O

Ovs sO

~
c .

p G high temp
> thermal stress

L
 Qturnover frequency (
= afioi ] ] PndU (per sinouwietc) .

Q
Arrhenins
comST .

Tupes of reactor :

δ
( √

Gyue
fixebed
Ψ - gas lig phase
/
O
.

reactant
parficle
~

CSTR (Continuous stir

~
_

estiring Tank Reacfov,

Inaltitubular
φ
=

: & ( :
( good)

.
 reaction
unvepon
δ≈ )
Cndothermic :
≈ (eXothermc .
,

γ
Eonversion reactin
veyue

ingle
spass

Suitable for
nigh onversion
reactions
Q
recycle
meat conduction
important
low conversion
{
exo : release meat
reactions
endo : require heat

batch

Forhigh conversions
exothermic/ mass
transfer timiting reac .

reactanfs& Catalyst
stirred

F
goodmixing &
heat transfer
fluidised
reactor
∆
 ☆
∞

pipl
A
≈
Grate X ) conc -
ofreactant
reactor Product Conx

qui /
| ④
Naifferentiolreactor
b cid,
s differentiaalreactor

Nreationnternediate
D
hrerarensr ? ( conversionφ

conversiong

_
≈
_
_

integral reactor
EonC .

te
rate ×

ctivity 1 owconversion
quiiz
[ ] γ

⑦
owoms A
ion
2
|
aigh
comwergion

)
A activitygood
 stemperature
inctis
-

D
slow

aviiz
I
O
X

~
~ ~

Smll

λ
 BET
N2
gas e emonolayer t multilayer ( gas gas)

G inrerepDionDQ (s
puysisorption
multilaeyer

4 000000000008
sampleG
tmorolknrr
~
k1'
'

Rvlumeo f ~
monolayer
s molenle volume
^
mitoagen

OAvogadroist - Area of
Dnitrogen
atorm
Vm * ⑤ mon ayer tom

L
ilrogen | mole

Rweignt
☆

BET

∞
N
 inert , ∅ N2 X
IOw MW
N2

ODximgendesorntion
Nirogenads .
1 Onsurface issaturated
on surface Mo moreadsorption

t0 o porouss mechanical
strengtht ,

cheenical stability t α

good but X

∴
pore stuctare

pore nor -

porou
^
 ( mesos macro

emiuro
…

pore

rmononayer
Juutiase
 eAiiypilars cworenkatio

,
.
L
nalayer
(macropore )

Naadsorption
Liatumyer
cmonolayer) Grescurelsadss
coverage
(: capillary
N00 α

conkensafion
(Eeolite)
multilayer ratvm
Danroporous
D
Gapillary condensation
meso povou
aals .

monolayer multilayer

pressure
!
3ETlsotherm
( p 9 sads φ) .
∞

∅
Xray 4 surfahe & blk

electrom 3 surface

xray ①

[ ×
ray

cystalstructure
-

latfice
-
 Iaffice
point t o ④ ② ⑧ ⑥ ⑥
⑧ ⑥
@ ⑥ ⑧ ⑥

bragg' s Eg
catfice
> _
.

ABHBC
parametev

amplitnde
x

amplitnedef
L
amplitude

≈ ^
×

PeaK Xadisordered
peak onystalline stru cture
stmcure

camorphous)

polyarystalline
singleaystaly

peak

D
spoluy amystal 4 b

~
Cx = adsinbe ]
s
compressive stress sdt ②4
Pealk stensile stress d 4 3 DP
d
 P203
as
peakintensity 4
fem(p 4
.

t
↑ _

woystas size 4

staliitesize4

n
intensity 4
6OO
defects ldisordersintensitys

alkom ☆
combressive)
→
S
☆O
0
riighaystallimity .
~
OQA
⑨-
c
pealc alloy :

☆
snars , intense ~ OBB
→
rallog ~
aloy
tensile)

~
Nip
4DDOC
compressivesdt ) a Dswiftright
{
rray
~
sample sizes 3 39 4 broader peale
k tensile sd e t b shift to ieft
u
.

i
① tray
P 300E
Ni ODODP
Evi
Ta shan
peak size
grain
compound
☆ Bt , = s d4

…
θ shift stress ,
a
y size

∅
'
peak
toreft
pt & Sm asnift
~ alloy
siZ Siae laffice paraumeterp 4
=
3d 4 i
☆ O☆

L Lysm s
4
lattike parameter 4 s θ b
 )
Fauiz (

]
E

)
gap

byras
corer I☆

eereflected

e im bigmer level
-

fill in thisemptyspot

* ,
He X e
∞

Li

>E

I brelk
stamcture

QrsneuQGsnell JL

alend
X

⑤
D
Q
affraction Reparlsive
surface analysis

~
 Lontat

tip & surface very close

doesn t toucn tne sur face

' -
-
 _
~
~
emission
scattering absorption
refleatiom

Osample

8esola tion

~
 )
[
σ

s
element info ,

σ
s X

1) ( image

\ ejCE5ed from ontershal ( aear surface)

lowE , sur fase features Brigbtmrsis 4)
cedge, elewated area)
\ ejeated from
deeper regi on
(highE ,
4 s Icatfering strongar)
s
Brighter

'
 Pk
.
so aat

Foors

ODepthot
 ≈

'
chemical
State ~

[ Ebalance
e
.
:
imput ovetput
=

KineticE
O α
EC ☆
Eb element (

I ( X-
rayjmput

O
~ D E
② E Kinefia E release

E
CE

(+> enarge interactiom

( ×] binding

s element
e -
interaction weaker
EN
( (+) charge ←
-

[) charge ]
,

atomic # φ (t) charge 4

inelasticcollision λ KE binding 3
binding E4
_
_

kinetic E φ 4
bindng En

~
kinetic tbindingE4

{ ( 4

inelastic collision
* KEn)

background count
 →

sample

K )

V
detect

oxidation state

van
×
Kinetic E

□
s K B
A

gvalence e
mingE
-

>
D
interatiannniugE
Ee

pe Da
pe - D .

O-
'

‰
↑

EN
elemant

3
peak
~Soree

bindingE

En
rtiigher
Q alloy [e binding .
snit

shift

bindinag Eα
←

- peak
element

}
 conversion
hemical E - Electrical
E

oxidation Dpreduction

,
 inuunpnarrortin
PE

cross section sEm image

]
( )
mevugracane
Kondulfive

1S ☆
.23V
1

,
1 ] 40 V α

(
good
4]
1 9
demsiny ( )
[ urrent
VolfaGe
]s

reaction intermediate
activationbarrie unstable Cactivated complex)

E@
E@
 61 Bath

□ ( bad)

'
3

I]]
J '
JWE Reference Electrode
,
00
,ptcoalloy
$ (i)

O 3
W
② WE

ionic movemamt
e movemet
-

③ : onic
Conduafivity electrode

Dcounter Electrode Woraing Electrode

^
s
Eondutivity
"

e
elehtorode

WE
CE (viceversa?
3
4 ( redodreacy
*

( ]
iNovsivsor ) ]

↓ ↓ d
1

| 1 afo
 ↑
: I , SOs 120
,
,
ωn

Pt H 2SO4 )
peak
charg oxidation?
( (reducfion3
×
) Peak

>
oXnidatiom

1
*

2O + Dat 4Htx 4e

+) pealkXs flatcuprent
s coubre sayer
↓
←

].
:

capaciton
. .

I
reauation

]
←
_

lectrode Jecearode 1

Pt H+
hquble rayer n apacitor
( O

baseline = 3+

single nystal p ) ane , defet X

rpeak baseline ?

① Peak
ads & des
.
.
pealk

I
potet :
∅

≈
peak
I 11 lo

FecsetueP
.. !
.
.
.

" "
Olaftice
parameter

\
4* l =
2 atomslarea

~
1 on atzm
~
Pt Poton)

Enarge = Pr aharge
+9
3( os * ( o(5) ( 1. bbzX 10 )
≈

/ charge
Pt Profon
(altomicallyBerfect )
 & -
x
hais : tim
<:
graph cnarge

desorpthon balseline ^ [ ☆ )

,
_ ←
base ads , ine

[ ads
graph ,

evodution
aydroge n
×

[ (

Agrap
Q
σ rooy
flat rough
φ smaller
larger
∴ … rough
)5 0 amllcnzo
atomically parfect (flat
.

)
≈
_
cm3
~cm
RF Pt loading

fater rou

Droughness
tt

imt Apt

EAXSA 100% =
201 × CO,

[ ~~π
t a rea
=
36 . , 05%

mum
< pt 40%

NCNT
[

~~

OptG "
… "= ×

DPEICNT ↑
…-
☆

⑦
-

∞
-

D -

CNT 2t
B

VEsA α -
-

"
…
"

-
m.
.
.
…