Pak.

Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

ROLE OF SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION IN TEACHING: A

CASE STUDY OF KARACHI
Prof. Dr. Nasreen Aslam Shah
Meritorious Professor
Department of Social Work
Ex-Director Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies & Ex-Dean Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences
University of Karachi
Karachi - Pakistan

Dr. Samina Rauf

Assistant Professor
Department of Social Work
University of Karach
Karachi - Pakistan
[email protected]
&
Dr. Kinza Farooq
Teaching Associate
Department Of Social Work
University of Karachi
Karachi - Pakistan
[email protected]

Abstract
Social work is a professional service which based upon knowledge and skills in
individuals in society. The social work education is basically compulsory for every
person in a society. This study explore the social work education and their importance
in Pakistani society. It is significant to consider some of the difficulties that need to be
addressed, as well as the path whither a competent social work education might be
formed. This research highlights the historical progress of social work education in
Pakistan. Moreover, overall research discuss about job satisfaction, job scale, job
occupation of a professional social workers, how many social workers want to provide
social education to their children, they can easily get job and value of school social
work in Pakistan. The present research was descriptive in nature, researcher’s
selected quantitative method for data collection. The multiple sampling techniques that
were simple random and snowball used for this research. It was found that lack of
knowledge and resources regarding social work education are present and it is

140
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

important for every person because it helps to resolve social issues and it is the basis
of development and happiness of the individuals and the society.

Keywords: Social Work Education, Teaching, Role of social work, Field work, Practice,
Learning

Introduction

According to British Association of Social Workers (2021), Social work is scientific discipline in
which it provides basic necessities to the people for their better life. It is a helping profession
working for individual, group and in community development. (Hepworth et al., 2006) Its main
function is to restoration, provision of social services and prevention of the people in a society.
Similarly, improve their social functioning as well. Moulabuksh et al., in (2021) stated that
professional social work serves as the foundation of every society. One of the key responsibilities
of this profession is to determine the laws that regulate each individual’s social justice and human
rights. (Howe, 1987)

Internationally, social workers have played a vital part in humanitarian aid (Muridzo et al., 2021),
including post-disaster recovery, rebuilding, social and economic development. (Open, 2008)
According to human services, in a society the social work goal is to tackle also remove the
problems for providing better life in individuals. (Omokhabi, 2022) The scientific approach used
in other fields and the advancement of their knowledge greatly influence social work. These
include knowledge from the social sciences, which is more useful to society. (Hudson, 1997)

As the social work profession grows in popularity across the world, more efforts are being made
to look at it from a global perspective. In contrast to the US, where the word “social work” is often
used, other developing countries frequently operate the phrases “social development” or
“developmental social welfare.” As a global view developed, international professional
organizations began to promote the profession. Only twenty years ago did social work programs
curriculum endure formal reform in an effort to assure that students would receive the necessary
training and experience. (Popple & Leighninger, 2002) The development of the profession and
social work education are closely connected. (Estes, 1997)

If effective social support is vital, competent supervision is crucial. In addition, professional social
workers can focus on their achievements for growth, training and education. This makes it
necessary for the supervisor to assist the social worker in learning the most recent methods of case
evaluation or sorts of creative cases, as well as to identify some philosophical issues. (Angela,
2022)

141
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

In Pakistan, professional social work first emerged in 1951, when a team from the UN initiated the
creation of a comprehensive diploma for community service. The Pakistani government also
invited UN expertise to provide training on how to work for the general welfare of people.
(Moulabuksh et al., 2021)

The origins of Pakistani culture’s conventions, values, and socio cultural activities are difficult to
identify. Despite Islam is the dominant religion, policy and legislation are governed by the State-
driven Pakistan ideology, which is presented as a body of principles derived from besides based
on Islamic teachings. (Mumtaz & Mitha, 1996) Due to limited local course to knowledge
component, a privation of correlations within classroom learning and field realities, social work
education usually seen as an emerging profession. (Shah, 2018)

Following WWII, the field became more international, with social work profession arising all over
the South, typically with cultural assumptions originating in the North. (Healy, 1999). As it grows
in popularity across the world, more efforts are being made to look at it from a global side as one
profession working in numerous nations. (Popple & Leighninger, 2002)

Under social work field the value of being able to comprehend, assess, and apply appropriate facts
has long been considered. (Natland et al., 2016) A rising variety of global difficulties and
challenges are influencing social work education and practice. Growing disparities caused by
neoliberal globalization, climate change, environmental disasters, economic, political corruption,
and wars are a few examples. (Loakimidis & Sookraj, 2021)

The researchers Adam et al., in (2004) said that when teaching practice to students, social work
educators confront a number of obstacles, including contradictions among the goals of research
and practice, issues in capacity and apparent capabilities to teach research, and as noted that lack
interest in research learning, methodology and practice in students. (Orme & Powell, 2008)
Providing a conducive learning environment also requires the utilization of organized and
progressive learning opportunities. Hence, it is important to provide a social education at initial
state of an individuals for their learning and development. Teachers have the primary responsibility
for educating children although professionals who spend their precious time with children at school
are teachers, diagnosticians, administrators, counselors, nurses, speech therapists, school social
workers, psychologists, vocational counselors or transition specialists, teacher’s aides, and
physical therapists. (Open, 2018)

As far as spread of social work in a foreign country has difficulties due to some issues like a lack
of licensing, registration, a lack of standards, an absence of concise job descriptions and job titles.
(Riaz, & Granich, 2022)

142
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

In South Africa, Van Zyl in (1989) also looked towards social work future, examining the future
environment, its impact and the identification of essential social worker abilities. Another research
conducted by Shah in (2018) said that in Pakistan, social work education is providing with strong
teaching methods, field work, and observation. It’s critical to discuss some of the difficulties that
need to be addressed, including social worker certification and license.

Literature Review

The knowledge domain of professions that support interactions like social work, should be highly
reflective of the values, concerns, and cultures in which they are to be taught and performed. It
would be erroneous to say that social workers in Pakistan have not yet developed the need to
localize its knowledge however discussing social work education. (Shah, 2018)

In development social work profession may be found in practically all domains of practice and in
every nation and region of the world. International professional social workers operate as
caseworkers, group workers, community organizers, members of boards of directors,
administrators, social planners, researchers, educators, and consultants in social work field. It’s
crucial to recognize that more and more aspects of global practice may now be completed from
one’s home. Such as, the rise of migration as resulted in an increase in social workers strength that
working with immigrant populations in their home nations, whether or not identify as worldwide
social workers. Thus, they are working locally or worldwide, they must become aware with global
concerns and acquire an internationally focused multicultural competency in order to effectively
serve vulnerable communities. Similar to how social work education is necessary to make sure
that students and future practitioners integrate their international competence. It must concentrate
on what is considered important to the profession as it relates to a country’s unique realities,
including comprehending and picking up knowledge from concepts and solutions developed for
societal problems in other parts of the world. (Hokenstad & Midgley, 2004)

Being a social work expert have an ability to deal in all kind of situations. Social work students
will only be taught, led, and trained by social work professionals. The same is true for professional
students, who can only be furnished by graduates, just as medical or law students can only be
instructed by medical or law lecturers. (Shah, 2018)

However little known about social work and social welfare in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan,
despite the country having a significant social welfare system and offering social work courses at
the university level since the early 1950s. In order to examine and update curriculum to address
current difficulties in the field and set it even more contextually relevant and beneficial in Pakistani
culture, various institutions should make use of these opportunities. (Jabeen, 2013)

143
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

Pakistan is glad to have had a strong start in the field of professional social work. It began with a
short-term training course in social service offered by the Karachi social service. Both genders
who were ready to volunteer were included in the training program. Social workers did not receive
any payment for their services till that time. The department began a professional training program
in social work. (Khalid, 2016)

On October 2, 1952, the first in-service training session began and ended on April 2, 1953. The
training course’s major goal was to figure out what kind of social work training would be most
suited to Pakistan’s needs. Although Pakistani culture and customs were chosen as the training
course's base, the curriculum tended to adhere to a Western model of social work education.
(Rehmatullah, 2002)

In September 1953, a three-month seminar was conducted in Dacca. The training team developed
several criteria for future social work training in Pakistan while reviewing Dacca course. In
Pakistan it must illustrate clearly how concepts and practices, believed and important to societal
work. (Livingstone, 1957)

Such initiatives, takeaways as from short courses were intended to serve as a springboard for
further in-depth instruction at the university level. As a result, on November 15, 1954, the
University of the Punjab created a two-year postgraduate diploma in social work, which was later
elevated to a master’s degree in 1956. Recognizing the scarcity of indigenous literature, the
developers set out to “create a training pattern suitable to Pakistan’s specific socioeconomic and
cultural demands” and the course was designed to accommodate this. Another social work
department was created at the University of Karachi in 1961. (Khalid, 2016). No body of
knowledge and skills, no matter how successful elsewhere, should be accepted uncritically as
essential to the social welfare needs of this country, so students were encouraged to “evolve an
indigenous social work philosophy grounded in the needs and aspirations of the Muslim society
of Pakistan.” (Department of Social Work, 1969)

As the time passes social work education is still providing in all provinces of Pakistan with updated
and advanced curricula. It is very important for every individuals because it provides basic
information about the society, social norms, and ethics. How to survive in a society and built
personality development according to their environment. Every year almost hundred plus students
awarded master’s degree in social work. Besides, in this present research, the researchers found
that the majority of respondents are working in a private school sectors and working in other fields,
they provide normal and social education as well. The school social work is basically not active in
Pakistan and professional are working in a school as a teacher not as a school social worker. This
is a biggest loss of talented social workers utilizing their abilities in different field of areas. The
government job vacancies were limited and social workers are not approach them. As according
to these issues they faced many different situations.

144
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

Professional social worker in Pakistan are confronted with a complex situations like social,
cultural, economic, political, and even geographical, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, regional, caste,
and religious divisions in which they are providing their best services. (Shah, 2018) The focus of
this paper will be the how much professional social workers in an educational institutions and they
are providing social education to their offspring. The professional social workers job satisfaction
level and find out the social education is necessary for everyone in society. The following
objectives are given below:

Objectives
To find out the role of social work education for students.
To identify the current problems, and future opportunities of social work education for
students in Pakistan.
To investigate how many professional social workers want to provide social education to
their children?
To find out the importance of social education.

Hypotheses
Social education is important for every person in society because it helps to resolving social
issues.
Social education is essential for every person because it is the basis of development and
happiness of the individuals and the society.

Methodology
The multiple research methodology has been used in this study that is descriptive, qualitative and
quantitative methods. Descriptive method is basically a fact finding approach, which has been used
to study the variables of social education is necessary for everyone, it helps to resolving social
issues, the implement of it can base of individuals and society’s development and happiness, how
many social workers want to provide social education to their children. The quantitative methods
have been used to collect vast, precise data and outcome. The simple random techniques of
probability sampling method is used for making list of professional social workers from the
Alumni Directory of Social Workers, University of Karachi; then snowball techniques of non-
probability is applied because social workers who’s address took from alumni directory
recommended more fresh social workers to collect the data, applied on the basis of availability of
200 respondents (Male 92, Female 108). Sampling method has been used in order to wind up the
study in the given time frame and especially because it allows for more adequate scientific work
by managing the time of the researcher.

Discussion and Result

145
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

Table. 1
Age of Representatives
Ages Frequency Percentage
25-30 years 115 57.5%
31-35 years 34 17%
36-40 years 17 8.5%
41-45 years 7 3.5%
46-50 years 13 6.5%
Above 50 years 14 7%
Total 200 l00%

Table: 1 shows the respondents ages that 57.5% participants falls within the age group of 25 to 30
years, 8.5% respondents fall within the group of 36-40 years of age, around 7% of respondents are
over 50 years of age, whereas the lowest number of respondents is 41 to 45 years of age, that is
3.5%. Sherer et al., (1994) conducted a research in Israel and examined that the welfare state, the
social work profession, and social work education along with the future of Israel’s society in a
number of areas, including immigration, the family, the Arab community and the elderly. The
research then discusses the adjustments that are required in social work jobs and education based
on these expectations.

Table. 2
Salary of Respondents
Salary Frequency Percentage
15001-25000 40 20%
25001-35000 60 30%
35001-45000 39 19.5%
45001-55000 18 9%
55001-65000 12 6%
Above 65000 i31 15.5%
Total 200 100%

In Table: 2 shows that 30% of participant’s salaries falls in the group of 25001 to 35000 which
illustrated in above table, 20% falls in the group of 15001 to 25000, and 19.5% respondents are in
between of 35001 to 45000, while 6% falls in range of 55001 to 65000 Rs. per month.

146
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

Table. 3
Job Scale of Respondents
Job Scale Frequency Percentage
No scale 147 73.5%
1-5 6 3%
6-10 4 2%
11-15 1 0.5%
16-22 42 21%
Total 200 100%

This table indicates the job scale, that highest number of respondents which is 73.5% have no pay
scale because they are working in a private sector such a school, college and visitors, 21% falls in
the group of 16 to 22, 3% of respondents are in between 1 to 5, while the lowest number which is
0.5% falls in the group of 11 to 15 respondents. The study conducted by Gray et al., (1996) stated
that significance of education for social workers to participate in social development projects. At
various stages of training, there are teaching and practice curricula. The research finishes with
suggestions for future collaboration, both across educators and disciplines, as well as research and
literature.

Table. 4
Respondent institute’s objectives, nature and teaching experience
Institute’s Objectives
For Women For For Youth For Mentally For Do Work Other Total
Welfare Children Welfare Retarded Social For
Welfare People Evils Educatio
n
22 (11%) 40 (20%) 21 (10.5%) 23 (11.5%) 20 66 (33%) 8 200
(10%) (4%) (100%)
Nature Of Institute
International Private Government NGO’S Trusty Welfare Other Total
2 (1%) 102 (51%) 52 (26%) 22 (11%) 11(5.5 9 (4.5%) 2(1% 200
%) ) (100%)
Share Respondent’s Experience If They Are A Teacher
1-5 Years 6-10 Years 11-15 Years 16-20 Years More than 20 Years Total
27 (40.9%) 1(1.51%) 3 (4.45%) 14 (21.12%) 21 (31.8%) 200
(100%)

147
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

As we see in Table:4, the highest 33% of respondents said that work for education is the main
institute’s objective, either in public and private schools, colleges and according to the literature
review, there is no school social work working in Pakistan. As far as social education is eliminated
from colleges. The majority of respondents taught as a simple teacher of other subjects and their
experience in teaching in between 1 to 5 years that is 40.9% and majority of 51% of respondents
said the nature of their institute is private base that clearly shows that new fresher respondents
working in a private farm due to the lack of awareness regarding jobs, 26% of respondents said
their institute nature is Government base, NGO’s are also a nature of institute that is formed 11%.
5.5% of respondents said trusty is an institute nature. While 4.5% of respondents said their institute
nature is welfare base. Rest of 1% respondents said their institute is international in nature.

First, as the social work profession expands its service to the field of youth development, which is
already happening, social work education should include a course or class on strengths-based
juvenile development. One of the issues confronting the youth development field is determining
who will take the lead in claiming this practice as their own. However, social work education does
not place a strong emphasis on youth development. (Hellison, 2000)

Table. 5
Respondents are being asked the following questions:
s.no: Answers to Respondents Yes No Total
(percentage) (percentage) (Percentage)
Satisfied with their income 151(75.5%) 49(24.5%) 200(100%)

The implement of social 175(87.5%) 25(12.5%) 200(100%)

education could be base of
individuals and society’s
development and happiness
Is social education necessary for 189(94.5%) 11(5.5%) 200(100%)
every person of society
Satisfied from their job 163(81.5%) 37(18.5%) 200(100%)

Being a social worker, in 167(83.5) 33(16.5%) 200(100%)

respondent’s opinion can we
make our social system better to
follow western culture
School social work should be 185 (92.5%) 15(7.5%) 200(100%)
included in schools

148
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

Professional people can get 75(37.5%) 125(62.5%) 200(100%)

easily job in society
Should education of social work 190(95%) 10(5%) 200(100%)
also common like other subjects
To spread this education, will 180(90%) 20(10%) 200(100%)
help to resolve society’s
problems
Would respondent like to give 180(90%) 20(10%) 200(100%)
their children the education of
social work

This table demonstrates that 75.5% respondents are content with their income because they are
pleased with their expenditures, they get some saving from their income, transportation facility is
free and salary is fine as suitability of job whereas, 24.5% said they are not satisfied with their
income because salary is not enough to fulfill their expenditures, no compensation is given from
advertence of work, salary is spending in transportation and expensiveness.

87.5% of respondents said the implement of social education is base of individuals and society’s
development and happiness to make better the level of education, to make better a person’s life, to
provide basic needs and to end the classical division. The development of public policy initiatives
and practice interventions for working with African American youth in urban school settings is an
overwhelming task for the social work profession if it is to continue playing its historical role as
an advocate for change in the education of urban minority youth. (Teasley, 2004)

Researcher Lipscomb in (1995) have identified a set of concerns that are crucial in the education
of African American youth. Data on resource allocation, family systems, growth, development,
risk and protective factors in neighborhoods and communities, peer relationships, strengths and
resilience, socioeconomic conditions, learning styles, practice, teachers, administrators, and
counsellors' unequal treatment of black children are just a few of the issues raised. This Table:5
demonstrates that 94.5% respondents said social education is necessary for every person in society
because through this knowledge we could bring betterment in society, they could give awareness
about rights, could attract towards social betterment, the crime could be reduced and the awareness
of good things is highlighted.

Teachers are educated about cultural adaptations by school social workers, who also develop
programs, serve as liaisons between parents, teachers, and administrators, advocate for the
purchase of resources for children, promote diversity, add to the body of professional knowledge,
give information to school systems, investigate social and environmental issues that are specific
to schools. (Teasley, 2004) The 92.5% respondents of Table: 5 said school social work should be

149
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

included in schools for fulfillment of good personality, for child’s good training, for society’s
development, for better environment, to watch and resolve the problems of school students and for
enlightenment. Meanwhile, if school social work should include in schools, better for society and
especially for students and their career. We can see that already social worker working in a schools
and if it will add, they will work in a proper in the premises of their profession/field.

In Table: 5 shown that 95% of participants said that education of social work should also common
like other subjects because for pleasurable environment, for society’s development, for mutual
unity cooperation, for helping each other and to create educational awareness. To better
comprehend the role performed by human service organizations in creating “information exchange
networks” that encourage practice-based research and evidence-based practice. (Austin, 2012)

Above Table: 5 demonstrates 90% of respondents said to spread this education, will help to resolve
society’s problems through spreading awareness through educating the society could be a better
way, it can be increased by increasing mutual cooperation, adaptation of moral values will promote
it and we can achieve our goal by eliminating capitalism. In recent years, practice has been under
growing able to illustration outcomes. Evidence-based practice, documentation, and intervention
results are all crucial elements of social work practice. (Kwong, 2017)

However, (62.5%) of respondents of the above Table: 5 said professional people can get easily job
in society because of professional education, they have experience of field work, more
employment opportunities and they have gifted abilities. Thus 90% of respondents said they would
like to give their children the education of social work because ethical values will be coefficient,
educational awareness will enhanced, the passion of social welfare will grow, children’s self-
confidence will increased and quests to move ahead will increased and leadership abilities will be
enhanced.
Table. 6
On which level social education should be provided
Primar Seconda Community Government Welfare society level Total
y level ry level level level
157 20 (10%) 15 (7.5%) 4 (2%) 4 (2%) 200 (100%)
(78.5%
)
As a professional social worker, How can respondent make better educational level
Throug By Arrange Total
Through To Make
h motiva course To Give
addition To Elimina better
differen te the through education
of more reduc te level of
t student an in native
data in e fees cheatin Govt.
seminar s education language
course g trend schools
s al board

150
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

139 27(13.5 9(4.5%) 4 (2%) 6(3% 11(5.5%) 3(1.5%) 1(0.5%) 200

(69.5%) %) ) (100
%)
Importance of school social work in society?
Children Total
Help in
can easily We could raise the
fulfillmen Mutual A strong
convey their spirit of humanity and
t of a good cooperation society is
thoughts to service in children
personalit increases create
social from beginning
y
workers
144 (72%) 13(6.5%) 34 (17%) 1(0.5%) 8 (4%) 200
(100%)
Why social education is eliminating from colleges
There is Does not give Because of This subject is Because of Total
no value importance lack losing importance economically
of this on awareness by time low scope
subject in Government about this
society & al level subject
people
151(75.5 13(6.5%) 29(14.5%) 5(2.5%) 2(1%) 200
%) (100%)
In the race from other countries what is the degree of our social work
First degree Middle degree Low degree Total
118(59%) 58(29%) 200
24(12%) (100%)

In Table: 6, 78.5% participants said social education should provide from primary level, 10% of
respondents said it should provide from secondary level, 7.5% of respondents said it should
provide from community level. The lowest 2% of respondents said it should provide from
Government and welfare society level. Communities in Schools is a fantastic social work
technique that involves working with schools through neighborhood-based groups. (Lewis, 1998)
According to (Allen- Meares, 1996), Social workers may be successful change agents in the
educational reform setting because they draw on a range of ideas, concepts, and abilities. Social
workers can use ecological, systems, and empowerment techniques to intervene in the complex
and multifaceted educational reform context. (Lipscomb, 1995) Further, 69.5% participants in the
above Table:6 highlighted that as a professional social worker through different seminars they can
make better educational level, 13.5% respondents said by motivating students they can make better
educational level, 5.5% said to give education in native language can make better educational level,
151
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

4.5% said through addition of more data in course make better educational level, 3% said to reduce
fees make better educational level, 2% respondents said by arranging course through an
educational board, 1.5% said to eliminate cheating trend make better educational level, and 0.5%
said by making better level of Government schools they can make better educational level. The
study of the improvement of professional practice has attracted the interest of several social work
students. Many students work even though they study also their practice might lead to research
issues. (Kwong, 2017)

In Table: 6 indicates that 72% respondents said that children can easily convey their thoughts to
social workers, 17% said that we could raise the spirit of humanity and service in children from
the beginning, 6.5% said that it help in fulfillment of a good personality, while 4% said that it is
important to create a strong society, 0.5% said that their importance in society is that it increases
mutual cooperation. The social worker can help families cope with their emotions by giving
support, advocacy, and counselling. (Teasley, 2004)

Table: 6 demonstrates that 75.5% respondents said there is no value of social education in society
and people, 14.5% said that it is eliminating from colleges because of lack awareness about this
subject, 6.5% said that because social education it does not give importance on Governmental
level, 2.5% said that this subject is losing importance by time and 1% said that it is eliminating
because of its low economic scope. In the educational environment, professional social work
practice has significant potential for promoting social and educational development. (Teasley,
2004)

In the above Table: 6 indicates that 59% respondents said that our degree of social work is of
middle degree in the race from other countries, 29% said it is lower degree in the race from other
countries, and 12% respondents said it is of first degree in the race from other countries. It is the
necessity of social workers to do research and apply it in practice. Many social work professional
bodies consider the capacity to engage in research-informed work to be a core skill. (Fouche &
Bartley, 2016)

HYPOTHESIS-1
Problem Analysis:
H1 = Social education is important for every person in society because it helps to resolving social
issues.
H0 = Social education is not important for every person in society because it helps to resolving
social issues.

Statistical Test

152
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

Chi-Square Formula: x2 = Σ ( fo – fe )2
fe

Step-1: The Contingency Table

Social Resolving social issues
education is Total
Yes No
important
Yes 177 12 189
No 3 8 11
Total 180 20 200
Step-2: Enter fe in Contingency Table
Social Resolving social issues
education is Total
Yes No
important
Yes 177(170) 12(19) 189
No 3(10) 8(1) 11
Total 180 20 200
Step-3: Find ( fo – fe )2 Of Each Cell Of The Contingency Table
fe
x2 = ( 177 – 170 ) 2 + ( 12– 19 ) 2 + ( 3– 10 ) 2 + ( 8– 1 ) 2
170 19 10 1
x2 = ( 7 ) 2 + ( 7 ) 2 + ( 7 ) 2 + ( 7 ) 2
170 19 10 1
x2 = 49 + 49 + 49 + 49
170 19 10 1
x2 = 0.28 + 4.9 + 2.57 + 49
x2 = 56.75
Step-4: Find the Degree Of Freedom (df)
x2 = (c- 1) (r- 1) (Degree of freedom with 0.05 significance value)
x2 = (2 - 1) ( 2 - 1)
x2 = 1 × 1
Value = 3.841
Step-5: Result
The H1 is approved while the H0 is rejected since the computed value is more than the tabulated
value.

153
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

HYPOTHESIS-2
Problem Analysis:

H1 = Social education is essential for every person because it is the basis of development and
happiness of the individuals and the society.
H0 = Social education is not essential for every person because it is not the basis of development
and happiness of the individuals and the society.
Statistical Test
Chi-Square Formula: x2 = Σ ( fo – fe )2
fe

Step-1: The Contingency Table

Social Development and happiness
education is
Total
essential for Yes No
every one
Yes 169 20 189
No 6 5 11
Total 175 25 200
Step-2: Enter fe in Contingency Table
Social Development and
education is happiness
Total
essential for
Yes No
every one
Yes 169(165) 20(24) 189
No 6(10) 5(1) 11
Total 175 25 200
Step-3: Find ( fo – fe )2 Of Each Cell Of The Contingency Table
fe
x2 = ( 169 – 165 ) 2 + ( 6– 10 ) 2 + ( 20– 24 ) 2 + ( 5– 1 ) 2
165 10 24 1
x2 = ( 4 ) 2 + ( -4 ) 2 + ( -4 ) 2 + ( 4 ) 2
105 10 24 1
2
x = 16 + 16 + 16 + 16
105 10 24 1
2
x = 0.09 + 1.6 + 0.66+ 16
x2 = 18.35
Step-4: Find the Degree Of Freedom (df)
x2 = (c- 1) (r- 1) (Degree of freedom with 0.05 significance value)

154
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

x2 = (2 - 1) ( 2 - 1)
x2 = 1 × 1
Value = 3.841

Step-5: Result
Since the calculated value exceeds the tabular value, the H1 is accepted but the H0 is rejected.

Conclusion
Study reveals social work education at school and college level eliminated from Pakistani society
due to lack of resources and irresponsibility. The analysis of the present research, Social education
is essential for every person because it is the basis of development and happiness of the society
also it resolving the social issues of the individuals. Their goal for spreading awareness about
social work through educating the society could be a better way, it can be increased by increasing
mutual cooperation, adaptation of moral values will promote it and we can achieve our goal by
eliminating capitalism. As we see that 73.5% have no pay scale because the professional social
workers doing jobs in a private school set up, they have skills and mostly remain jobless and those
failing to find better opportunities for their career, if they get a chance were more likely to want to
emigrate and mostly 78.5% participants said social education should provide from primary level,

Recommendations
Encourage professional social workers and learners to achieve well in school.
Strengthen social work education in Pakistan at the national and local levels to deal with
concerns and difficulties in a logical manner. To overcome the concerns and obstacles,
social work education should be designed in a more straightforward approach.
The policy and program activities need to be redesign to promote the development of
school social work as well as social education in colleges, to protect against the
development of any problematic issues.
Further studies should be done on the development of principles and strategies which are
needed for better social work education promotion practice.
Government should promote new professional social worker to create more job
opportunities.

155
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

References:

Angela, B. M. (2022). Supervision in Social Work. 84-88. DOI: 10.29302/Pangeea21.10

Adam, N., Zosky, D.L., & Unrau, Y. A. (2004). Improving the research climate in social work
curricula: Clarifying learning expectations across BSW and MSW research courses. Journal
of Teaching in Social Work, 24(3-4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1300/j067v24n03_01
Allen-Meares, P. (1996). The new federal role in education and family services: Goal setting
without responsibility. Social Work, 41(5), 533-40
Austin, M. J. (2012) Introduction. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 9, 1-2.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15433714.2012.636305
British Association of Social Workers, What do social workers do? Retrieved on
https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CDP-2021-0041/CDP-2021-
0041.pdf retrieved from March 21, 2021
Department of Social Work. (1969). Effectiveness of Social Work training at the Punjab University
(in relation to social welfare need of Pakistan). Lahore: Department of Social Work,
University of the Punjab, Lahore
Estes, R.J. (1997). Social Work, Social Development, & Community Welfare Centers in
International Perspective, in International Social Work, 40(1), 43-55
Fouche, C. & Bartley, A. (2016). Teaching data analysis to the data-averse: A framework for
educators. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 36(1), 70-83.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2016.1125231
Gray, M., Mazibuko, F., & O’brien. (1996). Social work education for social development
accessed from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292938209_Social_work_education_for_social_
development on December, 20, 2020
Healy, L. (1999). ‘International Social Work Curriculum in Historical Perspective’, in R.J. Link
and C.S. Ramanathan (eds) All Our Futures: Principles & Resources for Social Work
Practice in a Global Era, New York: Brooks Cole. 14–29
Hellison, D. R. (2000). Youth development & physical activity: Linking universities &
communities. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 9-14
Hepworth, D. H., Rooney, R. H., Rooney, G. D., Gottfried, K. S., & Larsen, J. (2006). Direct
Social Work Practice: Theory and Skills, (7ed), Belmont: Thomson Brooks/ Cole
Hokenstad, M. C., & Midgley, J. (2004). Lessons from Abroad: Adapting International Social
Welfare Innovations. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers Press
Howe, D. (1987). An introduction to social work theory: Making sense in practice. Vol.24.
Ashgate Publishing, Ltd
Hudson, J. D. (1997). A model of professional knowledge for social work practice. Australian
social work, 50(3), 35-44
Jabeen, T. (2013). Social work & social welfare in Pakistan: for the society but not from the
society. Journal of Law and society, university of Peshawar. 44(63)

156
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

Khalid, M. (2016). Social Work Theory & Practice: With Special Reference to Pakistan, (8ed),
Karachi: Kifayat Academy.
Kwong, K. (2017). Advancing Social Work Practice Research Education- An Innovative,
Experiential Pedagogical Approach. International Journal of Higher Education. 6(5), 1- 13
URL: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v6n5p1
Lewis, M. R. (1998). The many faces of school social work practice: Results from a research
partnership. Social Work in Education, 20(3), 177-190
Lipscomb, R.C. (1995). The role of the school social worker in the educational achievement of
African American children. School Social Work Journal, 19, 39-46.
Livingstone, A. (1957). Social Work in Pakistan. Lahore: West Pakistan Council of Social
Welfare.
Loakimidis, V., & Sookraj, D. (2021). Global standards for social work education & training.
International Social Work. 64(2) from https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872821989799
Moulabuksh, M., Zarar, R., & Gul, A. (2021). Professional social work practice international &
Pakistan perspective. Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, 4(4), 434-447

Mumtaz, K. & Mitha, Y. (1996). Pakistan: tradition and change. Oxford: Oxfam UK & Ireland.
Muridzo, N. G., Mumba, J. C., & Fometu, F. A. (2021). International Federation of Social Workers
(IFSW) African Social Work Conversation Forum: Sharing social work practice stories &
interventions in Africa. African Journal of Social Work, 11(3), 145-148
Omokhabi, A. (2022). Social Work Education: Standards of Social Work Practice in the digital
age. International Journal of Adult Learning & Continuing Education. 6(1). 8-15
Open, S. (2008). Social Work in Schools: Principles & Practice. Guildford Publications.
Orme, J., & Powell, J. (2008). Building research capacity in social work: Process & issues. British
Journal of Social Work, 38(5), 988–1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcm122
Natland, S., Weissinger, E., Graaf, G., & Carnochan, S. (2016). Learning practice-based research
methods: Capturing the experiences of MSW students. Journal of Teaching in Social Work,
36(1), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2016.1117366
Popple, P. R & Leighninger, L. (2002). The policy based profession: An Introduction to Social
Welfare Policy for Social Workers. Allyn & Bacon.
Rehmatullah, S. (2002).Social Welfare in Pakistan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Riaz, S., & Granich, S. (2022). Professional development of social work education & practice in
Pakistan within a global context. Social Work Education: The International Journal.
DOI: 10.1080/02615479.2022.2032631
Shah, N. A. (2018).Social work education in Pakistan: issues and future opportunities. Pakistan
Journal of Applied Social Sciences. Vol. 7, 1-15. ISSN: 2409-0077.
Sherer, M., S. Spiro & N. Korin-Langer. (1994). ‘Turning of a Century: Social Work Education in
Israel 2000’. Unpublished manuscript. Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv
University.

157
 Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 4 (2022) Role of Social Work Education in Teaching …

Teasley, M. (2004). School Social Workers & Urban Education Reform with African American
Children & Youth: Realities, Advocacy & Strategies for Change. The School Community
Journal. 14(2), 19-38
Van Zyl, M. A. (1989). ‘An Analysis of Future Roles, Outputs & Competencies of Social
Workers’, Maatskaplike-Werk/Social Work 25(4), 271–5
What is social work?
https://catalogue.pearsoned.ca/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/02050
01971.pdf retrieved from March 10, 2022.

158