Chapter 4 Lecture
Basic Chemistry
Fifth Edition
Chapter 4 Atoms and Elements
4.2 The Periodic Table
Learning Goal Use the periodic
table to identify the group and the
period of an element; identify the
element as a metal, a nonmetal,
or a metalloid.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Periodic Table
In 1872, Dmitri Mendeleev
• created the periodic table,
• arranged elements by increasing atomic
mass, and
• arranged elements into groups with similar
properties.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Periodic Table
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Periods and Groups
On the periodic table,
• elements are arranged according to similar
properties in vertical columns called groups.
• periods are horizontal rows of elements.
Period 1 contains two elements: H and He.
Periods 2 and 3 each contain eight elements:
Period 2 – Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, He
Period 3 – Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Periods and Groups
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Group Numbers
Group numbers, which identify the vertical
columns of the periodic table, are written in
two ways:
• The letter A is used for the representative
elements 1A to 8A and the letter B for the
transition elements.
• The numbers 1–18 are used for the columns from
left to right.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Group Numbers
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Representative Elements – Groups
and Names
Representative elements include
• Group 1A (1), called the alkali metals:
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr
• Group 2A (2), called the alkaline earth metals:
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra
• Groups 3A (13), 4A (14), 5A (15), and 6A (16).
• Group 7A (17), called the halogens:
F, Cl, Br, I, and At
• Group 8A (18), called the noble gases:
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Representative Elements
Group 1A (1) Group 7A (17)
Alkali metals Halogens
Lithium (Li),
sodium (Na), and
Chlorine (Cl2),
potassium (K)
bromine (Br2), and
are some alkali
iodine (I2) are
metals from
halogens from
Group 1A (1).
Group 7A (17).
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
The heavy zigzag line on the periodic table separates
the metals from the nonmetals. Metalloids border the
zigzag line.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Most metals are shiny solids, such as copper (Cu),
gold (Au), and silver (Ag). Metals are
• ductile, meaning they can be shaped into wires.
• malleable, meaning they can be hammered into a
flat sheet.
• good conductors of electricity.
• melted at much higher temperatures than nonmetals.
• solids at room temperature, except for mercury (Hg).
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Except for aluminum (Al), the elements along the
zigzag line are metalloids. Metalloids
• include B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, and At.
• exhibit some properties typical of metals and some
typical of nonmetals.
• are better conductors of heat and electricity than
nonmetals, but not as good as metals.
• are semiconductors because they can be modified to
function as conductors or insulators.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Nonmetals include elements such as hydrogen (H),
carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), chlorine (Cl), and
sulfur (S).
Nonmetals
• are not especially shiny, malleable, or ductile and
are often poor conductors of heat and electricity.
• typically have low melting points
and low densities.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry Link to Health
• Only 20 elements are essential for the well-being
and survival of the human body.
• Only four elements, oxygen (O), carbon (C),
hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N), make up 96% of our
body mass.
• The macrominerals Ca, P, K, Cl, S, Na, and Mg are
involved in the formation of bones and teeth and
the maintenance of essential body functions.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry Link to Health
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry Link to Health
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry Link to Health
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Check
Match the elements to the description.
A. Metals in Group 4A (14)
(1) Sn, Pb (2) C, Si (3) C, Si, Ge, Sn
B. Nonmetals in Group 5A (15)
(1) As, Sb, Bi (2) N, P (3) N, P, As, Sb
C. Metalloids in Group 4A (14)
(1) C, Si, Ge (2) Si, Ge (3) Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Match the elements to the description.
A. Metals in Group 4A (14)
(1) Sn, Pb
B. Nonmetals in Group 5A (15)
(2) N, P
C. Metalloids in Group 4A (14)
(2) Si, Ge
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
