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The Product Rule

By analogy with the Sum and Difference Rules, one might
be tempted to guess, that the derivative of a product is the
product of the derivatives.

We can see, however, that this guess is wrong by looking

The Product Rule at a particular example.

Let f(x) = x and g(x) = x2. Then the Power Rule gives
f(x) = 1 and g(x) = 2x.

But (fg)(x) = x3, so (fg)(x) = 3x2. Thus (fg)  fg.

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The Product Rule Example 1

The Product Rule, for all differentiable functions u and v. (a) If f(x) = xex, find f(x).
(b) Find the nth derivative, f (n)(x).

Solution:
(a) By the Product Rule, we have

In words, the Product Rule says that the derivative of a

product of two functions is the first function times the
derivative of the second function plus the second function
times the derivative of the first function.

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Example 1 – Solution cont’d

Example 1 – Solution cont’d

(b) Using the Product Rule a second time, we get Further applications of the Product Rule give

f(x) = (x + 3)ex f (4)(x) = (x + 4)ex

In fact, each successive differentiation adds another term

ex, so

f (n)(x) = (x + n)ex

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The Quotient Rule

The Quotient Rule

In words, the Quotient Rule says that the derivative of a
quotient is the denominator times the derivative of the
numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the
denominator, all divided by the square of the denominator.

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Example 4 The Quotient Rule

Let Then

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

In particular, it is important to remember that when we talk
about the function f defined for all real numbers x by

f(x) = sin x
Derivatives of Trigonometric
3.3 it is understood that sin x means the sine of the angle
Functions whose radian measure is x. A similar convention holds for
the other trigonometric functions cos, tan, csc, sec, and cot.

All of the trigonometric functions are continuous at every

number in their domains.

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

If we sketch the graph of the function f(x) = sin x and use Let’s try to confirm our guess that if f(x) = sin x, then
the interpretation of f(x) as the slope of the tangent to the f(x) = cos x. From the definition of a derivative, we have
sine curve in order to sketch the graph of f, then it looks as
if the graph of f may be the same as the cosine curve.
(See Figure 1).

Figure 1
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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

The limit of (sin h)/h is not so obvious. We made the guess,
on the basis of numerical and graphical evidence, that

Two of these four limits are easy to evaluate. Since we

regard x as a constant when computing a limit as h  0,
we have

and

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

We can deduce the value of the remaining limit in (1) as
follows:

If we now put the limits (2) and (3) in (1), we get

(by Equation 2)

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions Example 1

So we have proved the formula for the derivative of the Differentiate y = x2 sin x.
sine function:
Solution:
Using the Product Rule and Formula 4, we have

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Using the same methods as in the proof of Formula 4, one
can prove that

The tangent function can also be differentiated by using the

definition of a derivative, but it is easier to use the Quotient
Rule together with Formulas 4 and 5:

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

We collect all the differentiation formulas for trigonometric
functions in the following table. Remember that they are
valid only when x is measured in radians.

The derivatives of the remaining trigonometric functions,

csc, sec, and cot, can also be found easily using the
Quotient Rule.

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions Example 3

Trigonometric functions are often used in modeling An object at the end of a vertical spring is stretched 4 cm
real-world phenomena. In particular, vibrations, waves, beyond its rest position and released at time t = 0. (See
elastic motions, and other quantities that vary in a periodic Figure 5 and note that the downward direction is positive.)
manner can be described using trigonometric functions. In Its position at time t is
the next example we discuss an instance of simple
harmonic motion. s = f(t) = 4 cos t

Find the velocity and acceleration

at time t and use them to analyze
the motion of the object.
Figure 5

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Example 3 – Solution Example 3 – Solution cont’d

The velocity and acceleration are

The object oscillates from the lowest point (s = - 4 cm) to

the highest point (s = 4 cm). The period of the oscillation is
2, the period of cos t.

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Example 3 – Solution cont’d

The speed is |v| = 4 |sin t|, which is greatest when

|sin t| = 1, that is, when cos t = 0.

So the object moves fastest as it passes through its

equilibrium position (s = 0). Its speed is 0 when sin t = 0,
that is, at the high and low points. The Chain Rule
The acceleration a = –4 cos t = 0
when s = 0. It has greatest
magnitude at the high and low
points. See the graphs in Figure 6.

Figure 6
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The Chain Rule The Chain Rule

Suppose you are asked to differentiate the function It turns out that the derivative of the composite function f  g
is the product of the derivatives of f and g. This fact is one
The differentiation formulas you learned in the previous of the most important of the differentiation rules and is
sections of this chapter do not enable you to calculate F(x). called the Chain Rule.

It seems plausible if we interpret derivatives as rates of

Observe that F is a composite function. In fact, if we let change. Regard du/dx as the rate of change of u with
y = f (u) = and let u = g(x) = x2 + 1, then we can write respect to x, dy/du as the rate of change of y with respect
y = F(x) = f(g(x)), that is, F = f  g. to u, and dy/dx as the rate of change of y with respect to x.
If u changes twice as fast as x and y changes three times
We know how to differentiate both f and g, so it would be as fast as u, then it seems reasonable that y changes six
useful to have a rule that tells us how to find the derivative times as fast as x, and so we expect that
of F = f  g in terms of the derivatives of f and g.
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The Chain Rule The Chain Rule

The Chain Rule can be written either in the prime notation

(f  g)(x) = f(g(x))  g(x)

or, if y = f(u) and u = g(x), in Leibniz notation:

Equation 3 is easy to remember because if dy/du and du/dx

were quotients, then we could cancel du.

Remember, however, that du has not been defined and

du/dx should not be thought of as an actual quotient.
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Example 1 Example 1 – Solution 2 cont’d

Find F'(x) if F(x) = . (Using Equation 3): If we let u = x2 + 1 and y = , then

Solution 1:
(Using Equation 2): We have expressed F as
F(x) = (f  g)(x) = f(g(x)) where f(u) = and g(x) = x2 + 1.

Since
and g(x) = 2x

we have F(x) = f(g(x))  g(x)

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The Chain Rule The Chain Rule

When using Formula 3 we should bear in mind that dy/dx In general, if y = sin u, where u is a differentiable function of
refers to the derivative of y when y is considered as a x, then, by the Chain Rule,
function of x (called the derivative of y with respect to x),
whereas dy/du refers to the derivative of y when
considered as a function of u (the derivative of y with
respect to u). For instance, in Example 1, y can be
considered as a function of x (y = ) and also as a Thus
function of u (y = ).
In a similar fashion, all of the formulas for differentiating
Note that trigonometric functions can be combined with the Chain
Rule.
whereas

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The Chain Rule Example 3

Let’s make explicit the special case of the Chain Rule Differentiate y = (x3 – 1)100.
where the outer function f is a power function.

If y = [g(x)]n, then we can write y = f(u) = un where u = g(x). Solution:

By using the Chain Rule and then the Power Rule, we get Taking u = g(x) = x3 – 1 and n = 100 in (4), we have

= (x3 – 1)100

= 100(x3 – 1)99 (x3 – 1)

= 100(x3 – 1)99  3x2

= 300x2(x3 – 1)99
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The Chain Rule The Chain Rule

We can use the Chain Rule to differentiate an exponential In particular, if b = 2, we get
function with any base b > 0. Recall that b = eln b. So
(2x) = 2x ln 2
bx = (eln b)x = e(ln b)x
We had given the estimate
and the Chain Rule gives
(bx) = (e(ln b)x) = e(ln b)x (ln b)x (2x)  (0.69)2x

This is consistent with the exact formula (6) because

= e(ln b)x  ln b = bx ln b ln 2  0.693147.
because ln b is a constant. So we have the formula
The reason for the name “Chain Rule” becomes clear when
we make a longer chain by adding another link.
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The Chain Rule

Suppose that y = f(u), u = g(x), and x = h(t), where f, g, and
h are differentiable functions.

Then, to compute the derivative of y with respect to t, we

use the Chain Rule twice:

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