal. Mir Jumla was deputed by Aurangzeb to restore authority in

Bengal, Bihar, Orissa.

Later in Assam Ahom king agreed to be a vassal of Mughals. He banned

Nauroz, the

Persian new year, banned painters, musicians, drinking & women

pilgrimage. Pilgrimage tax on Hindu abolished by Akbar reinstated.
Destroyed the Keshava Rai Temple at Mathura built by Bir Singh
Bundela.Reimposed Jaziya tax. His son prince Akbar revolted

was sheltered by Maratha ruler Sambhaji. Aurangzeb lay seize on

Bijapur & Golconda

He was also known as Alamgir.

Shivaji Shivaji tutor was Dadaji Kond-deva. Shivaji killed Afzal Khan (general of Ali
Adil Shah

II) while meeting. Later he almost defeated the governor of the Deccan,
Shaista Khan who

was replaced by Prince Mauzzam on orders of Aurangzeb. Raja Jai Singh

was given the

responsibility of tackling Shivaji who won & conducted the treaty of

Purandhar. Later

Shivaji visited mughal court & was captured but escaped.

Later Shivaji – Sambhaji – Rajaram (Sambhaji’s brother). In the meanwhile

Sambhaji’s son

Marathas Shahu was taken to the Mughal household. Later when Rajaram died, his
widow Tara Bai

declared her four year old son Shivaji II, king & herself the regent. Later
Shahu was

released by Bahadur Shah I who appointed Balaji Vishwanath as Peshwa.

Baji Rao I

succeded who was the most charismatic leader in Maratha history

after Shivaji.He

conquered Malwa, Bundelkhand & even raided Delhi. He was succeded by

his son Balaji

Baji Rao (Nana Saheb – different from the later Nana Saheb, adopted son
of Baji Rao II)

who defeated the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Maratha however received a

terrible blow at

the hands of Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761 at Panipat.

Selective Treaties & Battles

Treaty of Jai Singh defeated Shivaji. Shivaji had to surrender 23

Purandhar out of the thirty

five forts held by him.

Treaty of Palkhed Nizam of Hyderabad was forced to recognize Maratha

claimsto chauth

& sardeshmuhi in the Deccan (durin Baji Rao I’s tenure).

Treaty of Warina Claims of Tara Bai settled by granting her Kolhapur

Treaty of Bhalke Marathas won large parts of Khandesh by invading
Karinataka.

Battle of Talikota Between Vijayanagara Empire (Rama Raya, son of

(1565) Achutya Raya) and

Deccan sultanates, resulted in Vijayanagar’s defeat.

Books of Medieval Period

1. Taj-ul-Maasir Hasan Nizami

2. Tabaqat-i-Nasiri Minhaj Siraj

3. Tarikh-i-Firuzshahi (Most important work of Ziauddin Barani

sultanate period)

Fatwah-i-Jahandari

4. Futuh-us-Salatin (establishment of Bahmani Isami

Kingdom)

5. Tarikh-i-Firuzshahi Afif

6. Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi Yahya Sirhindi

7. Akbar Nama Abul Fazal

8. Tabaqat-I-Akbari Nizammudin Ahmad

9. Muntakhab-al- Badauni
tawarikh

10 Badshahnama/Padshahnama Abdul Hamid Lahori

11 Muntakhab-ul Lubab (Aurangzeb’s reign) Khafi Khan

12 Mirat-i-Ahmadi Ali Muhammad Khan

13 Padmavat (on Padmini – wife of Ratan Singh, King Malik Mohammad Jaisi
of Chittor)

14 Tughluq Nama, Tarik-i-Alai, Nuh Sipihr, Ashiqa Amir Khusro

15 Marwar ra Pargani ri Vigat (Info on Rajasthan) Munhta Nainsi

16 Chandayan Maulana Daud

17 Himayun Nama Gulbadan Begum

18 Bhavartha Dipika Gyaneshwara

19 Safarinama or Rihla Ibn Batuta

20 Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri (Autobiography) Jehangir

21 Tarikh-i-Shershahi Abbas Sarwani

22 Tuzuk-i-Baburi/ Baburinama (in Turkish –Autobiography) Babur

23 Shahjahannama Inayat Khan

24 Dayabhaga Jimuta Vahna

25 Periya Puranam (12th book of Tamil Veda called Tirumurai) Shekkilar

26 Sur Sagar (Life of Krishna) Sur Das

27 History of Aurangzeb, The fall of the Mughal Empire Jadunath Sarkar

28 Mahmud of Ghazni Mohammad Habib

29 The Administration of the Delhi Sultanate I.H. Qureshi

30 Foundation of Muslim Rule in India A.B.M. Habibullah

31 Agrarian System of Mughal India Irfan Habib

Monuments of Medieval Period

College of Ajmer (Converted to Adhai din ka Vigraharaja IV Visaladeva

Jhompra)

Rudra Mahakala temple, Siddhapura Jayasimha Siddharaja

Jagannath Temple at Puri Anantavarman Chodaganga

Sun Temple, Konark Narasimha I ( E. Gangas)

Brihadesvara/Rajarajeswara temple at Thanjavur Rajaraja the Great

Quwwat-al-Islam mosque, Delhi Qutbuddin Aibak

Adhai din ka Jhompra Qutbuddin Aibak

Himayun’s Tomb Akbar’s step mother Haji

Begum

Tomb of Sher Shah at Sasaram Sher Shah

Agra Fort Akbar

Buland Darwarza (commemorate Gujarat victory) Akbar

Shalimar Garden Shah Jahan

Badshahi Mosque at Lahore (largest in subcontinent) Aurgangzeb

Man Mandir, Gwalior Man Singh

Hauz Khas Alauddin Khalji

Akbar’s Mausoleum at Sikandara Akbar. Completed by Jehangir.

Madrasa at Bidar Mahmud Gawan

Kings & their Court Jewels

1. Lakshmansena Jayadeva, Halayudha, Sridharadasa.

2. Vikramaditya VI Bilhana (Vikramanankadevacharita) Vijnanaeshvara

(Chalukya) (Mitakshara)

3. Sharqis of Jaunpur Malik Muhammad Jaisi

4. Akbar Tansen, Todar Mal, Tulsidas (just contemporary)

Prominent Foreign Travellers

1. Marco Polo Venetian Traveller visited Pandya kingdom

2. Ibn Batuta Muhammad bin Tughlaq

3. Nicolo Conti Italian visited Vijayanagar during the reign of

Deva Raya I

4. Abdur Razaq Visited the court of Zamorin in Calicut &

travelled to Vijaynagar

during the reign of Deva Raya II

5. Nikitin Russian, visited Bahmani kingdom & Gujarat

6. Nuniz Portuguese, stayed at Vijayanagar during

Krishna Deva Raya

7. Ralph Fitch British during Akbar’s reign

8. William English merchant. Received a mansab from

Hawkins Jehangir

9. Thomas Roe Ambassador of English King James I to

Jehangir’s court.

Obtained trade concessions. Wrote

“Embassy”.

10. Peter Mundy English traveller during Shah Jahan’s reign.

11. Tavernier French jweller. Aurangzeb’s reign.

12. Bernier French Physician. Most important account of
all European.

Aurangzeb’s reign. Wrote ‘Travels in the

Mughal Empire’.

13. Nicolo Manucci Italian. Aurangzeb’s reign.

Jargon of Medieval Period

Mamluk White slaves Ur Common village assembly

(Chola period)

Muqaddam Village head Nagaram Assembly of merchants

(Chola period)

Sondhar loans Sabha Assembly of Brahmins

(Chola period)

Khots Village head Khutba A sermon made in Friday

mosque

Sharia Muslim law Madad-i- Tax free grants of land

Maash

Subas Provinces Waqf Grants to muslim religious

establishment

Mir Bakshi Military Pargana Around Hundred villages.

department

Ummah Muslim Sadr us Ecclesiastical affairs

believers sadur

Mir Saman Supply Qanungos Keeper of revenue records

department

Shiqdar Headed Zabt Revenue based on land

Pargana. measurement

Amils Revenue Ibadat House of worship

officer Khana (Fatehpur Sikri)

Hundis Bills of Diwan Function of finance

Exchange (Akbar’s time)

Dhimmis Non-Muslim Wujuhat Taxes on

people cattle,grazing,orchards.

Vimans Towers of Shaikhzadas Indian Muslims nobility

temple

Din Religion Peshwa Prime minister (Shivaji)

Ganj A grain market Amatya Revenue minister (Shivaji)

 Gomashta Commercial Sumant Foreign minister (Shivaji)
agent

Hun A gold coin Bargir Cavalrymen (horse

belonged to leader)

Dam Coin (1/4th of Nankar Portion of revenue given to

rupee) Zamidar

Sarkar A number of Diwan-i-Arz Ministry of Military Affairs

Paragana

Khums Tax on plunder Diwan-i- Ministry of Royal

Insha Correspondences

Zawabit Non Shariat Diwan-i- Religiour affairs

state laws Risalat

Faujdar Incharge of Diwan-i-Kul Wazir or chief imperial

Sarkar fiscal minister.

Malfuzat Sayings of sufi Diwan-i- Department of finance

saint Wizarat

Tankah Silver coin Khalisa Land revenue directly for

imperial treasury

Kanqah Sufi lodging Wilayat Spiritual territory of a sufi

Misl Sikh Regions Umra Collective term for nobility

(12)

Watandar Desais & Deshmukh

(collective term)

Extent of Mughal Empire at Akbar’s Death

Miscellaneous Facts:

1.Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570 AD. The Quran alongwith the
Hadith (sayings of the prophet) is venerated as supreme sources of
authority in Islam. Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina is known
as Hijra & the muslim calendar commences from this year. At the battle of
Badr Muhammad first wielded sword to assert his prophethood. Quibla the
direction to be faced during prayer changed from Jerusalem to Mecca.

2.Prophet’s son-in-law Ali was regarded as lawful immediate by some

section (shiis) while other group considered his close followers Abu Bakr,
Umar & Uthman as legal heir (came to be known as Sunnis).
3.Mahmud of Ghazni was the son of Subuktigin (founder of Ghaznavid
dynasty). Subuktgin had defeated the Hindhshahi ruler Jaipal. Utbi was the
court historian of Ghazni. Mahmud raided 17 times which

included Nagarkot, Mathura, Kanauj & Somanath temple (1025 AD when

Chalukya king Bhima I was ruling Gujarat). He patronized Al-Beruni.

4.Muhammad Ghur first invasion was against Multan which he won easily.
His invasion of Gujarat ended in a crushing defeat at the hands of the
Chalukyan forces. Then followed Battle of Tarain I & II, invasion of
Ghadavala ruled by Jaichandra. After Ghur’s death his senior slave
Tajuddin Yalduz occupied Ghazni, Qubacha occupied Multan, Ali Mardan
took Lakhnauti (Bihar-Bengal) while Aibak took Delhi. At the same time
Bhaktiyar Khalji, another slave raided province of Bihar destroying
monasteries of Nalanda & Vikramshila & even attacked the Bengal ruler
Lakshmanasena. Eastern Chalukyas ruled at Vengi.

5.Chola king Rajendra I captured whole of Sri Lanka & reasserted Chola
soverignity over Kerala & Pandyan country. He conquered north upto
Ganga & assumed the title of Gangaikonda. Marco Polo visited the
Pandyan Kingdom around 1293 AD.

6.Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s reign saw the rise of two independent states in
south – Vijaynagar & Bahamani. The Tungabhadra doab had been a
source of conflict between the Cholas & the western Chalukyas, between
Yadavas & Hoysalas as well as between the Vijaynagar & the Bahmani
Kindom.

7.The largest indigenous industry during the Delhi sultanate period was
that of textiles. During Firuz Shah the slaves rose to an all time high. While
India’s indigenous architecture is trabeate (space spanned by beams laid
horizontally), the Islamic form is arcuate (arches are used to bridge a
space).

8.All the Lodi rulers were buried on the Bagh-i-Jud known today as Lodi
Garden. The coins of Mahmud Ghazni, Iltutmish, Nasirudin Mahmud,
Balban, Alauddin Khalji bear the name of Abbasid Caliph.
 9. Mansabdars had dual ranks – zat (personal rank & expenses) &
sawar (cavalry rank). Land revenue systems were batai (crop divided
between state & the peasant), hast-o-bud (official inspection for
estimation), kankut system (estimation of land & yield), nasaq system
(based on previous estimates).

10. The sants of the Vithoba cult & their followers called Varkari
emphasized annual pilgrimage to Pandharpur (Mahrashtra). The most
important saint was Jnaneshvar. Saguna Bhakti (Tulsi Das, Chaitanya,
Surdas, Mirabai, Nimbarka& Vallabha) believed in doctrine of
incarination while Nirguna bhakti (Kabir) worshiped formless aspect of
divinity.

11. Guru Angad developed the Gurmukhi script. Guru Arjun Dev
completed Adi Granth. Guru Hargobind constructed the Akal Takht at
the Golden Temple & asked his followers to built the fort of Lohgarh.
Enraged Jehangir had the Guru imprisoned for 2 years.

12. Of the various Sufi orders in India the Chishti (founder was Moinuddin
Chisti) & Suharawadi (Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya whose Khanqah at
Multan became an important pilgrimage centre) orders (silsilas)

were the most prominent. Other prominent saints were Shaikh Qutbuddin
Bakhtiyar Kaki & Nizamuddin

Auliya. Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi (Naqshbandi order) was contemporary of

Jehangir.

13. There was no Maratha in Akbar’s nobility & only one in that of
Jehangirs. In Aurangzeb’s time the Marathas increased considerably
& foreign nobility declined. Dara Shukoh brother of Auranzeb got 52
Upanishads converted into Persian, the collective work being known
as the Sirr-i-Akbar. Murshid Quli Khan was a talented revenue officer
during the time of Shah Jahan who helped prince Aurangzegb
streamline the revenues in Deccan.
14. Uprisings during Aurangzeb period were Jats (Gokula, Rajaram,
Churaman & Surajmal-the adopted son of Badan Singh), Satnami,
Sikhs (Guru Harkishan summoned to Delhi – Bangla Sahib is the site
where he resided; Guru Teg Bahadur was beheaded at present Sis
Ganj Gurudwara site; Guru Gobind Singh born in Patna), Bundelas of
Ochha (under Chhatrasal)

15. On Baisakhi day in 1699, Guru Gobind Singh established the Khalsa
panth. In the succession that followed after Aurangzeb, Govind Singh
supported Bahadur Shah in the hope of getting justice against Wazir
Khan (who killed Guru’s son) but all in vain. Gobind Singh appointed
Banda Bahadur (later kille Wazir khan) to wage war against the
mughals but he failed & was humiliated before being executed.

16. Shivaji assumed titles of Chhatrapati, Gobrahmance Pratipalak

(protector of cows & Brahmins). His consecration marked the
commencement of a new era, the Rajyabhisheka saka.

17. Bengal was the main silk centre. Land owner ship was Khudkhasta
(Owner & land in the same village), Pahikashta (different village) &
Muqarari raiya (He leased his spare land to tenants called muzarin).
During mughal period there is no evidence of joint ownership of land.
Slave trade focus shifted from Multan to Kabul. Freshly minted coins
had a greater value than those minted in previous regimes.

18. Thomas Roe went to Jehangirs court to get concessions for operation.
Dutch obtained a farman from the Sultan of Golconda to operate at
Masulipatnam.

19. The Mughal school of painting began with Himayun & reached its
pinnacle during Jehangir. Himayun also started the Mina Bazar for
royal ladies.

Miscellaneous Facts from Mocks:

1. Qutbuddin Aibak was not recognized by the Caliph of Baghdad.
Kashmir was never a part of sultanate of Delhi. ‘Janam Sakhis’ are the
biographical writings abouth the Sikh gurus. The utterances of
Namdev, Kabir, Ravidas, Shaikh Fariduddin Masud (Sufi Saint),
Dhanna have been included in Adi Granth. Printing press was
introduced in India by the Portuguese.

2. The most important system of land revenue was the Zabti system. The
term ‘Urs’ referred to the death anniversary of a Sufi saint. The
Sisodiyas of Mewar did not submit to Akbar during his reign.
Shahjahan did not write his autobiography. Bairagis in India were a
Vaishnavite sect.

3. Portuguese-Dutch-English-French was the correct sequence of

foreigners coming to India. In medieval period Polaj was the most
fertile land & banjar the least fertile.

4. Bijapur (Adil Shahi Dynasty), Ahmadnagar (Nizamshahi dynasty),

Golkonda (Qutbshahi dynasty), Bidar (Barid Shahi dynasty).

5. Delhi Sultanate reached its maximum limit during Muhammad bin

Tughlaq. Invasion of Chengiz Khan (Iltutmish reign), Invations of
Tarmahirin (Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s reign), Invasion of Nadir Shah
(Muhammad Shah) & Invasion of Timur (Nasiruddin Mahmud
Tughlaq).

6. Mir Syed Ali, Daswant & Khwaja Abdus Samad were famous painters
at the court of Himayun & Akbar. Mansur & Bishan Das were leading
court painters under Jehangir. The translation of Mahabharata in
Persian (Razmnama) was carried out during the reign of Akbar by
Faizi. Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur s built over the tomb of Muhammad Adil
Shah.

7. The dominant form of decoration employed in the buildings of the

sultanate period is called arabesque. Various regional languages of
medieval India arose out of Apabhramsa. The pushtimarg was the
philosophy of Guru Vallabhacharya (Surdas was his disciple).
 8. Moinuddin Chisti (Ajmer), Nizamuddin Auliya (Delhi), Farduddin
Masud (Pak Patan, Pakistan) & Khwaja Syed Mudammad Gesu Daraz
(Gulbarga) are the famous sufi shrines.

9. Krittivasa translated Ramayana into Bengali. Kabir, Ravidas, Dhanna

& other low cast bhakti saints were belived to be disciples of
Ramananda. Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda founded the
city of Hyderabad. Arabs were not a part of Mughal nobility. Abdur
Rahim Khan-i-Khanan was a mughal noble & poet under Akbar.

10. The sufi silisilas were Suhrawadi, Firdausi, Shattari, Chisti, Qadiri &
Naqshbandi. Amer was Jaipur, Marwar (Jodhpur), Mewar (present-day
districts of Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Rajsamand and Udaipur).