Content List:

Active & Passive Voice Tag Question

Redundancy Usage of Word

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 Active and Passive Voice

The verb form which indicates whether the subject (person or object) of a sentence do
something or something has been done on the subject called the voice. A sentence that
begin with the subject or the object to determine whether the sentence was categorized
as active or passive voice sentences.

For example, when a sentence has one auxiliary verb, such as am, are, is, been, being, be,
and past participle of verbs like written, driven, drawn, known, learnt, broken, discovered;
the sentence is a passive voice.

Uses of Passive Voice

1. ‗By‘ is used in the passive voice when the actor needs to know the job.

 ‗Love addicted‘ was sung by Vamps.

2. Passive voice is used if it doesn‟t need to know the perpetrator work.

 the streets are cleaned everyday

3. Passive voice is used if we don‟t know or forget who the perpetrator work.

 The police was murdered.

4. Passive voice is used if we are more interested in the job than the actors who work.

 A new departmental store is being built.

5. Passive voice is used to avoid an awkward sentence or inappropriate with grammar.

 When she arrived home a police arrested her — it‟s better: when she arrived
home she was arrested (by a police).

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The Rules to Change the Sentences from Active to Passive Form

1. The sentence must have objects (transitive verb). If there is no object then there
must be question word who asks the object.

Object active sentence became the subject of passive sentences.

2. Subject or active sentences into passive sentences that preceded the object word
‗by‘.

3. The verb used is verb III (past participle) which preceded by to be.

4. The adjusted sentence structure by tenses.

Fundamental Rules

 The places of subject and object are interchanged i.e. the object shifts to the place of
subject and subject shifts to the place of object in passive voice.

 Active voice: I write a letter.

 Passive voice: I letter is written by me.

Subject (I) of sentence shifted to the place of object (letter) and object (letter) shifted to
the place of subject (I) in passive voice.

 Sometimes subject of sentence is not used in passive voice. Subject of sentence can be
omitted in passive voice, if without subject it can give enough meaning in passive
voice.

 Passive voice: cloth is sold in yards

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  3rd form of verb (past participle) is always used as main verb in sentences of passive
voice for all tenses. Base form of verb or present participle will be never used in
passive voice.

The word ‗by‘ is used before subject in sentences in passive voice.

 Active voice: He sings a song.

 Passive voice: A song is sung by him.

 The word ‗by‘ is not always used before subject in passive voice.
Sometimes words ‗with, to, etc‘ may also be used before subject in passive voice.

Examples:

 Active voice: The water fills the tub.

 Passive voice: The tub is filled with water.
 Active voice: He knows me.
 Passive voice: I am known to him.

 Auxiliary verbs are used passive voice according to the tense of sentence.

Changes of Pronouns:

Active Voice Passive Voice

I me

We us

You you

He him

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She her

It it

They them

Passive voice in Simple Present Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula: Subject + infinitive + object Formula: S + to be + past participle + by object

Examples:
Simson cares the lion The lion is cared by Simson

Ana does the homework The homework is done by Ana

They sell that house That house is sell by them

Jessica always plays the The piano is always played by

piano Jessica
She buys a book A book is bought by her

Passive voice in Present Continuous Ten

Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula: Subject + to be (is, am, are) + Formula: S + to be (is, am, are) + being +
present participle + object past participle + by object

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 Example:

She is doing her homework The homework is being done by her

He is waiting for Dewi Dewi is being waited by him

They are giving the present The present is being given by them

Bobby is drawing a nice scenery A nice scenery is being drawn by Bobby

Ratna is writing the letter The letter is being written by Ratna

Passive voice in Simple Past Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula: Subject+ Past Participle Formula: S + was/were + past

+object participle + by object

Examples:
She cleaned the house The house was cleaned by her

Jeffri bought a new car A new car was bought by Jeffri

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The teacher called the The students were called by the
students teacher
She saved her money Her money was saved by her

Rina paid all her purchase Her purchase were paid by Rina

Passive voice in Past Continuous Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula: S + was/were + being + past Formula: S + was/were + being + past

participle + by object participle + by object

I was waiting for Dina Dina was being waited by me

She was reading a novel A novel was being read by her

Andi was learning an English An English was being learnt by Andi

They are building the house The house being built by them

He was playing a kite A kite was being played by him

Passive voice in Past Perfect Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula: Subject + had + past Formula: S + had been + past

participle + object participle + by object

Examples:

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He had left that place That place had been left by him

I had finished my work My work had been finished by me

She had missed the last bus The last bus had been missed by her

He had posted the letter The letter had been posted by him

Rudi had completed his speech His speech had been completed by Rudi

Passive voice in Simple Future Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula:Subject+ will + Formula: S + will + be + past

infinitive + object participle + by object

Example:
I shall read a newspaper A newspaper will be read by me
She will sing a beautiful song A beautiful song will be sung by her

Budi will repair his bicycle His bicycle will be repaired by Budi

They will pay the tax The tax will be paid by them

We shall start this meeting This meeting will be started by us

Passive voice in Future Continuous Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula: Subject + will be + Formula: S + will + be + ing + past

present participle + object participle + by object

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 Examples:

He will be doing a test A test will be being done by him tomorrow

tomorrow

They will be watching movie on The movie will be being watched by them
next Saturday on next Saturday

Mita will be increasing her value Her value will be being increased by Mita
next time next time

She will be applying a job A job will be being applied by her

tomorrow tomorrow

Sinta will be learning her lesson

next week Her lesson will be being learnt by Sinta

Passive voice in Past Future Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula: Subject + would + Formula: S + would + be +past

infinitive + object pasrticiple + by object

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 Examples:
I would buy a book tomorrow A book would be bought by me
They would play football next time Football would be played by them next time
Mita would wash her shoes tomorrow Her shoes would be washed by Nita tomorrow

My father would use Blackberry tomorrow Blackberry would be used by my father

tomorrow
I would sell my laptop next week My laptop would be sold next week

 The following tenses cannot be changed into passive voice.

1. Present perfect continuous tense

2. Past perfect continuous tense

3. Future perfect continuous tense

Active and Passive voice using Modals

 Active and Passive voice using Can

This modal applies to all subjects. The sentence patterns are:

Active Voice Passive Voice

S + can + infinitive + object S + can be + past participle + by object

Examples:

She can sell the car every The car can be sold by her every time.
time.

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 Can she play a violin? Can a violin be played by her?

To change the above sentence into a negative sentence, then place the word not after
can. The sentence patterns are:
S + can not + infinitive + object S + can not be + past participle + object

Risky can not buy this car every This car can not be bought by Risky every
time. time.

 Active and Passive voice using May

This modal applies to all subjects. The sentence patterns are:

Active Voice Passive Voice

S + may + infinitive + object S + may be + past participle + by object

Examples:
He may sell the house. The house may be sold by him.

May I buy the computer? May the computer be bought by me?

To change the above sentence into a negative sentence, then place the word not after
may.
I may not buy the computer. The computer may not be bought by me.
 Active and Passive voice using Must

This modal applies to all subjects. The sentence patterns are:

Active Voice Passive Voice

S + must + infinitive + object S + must be + past participle + by object

Examples:

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He must finish his duty in a week. His duty must be finished by him in a week.

To change the above sentence into a negative sentence, then place the word not after
must.

Dewi must not open the gate every The gate must not be opened by Dewi every
morning. morning.
 Active and Passive voice using Might

This modal applies to all subjects. The sentence patterns are:

Active Voice Passive Voice

S + might + infinitive + S + might be + past participle + by object

object

Examples:
He might meet Dewi. Dewi might be met by him.

To change the above sentence into a negative sentence, then place the word not after
might.

Guests might not play chess. Chess might not be played guests.

Passive voice for ‗May Have, Might Have, Should Have, Must Have, Ought To Have‘

 Active voice: MAY HAVE  Active voice: MAY HAVE BEEN

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You may have availed the The opportunity may have been availed by
opportunity. you.

You may not have availed the The opportunity may not have been
opportunity. availed by you.

 Active voice: MIGHT HAVE  Active voice: MIGHT HAVE BEEN

He might have eaten meal. Meal might have been eaten by him.

 Active voice: SHOULD HAVE

 Active voice: SHOULD HAVE BEEN
You should have studied the book. The book should have been studied by you.
You should not have studied the The book should have not been studied by
book. you.

 Active voice: MUST HAVE  Active voice: MUST HAVE BEEN

He must have started job. Job must have been started by you.

He must not have started job Job must not have been started by you.

 Active voice: OUGHT  Active voice: OUGHT TO HAVE BEEN

TO HAVE

You ought to have helped him. He ought to have been helped by you

Verbs Followed by Modals (Can, could, may, might, would, should, ought)

The form of the verb is the same as that of a verb in the Simple Future Tense, i.e., modal
auxiliary + be + V3 form.

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Active Voice Passive Voice

You can do this work. This work can be done by you.

Police could not catch the thief. The thief could not be caught by police.

You may read this book. This book may be read by you.

He might suffer a great loss. A great loss might be suffered by him.

You should respect your parents. Your parents should be respected by you.

She would teach us today. We would be taught by her today.

We must help the poor. The poor must be helped by us.

We ought to respect our elders. Our elders ought to be respected by us.

Passive Voice Active Voice

A scholarship may be won by her. She may win a scholarship.

Could this sum be solved by you? Could you solve this sum?

Should cards be played at by us? Should we play at cards.

By whom could he be helped? Who could help him?

Imperative Sentences

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A sentence that expresses a command, or a request or an advice, or an entreaty is called
an Imperative Sentence or Desire.

Characteristics of Imperative Sentences

1. The object you is generally missing in Imperative Sentences. The structure of such
sentences in Passive Voice is: Let + object + be/not be + V3

2. In sentences which express request, advice and order, such phrases as, You are
requested to/advised to /ordered to are used.

3. Word kindly/please are dropped.

Active Voice Passive Voice

Do it. Let it be done.
Call in the doctor. Let the doctor be called in.
Never tell a lie. Let a lie be never told
Shut the door. Let the door be shut.
Do not starve the cow. Let the cow not be starved
Stand up. You are ordered to stand up.
Kindly lend me some money. You are requested to lend me some money.

Work hard. You are advised to work hard

Do not do it You are forbidden to do it. or Let it be not done

Passive Voice Active Voice

You are ordered to open the door. Open the door.

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 You are requested to come here. Come here please.
Let the light be witched on. Switch on the light.
Let your parents be obeyed. Obey your parents.

Change of Voice in the Infinitive Verbs

Active Voice Passive Voice

to + V1 to + be + V3
I have to do this work. This work has to be done.
I want to buy this book. I want this book to be bought.
Women like men to flatter them. Women like to be flattered by men.
There is no shop to let There is no shop to be let.

Verbs/phrases

I made him stand up. He was made to stand up by me.

I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road (by me).

It is time to

It is time to do this work. It is time for this work to be

done.
It is time to call the roll. It is time for the roll to be called.

Passive Voice Active Voice

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I expect her to be brought I expect to bring her round.
round.
A pen is to be written with. A pen is to write with.

It is time for the race to be run. It is time to run the race.

They should he invited by us. We should invite them.

 Sentences which cannot be changed into passive voice

Transitive and intransitive verb

A verb can be either transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb needs an object (in
sentence) to give complete meaning while intransitive verb does need an object (in
sentence) to give complete meaning.

 Transitive verb: He sent a letter. (Send is a transitive verb and it needs an object
i.e. letter to express full meaning.)
 Intransitive Verb: He laughs. (Laugh is an intransitive verb and it does not need
object for expressing full meaning.)

e.g. Sleep, go, reach, sit, die, are examples of intransitive verbs.

 Intransitive verb cannot be changed into passive voice

The sentences having intransitive verbs (belonging to any tense) cannot be changed into
passive voice. The reason is that there is not any object in such sentences and without
object of sentence passive voice is not possible.

 Cloth is sold in yards.

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Practice-1

1. Most of the patient visits ---- to physician assistants in the recent years all around the
world.

A) have been made B) was made C) will have been made

D) have made E) make

2. These differences between two photographs ---- with the help of Photoshop.

A) could have been should remove B) must have removed

C) have to remove D) removed E) were able to remove

3. No clinical studies ---- in this child disease research so far.

A) had completed B) will be completed C) have completed

D) had to complete D) have been completed

4. The government ---- that the tasks ---- with great success.

A) is confirming / maintained B) confirms / have been maintained

C) was confirmed / have maintained D) will confirm / had been maintained

E) confirmed / are maintaining

5. With this comprehensive international report, the country's position in the regional and
global arena ---- with measurable criteria.

A) is to identify B) identifies C) will be identified

D) identified E) is going to identify

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6. The critics ---- that the review ---- as a book in English and in many other languages.

A) are said / could be published B) say / can be published

C) will say / had been published D) said / may be published

E) have said / should publish

7. New legislation ---- in congress but it ---- by many.

A) was introduced / wasn't accepted B) introduced / didn't accept

C) will be introduced / isn't accepted D) introduced / hadn't been accepted

E) is introduced / won't accept

8. If you would like to know what ---- in the project so far, you ---- the full report at our
website.

A) has been completed / may be visited B) completed / will be found

C) will be completed / should be found D) was completed / had been found

E) has been completed / can find

9. These clothes ---- for daily use so you ---- them wherever you want.

A) design / should be worn B) will be designed / must wear

C) are designed / can wear D) were designed / could be worn

E) designed / might be worn

10. A more developed model of this car ---- in the showroom soon.

A) is going to show B) will be shown C) was shown

D) has been shown E) had shown

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Practice-2

1. The painting that ---- by Picasso ---- worth of exhibition in the art gallery.

A) was made / was considering B) would have been made / will be considered

C) made / considered D) was making / being considered

E) was made / was considered

2. All the songs on this new album ---- by Lisa herself, and the album ---- live during her
recent successful concert tour.

A) written / recorded B) wrote / recorded C) were written / was recorded

D) was written / was recorded E) were to write / had been recorded

3. It ---- that the victim ---- with poison.

A) was thought / had been killed B) thought / had been killed

C) is thought / has killed D) is thought / must killed

E) was thought / must have killed

4. It ---- that too little money ---- by the government on roads.

A) is said / spends B) has said / is spent C) was said / spent

D) is being said / is being spent E) has been said / is spending

5. Mary ---- the mechanic ---- her car yesterday.

A) had / to repair B) got / to repair C) will have / repair

D) got / repair E) had / repairing

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6. My bike which ---- was brought back only when a 20-pound-reward ---- .

A) was stolen / was offered B) has been stolen / has been offered

C) stole / offered D) was stolen / has offered

E) was being stolen / was being offered

7. The criminal ---- for further questioning but as he had a heart attack during the first
questioning he ---- to hospital for a week.

A) has held / was sent B) has been held / has been sent

C) was to have been held / was sent D) is to hold / be sent

E) was to hold / was being sent

8. Look at Susan's fair hair. She has had it ---- .

A) dye B) to be dyed C) to dye D) being dyed E) dyed

Tag question

Auxiliary verb + subject

 We use the same auxiliary verb in the tag as in the main sentence. If there is no
auxiliary verb in the main sentence, we use do in the tag.
 You live in Spain, don‖t you?
 If the auxiliary verb in the sentence is affirmative, the tag is negative.
 You‖re Spanish, aren‖t you?

 If the auxiliary verb in the sentence is negative, the tag is affirmative.

 You‖re not Spanish, are you?

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Meaning

1. We use tag questions to confirm or check information or ask for agreement.

 You want to come with me, don‖t you?
 You can swim, can‖t you?
 You don‖t know where the boss is, do you?
 This meal is horrible, isn‖t it?
 That film was fantastic, wasn‖t it?
2. We use tag questions to check whether something is true.
 The meeting‖s tomorrow at 9am, isn‖t it?
 You won‖t go without me, will you?

Additional points

 In the present form of be: In an affirmative statement, if the subject is ‗I‘, the
auxiliary changes to aren‖t in the tag.
 I‖m sitting next to you, aren‖t I?
 I‖m a little red, aren‖t I?
 With let‖s, the tag is shall we?

 Let‖s go to the beach, shall we?

 Let‖s have a coffee, shall we?
 With an imperative, the tag is will you?
 Close the window, will you?
 Hold this, will you?
 We use an affirmative tag after a sentence containing a negative word such as never,
hardly, nobody.
 Nobody lives in this house, do they?
 You‖ve never liked me, have you?

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 When the subject is nothing, we use ‗it‘ in the tag.
 Nothing bad happened, did it?
 Nothing ever happens, does it?
 If the subject is nobody, somebody, everybody, no one, someone or everyone, we use
‗they‘ in the tag.
 Nobody asked for me, did they?
 Nobody lives here, do they?
 If the main verb in the sentence is have (not an auxiliary verb), it is more common to
use do in the tag.
 You have a Ferrari, don‖t you?
 She had a great time, didn‖t she?
 With used to, we use ‗didn‖t‘ in the tag.
 You used to work here, didn‖t you?
 He used to have long hair, didn‖t he?
 We can use affirmative tags after affirmative sentences to express a reaction such as
surprise or interest.
 You‖re moving to Brazil, are you?

 If we don‖t know the answer, it is a real question and we use a rising intonation with
the tag.
 You don‖t know where the boss is, do you?
 If we know the answer and are just confirming the information a falling intonation is
used with the tag.
 That film was fantastic, wasn‖t it?

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Practice-3

1. Neither of the workers was happy with the new legislation, ____?

A) wasn't they B) weren't they C) did they D) didn't they E) were they

2. Tom, the Browns' only son, died in a terrible accident last year. Before that event,
however, the family used to be very cheerful people, ____, dad?

A) hadn't they B) didn't they C) weren't they D) didn't he E) wasn't it

3. That is very important for him, ____?

A) isn't it B) isn't that C) is it D) is that E) isn't this

4. Everybody should visit Goreme, ____?

A) should they B) should he C)shouldn't they D) should we E) shouldn't we

5. Tomorrow, instead of going to Madrid with my boss, I am going to London, ____? So, is
everything arranged properly there?

A) ain't I B) aren't I C) don't I D) won't I E) am I

6. As far as I know Jim, and according to what his mum told about him, he hates football
and never plays it,____?

A) didn't he B) will he C) does he D) didn't she E) don't I

7. You really think that those over there are our new teacher's kids, ____? But, they
aren't because he isn't married yet.

A) isn't it B) don't you C) aren't they D) do you E) isn't he

8. They had to provide some evidence to the court to clear him of the accusation, ____?

A) wouldn't they B) hadn't he C) didn't he D) hadn't they E) didn't they

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9. Just because the teacher of math has strict rules in class, everybody dislikes him too
much, ____?

A) aren't they B) isn't it C) doesn't it D) do they E) don't they

10. A: What an exhausting day it was! I had better go to sleep right now, ____? B: Yes, of
course. Anyway, I have already prepared the room for you.

A) didn't you B) should I C) mustn't you D) hadn't I E) wasn't it

11. It is breaking news. Something bad must have happened at the airport. Pass the
remote control to me, ____?

A) isn't it B) didn't you C) aren't I D) will you E) shall we

12. I guess my brother didn't like the way his wife behaved in front of many people,
____? Because he takes her words personally.

A) wasn't he B) don't I C) did he D) didn't she E) does he

13. Nobody in the family believes Carl has paid the heating bill, ____? So, he needs some
time to prove himself to be reliable.

A) do they B) has he C) doesn't he D) won't they E) did they

14. I assume the books you gave will be helpful despite the fact that there are plenty of
similar books, ____?

A) do you B) won't they C) didn't you D) are there E) isn't there

15. One of the things I used to do was breaking ice floes in the stream, ____?

A) didn't it B) wasn't it C) weren't they D) isn't it E) wouldn't it

16. I suppose they won't come in time for the lunch,____?

A) won't they B) aren't I C) don't I D) will they E) do you

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17. He said the teacher ought to give the instructions more clearly, ____?

A) did he B) oughtn't he C) didn't he D) hasn't he E) ought not they

18. He ____ hard for the exam, didn't he

A) didn't study B) studied C) studies D) had studied E) doesn't study

19. He ____ the car he damaged repaired, won't he?

A) will have B) would have C) had D) has E) is having

20. It would have been a more tactful decision to leave them alone when they told us to
have a break, ____?

A) shouldn't we B) didn't they C) wouldn't it D) hasn't it E) wouldn't they

21. They will be coming in an hour, so I have got to prepare something for dinner, ____?

A) haven't I B) don't I C) shouldn't we D) won't they E) aren't they

Redundancy

 (absolutely) essential  (and) etc.

 (absolutely) necessary  (anonymous) stranger
 (actual) facts  (annual) anniversary
 advance (forward)  (armed) gunman
 (advance) planning  (artificial) prosthesis
 (advance) preview  ascend (up)
 (advance) reservations  ask (the question)
 (advance) warning  assemble (together)
 add (an additional)  attach (together)
 add (up)  ATM (machine)
 alternative (choice)  autobiography (of his or her own
 A.M. (in the morning) life)

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  bald(-headed)  cacophony (of sound)
 (basic) fundamentals  cancel (out)
 (basic) necessities  (careful) scrutiny
 best (ever)  cash (money)
 biography (of his--or her--life)  circle (around)
 blend (together)  circulate (around)
 bouquet (of flowers)  classify (into groups)
 brief (in duration)  (close) proximity
 (brief) moment  (closed) fist
 (brief) summary  collaborate (together)
 (burning) embers  combine (together)
 commute (back and forth)

 compete (with each other)  depreciate (in value)

 (component) parts  descend (down)
 confer (together)  (desirable) benefits
 connect (together)  disappear (from sight)
 confused (state)  drop (down)
 consensus (of opinion)  during (the course of)
 (constantly) maintained  dwindle (down)
 cooperate (together)
 could (possibly)
 crisis (situation)
 (current) trend
 each (and every)  (face) mask
 earlier (in time)  (fellow) classmates
 eliminate (altogether)  (fellow) colleague
 emergency (situation)  few (in number)
 (empty) hole  (final) conclusion
 enclosed (herein)  (final) end
 (end) result  (final) outcome

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  enter (in)  (final) ultimatum
 (entirely) eliminate  (first and) foremost
 equal (to one another)  first (of all)
 eradicate (completely)  fly (through the air)
 evolve (over time)  follow (after)
 (exact) same  (foreign) imports
 (exposed) opening  (former) graduate
 extradite (back)  (former) veteran
 (free) gift

 (from) whence  gather (together)

 (frozen) ice  (general) public
 full (to capacity)  GOP (party)
 (full) satisfaction  GRE (exam)
 fuse (together)  green [or blue or whatever] (in
 (future) plans color)
 (future) recurrence  grow (in size)

 had done (previously)  (illustrated) drawing

 (harmful) injuries  incredible (to believe)
 HIV (virus)  indicted (on a charge)
 join (together)  input (into)
 (joint) collaboration  integrate (together)
 kneel (down)  integrate (with each other)
 (knowledgeable) experts  interdependent (on each other)
 introduced (a new)
 introduced (for the first time)
 (ir)regardless
 ISBN (number)

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  lag (behind)  manually (by hand)
 later (time)  may (possibly)
 LCD (display)  meet (together)
 lift (up)  meet (with each other)
 (little) baby  (mental) telepathy
 (live) studio audience  merge (together)
 (live) witness  might (possibly)
 (local) residents  minestrone (soup)
 look (ahead) to the future  mix (together)
 look back (in retrospect)  modern ______ (of today)
 (mutual) cooperation
 (mutually) interdependent
 mutual respect (for each other)

 (native) habitat  (old) adage

 (natural) instinct  (old) cliche
 never (before)  (old) custom
 (new) beginning  (old) proverb
 (new) construction  (open) trench
 (new) innovation  (oral) conversation
 (new) invention  (originally) created
 (new) recruit  (outside) in the yard
 none (at all)  (over) exaggerate
 nostalgia (for the past)  over (with)
 (now) pending

 (pair of) twins  plan (in advance)

 palm (of the hand)  (Please) RSVP
 (passing) fad  plunge (down)
 (past) experience  (polar) opposites
 (past) history  (positive) identification

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  (past) memories  postpone (until later)
 (past) records  pouring (down) rain
 penetrate (into)  (pre)board (as an airplane)
 period (of time)  (pre)heat
 (personal) friend  (pre)record
 (personal) opinion  (private) industry
 pick (and choose)  (present) incumbent
 PIN (number)  present (time)
 pizza (pie)  previously listed (above)
 plan (ahead)  proceed (ahead)
 protest (against)  proceed (forward)
 pursue (after)  progress (forward)
 (proposed) plan

 raise (up)  (safe) haven

 RAM (memory)  (safe) sanctuary
 reason is (because)  same (exact)
 reason (why)  (sand) dune
 recur (again)  scrutinize (in detail)
 re-elect (for another term)  self-______ (yourself)
 refer (back)  separated (apart from each other)
 reflect (back)  (serious) danger
 (regular) routine  share (together)
 repeat (again)  (sharp) point
 reply (back)  shiny (in appearance)
 retreat (back)  shut (down)
 revert (back)  (single) unit
 rise (up)  skipped (over)
 round (in shape)  slow (speed)
 small (size)
 tall (in height)  (small) speck

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  tall (in stature)  soft (in texture) [or (to the touch)]
 (temper) tantrum  sole (of the foot)
 ten (in number)  spell out (in detail)
 three a.m. (in the morning)  spliced (together)
 (three-way) love triangle  start (off) or (out)
 time (period)  (still) persists
 (tiny) bit  (still) remains
 (total) destruction  (sudden) impulse
 (true) facts  (sum) total
 (truly) sincere  surrounded (on all sides)
 tuna (fish)
 (twelve) noon or midnight  (ultimate) goal
 (two equal) halves  undergraduate (student)
 (underground) subway
 vacillate (back and forth)  (unexpected) surprise
 (very) pregnant  (universal) panacea
 (very) unique  (unnamed) anonymous
 visible (to the eye)  UPC (code)
 (usual) custom

 warn (in advance)

 weather (conditions)
 weather (situation)
 (white) snow

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Practice-4

Eliminate redundant words. Cross them out.

1) We need to cooperate together.

2) This absolutely phenomenal piece of equipment...

3) A liaison officer who is responsible for...

4) A total number of 14 APCs...

5) With the close proximity of...

6) Exactly the same number of soldiers...

7) New innovations will move our industry forward.

8) Let me summarize briefly...

9) We also have ATM machines inside the base.

Practice-5

Wordiness:

Rewrite the underlined fragments to eliminate wordiness and make them more concise.

1) In reply to the letter from you...

2) At the moment, we do not have any meetings scheduled.

3) I suggest diving the programme into two parts: theoretical and practical one.

4) During the theoretical part we will describe...

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5) A meeting was scheduled on weekly basis...

6) Another problem that has been revealed was connected with security of the people.

7) Depending on your preference, other projects can also be supported.

8) It has been agreed that the Polish representation will consist of...

9) The copies of ID cards have to be provided.

10) This will be clarified during the next teleconference.

11) ...may lead to their own brands to be more recognizable.

12) ...will need to decrease the funds for the other branches.

13) One of the best solutions to make their own market to be more effective is to launch
the cooperation between them and other European military industrial companies

14) We can strengthen the Polish military industry and in consequence enhance the
European safety.

15) You can fill it in a completely unanimous way.

16) In spite of the fact that the Polish government...

17) Due to the fact that the modern tanks feature...

18) This strategy has a tendency to promote local warlords.

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 Usage of word

1. Aversion
A) I was not averse to fighting with any boy who challenged me.
B) She had a deep aversion to getting up early in the morning.
C) They were averse to the very idea of going out on a rainy day.
D) He seems to be aversing to hard work
E) All are correct

2. Resentment
A) Many urbanites would resent additional competition for school places.
B) I resent the way he sneers at our efforts.
C) She was filled with deep resentment at being passed over for promotion.
D) I resent paying extra for my drink just because it's in a posey bottle
E) All are correct

3. Relent
A) The heat was unrelenting.
B) The committee rewarded employees for their relentless pursuit to excellence.
C) 3. Her face remained unrelenting severe
D) We will not relent until justice is done to the aggrieved.
E) All are correct

4) Redundant
A) Try to reduce redundancies in your writings.
B) The company was losing money and it had to make people redundant.
C) The reduntic lyrics made the song unpalatable.
D) The illustration had too much redundant details.
E) All are correct

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5) Pervade
A) Cruel wars pervade history.
B) The consistency and pervasiveness of this effect is startling, perhaps even
disconcerting.
C) The medication had a pervasive effect on the patient's health.
D) A sense of social change is pervasive in her novels.
E) All are correct

6) Enervating
A) Idleness enervates the will to succeed.
B) A long and serious illness is an example of something that would be described as
enervating.
C) A hot climate enervates people who are not used to it.
D) Enervate by the heat, we rested under a shady tree until our strength was restored.
E) All are correct

7) Gullible
A) He must have been pretty gullible to fall for that old trick.
B) The newspaper relies on the gullibility of its readers.
C) There are so many ingullible students seeking admission to rare courses.
D) He's so gullible he'll believe anything.
E) All are correct

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8. Facile

A) He proposed a facile solution to a complex problem.

B) And, like all popular ideas, it is unthinkingly accepted and facilely claimed.
C) It is facile to attribute all childhood problems to poor parenting or social
circumstances.
D) 4. The imperative that man exercise mastery over technical development is facile
accepted by everyone.

E) All are correct

9. Insinuating

A) He was gentle and insinuating in manner, and possessed a calm, graceful and winning
delivery.
B) I deeply resent the insinuation that I'm only interested in the money.
C) Are you insinuating that the money was stolen?
D) The spy insinuated himself into the confidence of important officers.
E) All are correct

10. Reminisce

A) His style of painting is reminiscent of Da Vinci's.

B) In reminiscence, you build up from past life to the present.
C) My grandfather used to reminiscence about his years in the navy.
D) Paramedics tended the wounded in scenes reminiscent of wartime.
E) All are correct

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 11. Create

A) the sculpture has been created out of Portland stone

B) he created a thirty-acre lake
C) being little kids create because they hate ignored
D) the government's planned to create a free-trade zone
E) All of the above are correct usage

12. Cease

A) they were asked to cease all military activity

B) the hostilities ceased and normal life was resumed
C) hostilities had ceased
D) the government ceased with its plans to reorganize the country's economy
E) All of the above are

13. Abide
A) he expected everybody to abide by the rules
B) if there is one thing cannot abide it is a lack of discipline
C) I abide many of the situations that used to stress me
D) I said I would abide by their decision
E) All of the above are correct usage
14. Demoralize
A) she hastened her daughter's steps, lest she be demoralized by beholding the free
manners of these 'mad English'
B) the General Strike had demoralized the trade unions
C) they kept wages low, which demoralized the staff
D) the king's demoralized army brake and fled
E) All of the above are correct usage

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15. Excuse
A) he did nothing to hide or excuse Jacob's cruelty

B) she has been excused from her duties for now

C) two escaped excuse kidnapped them at gunpoint

D) such conduct can never be excused

E) All of the above are correct usage

16. Scare
A) the rapid questions were designed to scare her into blurting out the truth

B) the thought of what might happen scared her

C) gosh, that gave me a scare!

D) you gave me a scare—how did you get here?

E) All of the above are

17. Scold
A) Mum took Anna away, scolding her for her bad behaviour
B) she is turning into a scold
C) she paid me an enormous scold
D) Joe meekly accepted her scolding

E) All of the above are correct usage

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 18. Aware
A) we need to appoint someone who is knowledgeable about modern art
B) she is very knowledgeable about livestock and pedigrees 3) he was told
C) constantly that he was aware and stupid
D) a knowledgeable old man
E) All of the above are correct usage
19. Fault
A) they fault the station for the benefit of customers
B) the continental crust has been thinned and faulted as a result of geological processes
C) her superiors could not fault her dedication to the job
D) if books were not selling, it wasn't the fault of the publishers
E) All of the above are correct usage

20. False
A) there were no right or wrong answers
B) they would kill a man who wronged a family
C) no one is entitled to profit from his own wrong
D) there were no right or wrong answers
E) All of the above are

Answer:

1) D- replace Aversing by 2) E 3) C- Replace 4) C- replace reduntic by

Averse unrelenting by redundant
unrelentingly

5)E 6) D-replace enervate 7) C- Ingullible is an 8) D- replace Facile by

by enervating incorrect word facilely

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9) E 10) C- Replace 11) E 12) D-cease should be
Reminiscence by replaced with continued
reminisce

13) C-abide should be 14) E 15) C-Excuse should 16) E

replaced with avoid be replaced with
Convicts

17) C- Scold should be 18) C- Aware should 19) A - Fault should 20) E
replaced with Compliment be replaced with be replaced with
ignorant improved

More Practice

1. The results of the research ---- that, presently, several East Asian countries ---- rapidly.

A) have indicated / were developing B) indicate / are developing

C) are indicated / have been developing D) were indicated / had developed

E) had indicated / developed

2. Understandably, her friends ---- when Julia married someone else after being engaged
to John for two years.

A) are surprising B) were surprised C) surprised

D) will be surprised E) had surprised

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3. The facsimile ---- when the secretary returns from lunch.

A) will be sent B) is going to send C) should have sent

D) was being sent E) has been sent

4. Animals ---- to survive in the wild, rather than kept in captivity.

A) are helping B) have been helping C) should be helped

D) could be helping E) ought to have helped

5. Because James ---- to physical work, he ---- after he had spent a week on the farm.

A) isn‖t accustomed / might be exhausted B) hadn‖t accustomed / had exhausted

C) won‖t be accustomed / will be exhausted D) hasn‖t accustomed / has exhausted

E) wasn‖t accustomed / was exhausted

6. Films of violence ---- on television until after 9.30 at night, the time when the majority
of children ---- to bed.

A) cannot be shown / went B) aren‖t being shown / had gone

C) didn‖t use to be shown / are going D) shouldn‖t be shown / go

E) needn‖t be shown / have gone

7. Normal climbing boots slip in icy conditions, so climbers ---- iron plates with spikes,
known as crampons, to their boots.

A) should be fixed B) have to fix C) have been fixed

D) used to fix E) must be fixed

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8. ‗Fragile, handle with care‘ ---- on the package, but still the contents of the parcel ----
when it arrived.

A) had written / would be broken B) is being written / will be broken

C) was written / were broken D) would have written / had broken

E) has been written / could break

9. An apple tree ---- fruit until it is five to eight years old.

A) did not bear B) was not bearing C) has not been borne

D) does not bear E) will not be borne

10. The hill where Jane Austen set one of her romances ---- Box Hill because of the box
trees which ---- there.

A) calls / are grown B) has been calling / grew

C) used to call / used to grow D) are calling / were growing E) is called / grow

11. Your chances of success in an examination ---- if you ---- the course work thoroughly.

A) enhance / are revised B) were enhancing / revised

C) had enhanced / were revising D) could be enhanced / would revise

E) are enhanced / revise

12. When he ---- an essay on time for once, his professor ---- him a look of surprise.

A) handed / gave B) was handed / was giving

C) is handed / will be given D) has handed / would give E) hands / is given

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13. You ---- plenty of time in case the bus ----; otherwise, you‖ll risk missing your ferry.

A) must have allowed / delays B) used to allow / delayed

C) ought to be allowed / has delayed D) had better allow / is delayed

E) were allowed / was delayed

14. It‖s true that happiness ---- with money, but some money ---- life easier

A) mustn‖t be bought / made B) shouldn‖t bought / has made

C) can‖t be bought / makes D) doesn‖t buy / is making

E) hasn‖t been bought / is made

15. Cells ---- for the first time by the English scientist Robert Hooke, who, in 1665, ---- a
book about his findings.

A) were described / published B) had described / would have published

C) could be described / was published D) has described / had published

E) would be described / could be published

16. Portland cement, when it ---- with water, ---- a paste that binds sand, gravel and stone
into a rock-like mass called concrete.

A) will be combined / formed B) has combined / is formed

C) was combined / was formed D) combines / has been formed

E) is combined / forms

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17. The twentieth century, now nearing its end, ---- the century when mankind ---- to
realise that the Earth‖s resources are limited

A) was / was coming B) will be / had come C) has been / has come

D) had been / came E) will have been / is coming

18. Up to now, the equipment ---- regularly, but from now on, we ---- it before every
outing.

A) wasn‖t checked / are checking B) hasn‖t checked / will be checking

C) isn‖t being checked / should be checked

D) hasn‖t been checked / are going to check

E) hadn‖t checked / have to be checked

19. Judging from the speed of mechanisation, it ---- that very few things in the world ----
by hand in the twenty-first century

A) has been predicted / will be making B) can be predicted / will be made

C) will be predicted / were made D) is being predicted / have been made

E) is predicting / will have been made

20. Considering the major resources we ---- with for the project, we ---- a wonderful job.

A) had been provided / did B) were provided / can do

C) have been provided / used to do D) will be provided / have done

E) provided / will be doing

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21. Solutions to the problem of unemployment ----, but none of the measures that ---- so
far has been very successful.

A) have sought / will be tired B) will be sought / have been trying

C) had been seeking / were trying D) are being sought / have been tried

E) have been seeking / are tried

22. Africa‖s population growth rate is much higher than the world average and it ---- that,
by the year 2050, Africa ---- for twenty-one per cent of the world‖s population.

A) has estimated / account B) was estimating / had been accounting

C) will be estimated / accounted D) will have estimated / is accounting

E) is estimated / will account

23. Following stricter ‗drink driving‘ regulations, the number of accidents which ----
drunk drivers ---- significantly.

A) have been involved / is reduced B) involve / has been reduced

C) were involved / was reducing D) are involved / is reducing

E) involved / has been reducing

24. I managed to translate most of the letter for you, but I ---- stuck on one or two
sentences.

A) am getting B) get C) got D) was getting E) will get

25. The world‖s first dental school, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, ---- by two
Americans, Horace Hayden and Chapin Harris, in 1839.

A) would have founded B) was founding C) was founded

D) had founded E) would be founding

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26. The works of Shakespeare ---- into every major language in the world.

A) are going to translate B) have been translated C) had translated

D) had been translating E) will have translated

27. He ---- about this meeting for weeks, so I don‖t know why he ---- anything for it yet.

A) is known / isn‖t preparing B) was known / doesn‖t prepare

C) knows / didn‖t prepare D) has known / hasn‖t prepared

E) knew / hadn‖t prepared

28. There were such a lot of different things to do at the resort where we ---- our holiday
that none of us ----.

A) spent / was bored B) were spending / bored C) were spent / had bored

D) have spent / could be bored E) spend / are bored

29. A place ---- for you, Madam, as soon as you ---- the deposit.

A) has been reserved / will pay B) reserved / had paid C) is reserving / are
paid D) is reserved / were paid E) will be reserved / have paid

30. There is no way you ---- all of your project in an hour, so you ----the most important
points and talk about those.

A) should be covered / ought to choose B) used to cover / can choose

C) must cover / will be chosen D) ought to cover / have chosen

E) can cover / had better choose

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31. If a person ---- in more food than required to meet the body‖s needs, the excess
calories ---- to fat

A) will take / have converted B) takes / are converted C) is taken / convert

D) has taken / were converted E) was taken / had converted

32. Because I ---- up in a house next to the main railway line, I rarely get disturbed by
noises during the night.

A) was brought B) had brought C) have been bringing

D) used to bring E) am bringing

33. Women ---- dress design until the last half of the 19th century.

A) were dominated B) have dominated C) dominated

D) are dominating E) would be dominated

34. Luckily, he realised that he had forgotten his passport in time to return to the hotel
and collect it; otherwise, we ---- for the flight

A) must not have accepted B) ought not to be accepted

C) hadn‖t been accepted D) couldn‖t have been accepted E) needn‖t have accepted

35. Everybody was very concerned when one of the representatives ---- halfway through
the main course.

A) will collapse B) is collapsing C) has collapsed D) collapses E) collapsed

Answer:

1: B 2: B 3: A 4: C 5: E 6: D 7: B 8: C 9: D 10: E 11: E 12: A 13: D 14: C 15: A 16: E 17: C 18:

D 19: B 20: A 21: D 22: E 23: B 24: C 25: C 26: B 27: D 28: A 29: E 30: E 31: B 32: A 33: C 34:
D 35: E

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1. Neither of the workers was happy with the new legislation, ____?

A) wasn't they B) weren't they C) did they D) didn't they E) were they

2. Tom, the Browns' only son, died in a terrible accident last year. Before that event,
however, the family used to be very cheerful people, ____, dad?

A) hadn't they B) didn't they C) weren't they D) didn't he E) wasn't it

3. That is very important for him, ____?

A) isn't it B) isn't that C) is it D) is that E) isn't this

4. Everybody should visit Goreme, ____?

A) should they B) should he C) shouldn't they

D) should we E) shouldn't we

5. Tomorrow, instead of going to Madrid with my boss, I am going to London, ____? So, is
everything arranged properly there?

A) am n't I B) aren't I C) don't I D) won't I E) am I

6. As far as I know Jim, and according to what his mum told about him, he hates football
and never plays it, ____?

A) didn't he B) will he C) does he D) didn't she E) don't I

7. You really think that those over there are our new teacher's kids, ____? But, they
aren't because he isn't married yet.

A) isn't it B) don't you C) aren't they D) do you E) isn't he

8. They had to provide some evidence to the court to clear him of the accusation, ____?

A) wouldn't they B) hadn't he C) didn't he

D) hadn't they E) didn't they

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9. Just because the teacher of math has strict rules in class, everybody dislikes him too
much, ____?

A) aren't they B) isn't it C) doesn't it D) do they E) don't they

10. A: What an exhausting day it was! I had better go to sleep right now, ____? B: Yes, of
course. Anyway, I have already prepared the room for you.

A) didn't you B) should I C) mustn't you

D) hadn't I E) wasn't it

11. It is breaking news. Something bad must have happened at the airport. Pass the
remote control to me, ____?

A) isn't it B) didn't you C) aren't I D) will you E) shall we

12. I guess my brother didn't like the way his wife behaved in front of many people,
____? Because he takes her words personally.

A) wasn't he B) don't I C) did he D) didn't she E) does he

13. Nobody in the family believes Carl has paid the heating bill, ____? So, he needs some
time to prove himself to be reliable.

A) do they B) has he C) doesn't he

D) won't they E) did they

14. I assume the books you gave will be helpful despite the fact that there are plenty of
similar books, ____?

A) do you B) won't they C) didn't you D) are there E) isn't there

15. One of the things I used to do was breaking ice floes in the stream, ____?

A) didn't it B) wasn't It C) weren't they D) isn't it E) wouldn't it

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16. I suppose they won't come in time for the lunch, ____?

A) won't they B) aren't I C) don't I D) will they E) do you

17. He said the teacher ought to give the instructions more clearly, ____?

A) did he B) oughtn't he C) didn't he D) hasn't he E) ought not they

18. He ____ hard for the exam, didn't he?

A) didn't study B) studied C) studies D) had studied E) doesn't study

19. He ____ the car he damaged repaired, won't he?

A) will have B) would have C) had D) has E) is having

20. It would have been a more tactful decision to leave them alone when they told us to
have a break, ____?

A) shouldn't we B) didn't they C) wouldn't it

D) hasn't it E) wouldn't they

21. They will be coming in an hour, so I have got to prepare something for dinner, ____?

A) haven't I B) don't I C) shouldn't we D) won't they E) aren't they

Answer:

1: E 2: B 3: A 4: C 5: B 6: C 7: B 8: E 9: E 10: D 11: D 12: C 13: A 14: B 15: B 16: D 17: C 18:

B 19: A 20: C 21: A

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1) Which is the correct sentence?

A) This is a true. B) This is true fact. C) This is fact. D) This is a fact.

2) Choose the correct sentence.

A) Go and fetch some water for me. B) Go to fetch some water for me.

C) Fetch some water for me D) Fetch and bring some water for me.

3) ‗As road traffic increases, elevated highways are built to solve the problem of traffic
jam.‘-Choose the incorrect usage of grammar that is occurred in the sentence.

A) elevated highways B) road traffic C) the D) traffic jam

4) Choose the correct form of sentence.

A) I await your decision. B) I wait your decision.

C) I await for your decision. D) I await upon your decision.

5) Which is the redundant word in the sentence: ―He ordered for a cup of tea.‖

A) ordered B) for C) a D) tea

6) We are not in _________ financial position to reduce annual tuition fees.

A) a sufficient B) a strong enough

C) sufficiently strong enough D) an enough

7) Choose the correct option to complete the sentence: She returned_______.

A) back from the village after she had come to know about her husband‖s plan

B) back from the village after she had came to know about her husband‖s plan

C) backward from the village after she had come to know about her husband‖s plan

D) from the village after she had come to know about her husband‖s plan

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8) ‗Jonathan thinks he has sufficient enough information to write the article.‘ -Choose the
incorrect word that gives a rise to redundancy.

A) to write B) sufficient enough C) enough information D)the article

9) Choose the correct form of sentence from the followings.

A) We should come up with a new innovation for doing this task.

B) We should came up with a new innovation for doing this task.

C) We should come up with an innovation for doing this task.

D) We should come up an innovation doing this task.

10) ‗The professor joined the bride and groom together in holy wedlock.‘ –Find out the
incorrect part of the sentence.

A) the bride and groom B) joined’together C) holy wedlock D) the

11) Choose the correct option to complete the sentence: ‗The presenter was not using a
microphone; __________________.‘

A) his voice was inaudible and could not be heard

B) his voice was could not be heard

C) his voice was inaudible and be heard

D) his voice was inaudible

12) The mountain climbers ______________ on their long trek up the side of the
mountain.

A) proceeded forward B) forward proceeded C) proceeded D) forwarding

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13) Maurice told his grandfather that he hit his brother ___________________.

A) inadvertently and did not do so intentionally B) inadvertently

C) not intentionally and inadvertently

D) inadvertently and not do so intentionally

14) Which one of the following sentence is correct?

A) The captain ordered his soldiers to fire.

B) The captain ordered to his soldiers to fire.

C) The captain gave orders his soldiers to fire.

D) The captain did order his soldiers to fire.

15) ‗Venus, the second planet from the sun, is exactly almost the same size as the earth.‘
–Pick the incorrect word.

A) the second B) from c) exactly almost d) same size

16) ‗Despite of the increase in train fare, most people still prefer to travel by train.‘ –
What‖s wrong in the sentence?

A) despite of B) still C) prefer D) travel

17) ‗In recent years, great advances forward have been made in the field of genetic
science.‘ –Which word of the sentence should be omitted to make it correct?

A) In recent years B) forward C) have been made D) genetic science

18) Identify one of the words or phrases that must be changed in order for the sentence
to be correct: ‗He has sufficient enough money to buy a car.‘

A) has sufficient B) enough money C) sufficient enough D) to buy

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 19) Choose the correct form of sentence.

A) My lodging is near to the school. B) My lodging house is near to the school.

C) My lodging house is close to the school. D) My lodging is near the school.

20) Which is an example of the redundant word?

A) wait for B) ask a question C) an additional D) twins

Answer:

1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B

6. D 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. B

11. D 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. C

16. A 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. B

Vocabulary

Words English Meaning Bangla Meaning

stricture something that restrains, negative criticism ঳ভালরাচনা, ননতিফাচক ভন্তফয

strident loud, harsh, unpleasantly noisy কল ায, কক঱শ ঑ কর্শ঩ীড়াদায়ক

strut to swagger, display to impress others বাযযক্ষা কযা, গফশ কযা, নরাক
নদখালনা

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stultify to impair or reduce to uselessness নফাকা ফানালনা, নফকুফ ফানালনা
stupefy to dull the senses of, stun, astonish স্ততিি কযা, ঴িফুতি কযা
stygian dark and gloomy, hellish অন্ধকায, নাযকীয়
subpoena notice ordering someone to appear in court কাউলক আদারলি ঴াতিয ঴঑য়ায
তনলদশ঱ নদ঑য়ায ননাতি঱
subside to settle down, grow quiet ঱ান্ত ঴ত্তয়া, হ্রা঳ ঩াত্তয়া, প্র঱তভি
঴ত্তয়া
substantiate to support with proof or evidence প্রভার্ কযা, ফাস্তফাতয়ি কযা,
প্রতি঩াদন কযা
substantive essential ফাস্তফ, প্রকৃি, অ঩তয঴ামশ
subsume to include, incorporate অন্তবূ শি কযা, ঳ভতিি কযা
subversive intended to undermine or তফধ্বং঳ী, ঩যাবূ ি কতযলি ফা ধ্বং঳
underthrown, especially an established কতযলি ঳লচষ্ট
government

succor relief, help in time of distress or want ঳া঴াময, ত্রার্, উিায

suffrage the right to vote নবািাতধকায, নবলিা
sundry various তফতবন্ন, কতি঩য়
supersede to replace, especially to displace as inferior or স্থানান্তয কযা, যত঴ি ফা ফাতির কযা
antiquated
supine lying in the back, marked by lethargy অর঳, কুুঁলড়
supplant to replace, substitute প্রতিস্থা঩ন, স্থানচুযি কযা
suppliant beseeching তভনতিকয, তভনতিকাযী, আলফদনভয়
supplicant one who asks humbly and earnestly আলফদনকাযী, ঳তনফশন্ধ আলফদক
supposition the act of assuming to be true or real অনু ভান, কল্পনা, মু তিিকশ঴ীন
঩ূ ফশানু ভান
syllogism a form of deductive reasoning with a major অনু ভানফাকয
premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion

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sylvan related to the woods or forest অযর্য঳ংক্রান্ত
tacit silently understood, implied নভৌন, নীযফ
talisman charm to bring good luck and avert misfortune িাতফি, কফি, ভাদু তর
tangential peripheral, irrelevant, digressing অপ্রা঳তিক, প্রাতন্তক
tautology unnecessary repetition তিরূতি, ঩ুনরুতি
taxonomy science of classification নের্ীতফনযা঳তফজ্ঞান
tenet belief, doctrine নীতি, ভিফাদ, তফশ্বা঳
tenuous weak, insubstantial ক্ষীর্, ঩ািরা, অতি ঳ূ ক্ষ্ম
terrestrial earthly, commonplace ঩াতথশফ, ঩ৃতথফীফা঳ী
theocracy government by priests representing a god ধভশিন্ত্র, তদফযিন্ত্র, ধভশ঱া঳ন
thespian an actor or actress নািলকয অতবলনিা ফা নায়ক
timbre Voice, tone, color ঳ু য, গরা, উ঩স্বন
tirade long, violent speech, অ঩ফাদ঩ূ র্শ দীঘশ নিাযালরা ফিৃিা
verbal assault

toady flatterer, yes-man ঩াশ্বশচয, নভা঳াল঴ফ, চািুকায

tome book, usually large and academic নভািা ফই, ফৃ ঴ৎ গ্রন্থখণ্ড

torpor lethargy, dormancy, sluggishness অতক্রয়িা, িড়ত্ব, অ঳াড়িা
torque a turning or twisting force ঘূ র্শন ফর
tortuous having many twists and turns, highly complex কষ্টকয, কুতির, িতির
tout to promote or praise দারাতর কযা
energetically

tractable obedient, yielding ফাধয, নম্র, ঳঴লি ঩তযচারনা কযা

মায় এভন
transgression act of trespassing or violating a law or rule ঳ীভারঙ্ঘন, অতিক্রভ, আইন ফা
আলদ঱ রঙ্ঘন
transient temporary, fleeting ক্ষর্স্থায়ী, অস্থায়ী, অতনিয

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translucent partially transparent স্বচ্ছ, ঩তযষ্কায, আলরা আত঳লি ঩ালয
এভন
travail work, especially arduous work কষ্ট কযা, ঩তযেভ কযা
travesty parody, exaggerated imitation, caricature ঴া঳যকয অনু কযর্
treatise article treating a subject systematically and গ্রন্থ, প্রফন্ধ, অনু ু্লচ্ছদ
thoroughly
tremulous trembling, frugal, timid বীরু, কতিি
trepidation fear and anxiety বয়, আিঙ্ক
truculence aggressiveness, ferocity তনভশভিা, নৃ ঱ং঳িা, অিীফ প্রচণ্ডিা
tryst agreement between lovest to meet, rendez-vous তভরন-঳ংলকি
tumid swollen, distended স্ফীি, ফতধশি
turbid muddy, opaque, in a state of great confusion এলরালভলরা, তফ঱ৃ ঙ্খর, কদশভাি
turgid swollen, pompous স্ফীি, ফতধশি
tutelary serving as a guardian or protector যক্ষাকয
uncanny mysterious, strange বুিুলড়, অস্বাবাতফক, য঴঳যভয়
undulating moving in waves নেউলখরালনা, নেউ-নিারা
unfeigned not false, genuine অকৃতত্রভ, খাুঁতি, অকৃতত্রভ
untenable indefensible অচর, খালি না এভন
untoward not favorable, troublesome, unruly প্রতিকূর, অফাতিি, দু বশাগযিনক
usury a practice of lending money at exorbitant rates চড়া ঳ু দ
vacillate to waver, oscillate তিধাগ্রস্ত ঴ত্তয়া, নদারায়ভান ঴঑য়া
vacuous empty, void, lacking intelligence ঱ূ নয, পাুঁকা
valedictory pertaining to a farewell ঳ভাতি, তফদায়-঳িালর্ভুরক
vapid tasteless, dull তফস্বাদ, স্বাদ঴ীন, তনলস্তি,
variegated varied, marked with different colors বফতচত্রযভয়, তফতচত্র, নানাফলর্শ যতিি
vaunt to boast, drag গফশ কযা, ফড়াই কযা, দি কযা
venal mercenary, corruptible ক্রয়঳াধয, অলথশয তফতনভলয়

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 অনযায়বালফ কাি কতযলি ইচ্ছুক
এভন
vendetta prolonged feud marked by bitter hostility প্রতিত঴ং঳া, িাতিতফফাদ, ফং঱গি
তফলযাধ
venerate to adore, honor, respect উ঩া঳না কযা, েিা কযা
veracious truthful, accurate ঳িযফাদী, ঳িয঩যায়র্
verbose wordy ঱ব্দফহুর, ফাগাড়ম্বয঩ূ র্শ
vertigo dizziness ভাথা তিভতিভাতন
vexation irritation, annoyance তফযতি, ঴য়যাতন, িারািন
viable practicable, capable of developing কামশকয, নিক঳ই
vindictive vengeful, unforgiving প্রতিল঱াধভূ রক, প্রতিত঴ং঳া঩ূ র্শ
virtuoso someone with master skills, expert musician গুর্ী, করাফান ফা ত঱ল্পতফ঱াযদ
঩তণ্ডি
visage appearance, aspect ভুখ, নচ঴াযা
viscous thick, syrupy আ ালরা, চট্চলি
vitiate to impair the quality of, corrupt morally তফকৃি কযা, অকামশকয কযা,
অ঩তফত্র কযা
vituperative using or containing harsh, abusive censure. অশ্লীর, তনন্দা঩ূ র্,শ অ঩ফাদ঳ূ চক
vivisection dissection, surgery, or painful experiments িীফলচ্ছদ, ঳িীফ িন্তুয অিলচ্ছদ
performed on a living animal for the purpose
of scientific research

vogue prevailing fashion or practice চরন, প্রচতরি

volatile tending to vary অতস্থয, উিায়ী, চঞ্চর
frequently, fickle

vortex whirlpool, center of turbulence ঘূ তর্শ, আফিশ

warranted justified তনতিি, নযামযিা প্রতি঩ন্ন কযা

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wary careful, cautious ঳িকশ, ঳াফধান
welter wallow or roll, toss about, be in turmoil তফ঱ৃ ঙ্খরা, তফলক্ষাব
whimsical fanciful, unpredictable খাভলখয়ারী
wistful vaguely longing, sadly thoughtful তচতন্তি, ঐকাতন্তকিা঩ূ র্শ
zealot one who is fanatically devoted to a cause উদযভী, ধভশান্ধ
Zany Comic; crazy; N: clown; comical person তনলফশাধ ফযতি, বাুঁড়
Zeal eager enthusiasm( to a cause or ideal); ADJ. zealous উদযভ, আগ্র঴
Zenith point directly overhead in the sky; summit; acme; ঳লফশাচ্চ স্থান
highest point
Zephyr gentle breeze; west wind ঩তিভা ফািা঳
Zest outer skin of an orange used for giving a special রূতচ, ঳ু স্বাদ
taste to food; spice; interest; flavor; spirited
enjoyment

Answer Sheet

P1

1. A 2. D 3. E 4. B 5. C

6. B 7. A 8. E 9. C 10. B

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P2

1. E 2. C 3. A 4. D

5. B 6. A 7. C 8. E

P3

1. E 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. B

6. C 7. B 8. E 9. E 10. D

11. D 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. B

16. D 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. C

21. A

P4

1) We need to cooperate together.

2) This absolutely phenomenal piece of equipment...

3) A liaison officer who is responsible for...

4) A total number of 14 APCs...

5) With the close proximity of...

6) Exactly the same number of soldiers...

7) New innovations will move our industry forward.

8) Let me summarize briefly...

9) We also have ATMs machines inside the base.

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P5

1) your letter 2) Currently 3) into theoretical and practical part

4) The theoretical part will cover 5) A weekly meeting was scheduled

6) Another problem revealed concerned people‖s security. 7) As you wish

8) We agreed 9) must be provided 10) The next teleconference will clarify it

11) may make their brands 12) the other branches‖ budget

13) their cooperation with 14) consequently enhancing

15) unanimously 16) Although 17) Because 18) tends

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