Prayer
FAULT
Ø are breaks along which there is
considerable movement.
Øa break or fractures along which
movement of one block with respect to
others has taken place.
Parts of a Fault
üFOOTWALL – the fault surface where you can stand and
the lower side.
üHANGING WALL- the fault surface in the upper side
üFAULT PLANE- a plane along which
ruptured has actually taken place or
where one block is moved with respect
to other.
ü FAULT TRACE- the line it makes on the
Earth’s surface.
TYPES OF FORCES
TENSIONAL STRESS
-results when a system of forces pulls on
stretches an object from opposite sides.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
TYPES OF FORCES
COMPRESSIONAL STRESS
-results when a system of forces pushes on
object from opposite side.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
TYPES OF FORCES
SHEAR STRESS/ SHEARING
-results when a system of forces is applied to
an object in different directions.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Type of Faults
ACTIVE FAULT
INACTIVE FAULT
EARTHQUAKES:
TYPES OF FAULTS
OBJECTIVES
ü Identify the different
parts of a fault.
ü Identify the different
types of fault.
OBJECTIVES
üCreate a Fault
Model
Parts of Faults
HANGING WALL
FOOT WALL
HANGING WALL VS. FOOT WALL
ü Divided by two fault blocks.
ü Hanging wall block- rocks above the
fault.
ü Footwall block-rocks below the fault.
My x and
y’s
Short Game
LET’S IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF A FAULT!
HANGING FOOT
WALL WALL
“Y” “X”
Be ready
once
your
name
HANGING WALL VS. FOOT WALL
HANGING WALL VS. FOOT WALL
Y
X HANGING WALL
FOOT WALL
HANGING WALL VS. FOOT WALL
HANGING WALL VS. FOOT WALL
Y
HANGING WALL
X
FOOT WALL
HANGING WALL VS. FOOT WALL
HANGING WALL VS. FOOT WALL
X
Y FOOT WALL
HANGING WALL
HANGING WALL VS. FOOT WALL
HANGING WALL VS. FOOT WALL
X Y
HANGING WALL
FOOT WALL
HANGING WALL VS. FOOT WALL
HANGING WALL VS. FOOT WALL
X Y
HANGING WALL
FOOT WALL
Great Job!
f F a u l t ( A c t iv ity)
Types o
Active Faults
s
Inactive Fault
Types of Fault
&
(Position of HW
FW)
Types of Faults
Normal
Fault
Up Down
NORMAL FAULT
Øfaults on which the
hanging wall moves
down relative to
the footwall
ØIt created by a tension force that can pull
rocks apart.
NORMAL FAULT
Y X
HW
FW
NORMAL FAULT
Y
X HW
FW
EXAMPLES OF
NORMAL FAULTS
Outcrop scale normal faults
Conjugate Normal Faults,
Canyonlands National Park
darkwing.uoregon.edu/~millerm/conjN1.html Normal Fault Scarps, Turkey
www.msnucleus.org/.../pt/hazards/4/pth4_1
a.html
Types of Faults
Reverse
Fault
Down Up
REVERSE FAULT
Øfaults on which the
hanging wall moves
up relative to the
footwall.
ØIt created by a compression force.
REVERSE FAULT
Y
HW
X
FW
REVERSE FAULT
Y
X HW
FW
EXAMPLES OF
REVERSE FAULTS
Outcrop scale thrust faults
www.pitt.edu/.../7Structures/ReverseFaults.html
Thrust Fault in Concrete from 1964 Quake,
Anchorage, Alaska
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/.../alaska/0709log.html
Thrust Fault in Sediments
www001.upp.so-net.ne.jp/fl-fg/05-01.htm
Types of Faults
Strike-slip
Fault
STRIKE- SLIP FAULT
ØRIGHT-LATERAL (DEXTRAL)
FAULTS: Strike-slip faults across
which the block moves to the
right
ØLEFT-LATERAL (SINISTRAL)
FAULTS: Strike-slip faults across
which the block moves to the
right
ØIt created by a shearing force.
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
Right-lateral strike slip
Left-lateral strike slip
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
Left-lateral
strike slip
Right Lateral Fault in Asphalt
EXAMPLES OF www.uwsp.edu/.../fault_transform_photo.html
STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS
San Andreas Fault, CA
http://education.usgs.gov/california/
pp1515/chapter2/fig2-21.jpg Right Lateral Slip, Izmit, Turkey, 1999 Quake
http://www.geo.uib.no/jordskjelv/
index.php?topic=earthquakes&lang=en
What if it’s a combination of
Normal Fault and Strike-slip fault?
Types of Faults
Oblique Fault
Types of Faults
Normal Fault
Reverse Fault
Strike-slip Fault
Oblique Fault
Any questions?
Why do we need to
know the different
types of faults?
