Semester Examination MAY - 2024

FIFTH Semester Diploma Examination

(Exam Date / Time: 23RD MAY 2024 / 2.00 – 5.00 PM)

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (20CE53I)

Time: 3 Hours. Max Marks: 100
Instructions: (1) Answer one full question from each section.

SECTION – I
1.A. National Highway Authority of India planning to construct a new highway, as an engineer
describe the major ideal requirements of highway alignment? 10
1.B. The radius of horizontal curve is 100m. The design speed is 50kmph and the design coefficient of
lateral friction is 0.15? 10
i. Calculate the super elevation required if full lateral friction is assumed to develop?
ii. Calculate the coefficient of friction needed if no super elevation is provided?

2.A. As you are a student an accident study project work is carried out in an existing road, hence
interpret the various causes of traffics accidents? 10
2.B. The spot speed studies were carried out at a certain stretch of a highway with mixed traffic flow
and the consolidated data collected in table. Determine the upper, the lower speed limits for
installing speed regulation signs at this road stretch & The design speed for checking the
geometric design elements of the highway? 10

SECTION – II
3.A. As a Civil engineer how do you differentiate between rigid pavement and flexible pavement?
10
3.B. A soil sample was tested at laboratory to be used as a highway subgrade material and following
index properties are obtained. Passing 0.074mm sieve = 55%, Liquid Limit=50%, Plastic limit =
41%.
i. Classify the soil by HRB system.
ii. Write the suitability of the soil as a subgrade material? 10
4.A. As a Civil engineer describe the requirements of highway drainage and importance of highway
drainage? 10

1
4.B. Design a new flexible pavement for a two lane undivided carriageway using the following data?
10
Design CBR value of subgrade = 5.0%
Initial traffic on completion of construction = 300cv per day
Average growth rate = 6.0% per year
Design life = 10 years
VDF value = 2.5

SECTION – III

5.A. Prepare a detailed and Abstract estimate for a portion of a road from the following data.
Formation width of road 10meter, side slope 2:1 for Banking & 1.5:1 in cutting. Adopt suitable local
prevailing rates for abstract estimation? 20

5.B. Prepare a detailed estimate for the construction of a new state highway for one kilometer length
as shown in figure for the following items of work. 20
1. Soling Coat 15cm boulders.
2. Intercoat 50mm gauge stone ballast 12cm loose layer compacted to 8cm.
3. Top coat 40mm gauge stone ballast 12cm loose layer compacted to 8cm.
4. 1st coat of painting with road tar.
5. 2nd coat of painting with asphalt.

2
 SECTION – IV
7.A. A new bridge is proposed across a river stream. What are the factors to be considered for
selection of site for the bridge construction? 10
7.B. Draw the typical cross section of a bridge and name the component parts? 10

8.A. As a site engineer you are proposing a new railway track. What are the requirements of a good
track and list the various components of track? 10
8.B. As a site engineer you are proposing a new Airport. What are the factors to be considered for
selection of site for airport? 10

SECTION – V
9.A. As a project head, describe the process of Health Impact Assessment? 10
9.B. As a Engineer, Explain the steps involved in Environmental Impact Assessment process?
10.A. Describe the necessity and objectives of road safety audit? 10
10.B. Explain the multi model public transportation system (BRT & LRT)? 10

3
 Code: 20CE53IT
V semester Diploma Examinations May – 2024
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
SCHEME OF VALUVATION

Note: (i) Answer ONE full questions from each Section, each question carries 20 Marks.

SECTION – I

Q1 A Explain Any Five Major Ideal requirements 5 × 02 Mark 10 Marks

Given Data 02 marks
Super Elevation Formula 02 marks
Q1 B 10 Marks
Calculation of Super elevation required if full lateral friction 03 marks
Calc of coefficient of friction needed if no super elevation is provided 03 marks
Q2 A Explain Any Five causes of Accidents 5 × 02 Mark 10 Marks
Determination of Mean speed 01 Marks
Determination of % frequency 01 Marks
Q2 B Determination of % Cumulative frequency 02 Marks 10 Marks
Determination of Upper Speed Limit, Lower Speed Limit & Speed to
3 × 02 Mark
check geometric elements

SECTION – II
Q3 A Any five differences between rigid and flexible pavement 5 × 02 Mark 10 Marks
Soil classification 06 Marks
Q3 B 10 Marks
Suitability as subgrade material 04 Marks
Any 5 Requirements of highway drainage 5 × 01 Mark
Q4 A 10 Marks
Any 5 Importance of highway drainage 5 × 01 Mark
Formula & Calculation of Cumulative Standard Axels (CSA) 05 Marks
Q4 B 10 Marks
Composition of Pavement Component 05 Marks

SECTION – III

Calculation of RL of Formation 04 Marks

Calculation of Depth of Cutting & Filling 04 Marks
Q5 Calculation of Total Area 04 Marks 20 Marks
Calculation of Quantity of cutting & Filling 04 Marks
Abstract Estimation 04 Marks

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 Soling Coat 15cm boulders. 04 Marks
Intercoat 50mm gauge stone ballast 12cm loose compacted to 8cm 04 Marks
Q6 Top coat 40mm gauge stone ballast 12cm loose compacted to 8cm. 04 Marks 20 Marks
1st coat of painting with road tar. 04 Marks
2nd coat of painting with asphalt. 04 Marks

SECTION – IV
Q7 A Any 10 factors to be considered while selecting site for a bridge 10×01 Mark 10 Marks
Draw the typical cross section of a bridge 05 Marks
Q7 B 10 Marks
Naming the component parts of bridge 05 Marks
Various components of track 5 × 01 Mark
Q8 A 10 Marks
Any five requirements of a good railway track 5 × 01 Mark
Q8 B Listing any 10 factors to be considered for selection of site for airport 10×01 Mark 10 Marks

SECTION – V
Q9 A Explain the process of Health Impact Assessment 5 × 02 Mark 10 Marks
Explain the steps involved in Environmental Impact Assessment
Q9 B 5 × 02 Mark 10 Marks
process
Q10 Necessity of road safety audit 5 × 01 Mark
10 Marks
A Objectives of road safety audit 5 × 01 Mark
Q10 Explanation on Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) 05 Marks
10 Marks
B Explanation on Light rail transit (LRT) 05 Marks

5
 Code: 20CE53IT
V semester Diploma Examinations May – 2024
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
SCHEME OF VALUVATION
SECTION – I
1.A. National Highway Authority of India planning to construct a new highway, as an engineer
describe the major ideal requirements of highway alignment? 10
The basic requirements of an ideal alignment between two terminal stations are that it should be:
1) Short
Explain Any Five Major Ideal requirements (5 * 2marks each = 10marks)
2) Easy
3) Safe
4) Economical
5) Utility
6) Natural aspect

1) Short: It is desirable to have a short (or shortest) alignment between two terminal stations. A
straight alignment would be the shortest, though there may be several practical considerations which
would cause deviations from the shortest path.
2) Easy: The alignment should be such that it is easy to construct and maintain the road with minimum
problems. Also the alignment should be easy for the operation of vehicles with easy gradients and
curves.
3) Safe: The alignment should be safe enough for construction and maintenance from the view point of
stability of natural hill slopes, embankment and cut slopes foundation of embankments. Also it
should be safe for the traffic operation with a geometric feature.
4) Economical: The road alignment could be considered economical only if the total life cycle cost
considering the initial cost, maintenance cost and vehicle operation com is lowest. All these factors
should be given due consideration before working out the economics of each alignment.
5) Utility: The alignment should be such that it would offer maximum utility by serving maximum
population and products. The utility of a road should be judged from its utility value per unit length
of road.
6) Natural Aspects: It should have good natural aspects. The alignment should pass through regions of
natural beauty and scenery.

1.B. The radius of horizontal curve is 100m. The design speed is 50kmph and the design coefficient of
lateral friction is 0.15? 10
i. Calculate the super elevation required if full lateral friction is assumed to develop?
ii. Calculate the coefficient of friction needed if no super elevation is provided?

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 Given Data:
 V = 50 kmph
Given Data = 02 marks
 R = 100m
Super Elevation Formula = 02 marks
 f = 0.15 Calculation of Super elevation required if full lateral friction
= 03 marks
𝑽𝟐
𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒆 + 𝒇 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝑹 Calculation of coefficient of friction needed if no super
elevation is provided = 03 marks
𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝒆 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 =
𝟏𝟐𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒆 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟕
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟕 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟕
𝑽𝟐 𝟓𝟎𝟐
If no super elevation is provided, e = 0 & friction developed is 𝒇 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝑹 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝑹∗𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟕

2.A. As you are a student an accident study project work is carried out in an existing road, hence
interpret the various causes of traffics accidents? 10
There are five basic elements in a traffic accident, namely: Road user, Vehicle, Road and its
condition, Traffic & Environmental factors such as weather, visibility, etc. The road user responsible for the
accident may be the driver of one or more vehicles involved, pedestrians or the passengers. an accident may
be caused due to a combination of several reasons and seldom due to one particular reason. Hence it is often
not possible to pin point a particular single cause of an accident. Various causes of accidents may be listed
as given below:
Explain Any Five causes of accidents (5 * 2marks each = 10marks)

A. Drivers: Excessive speed and rash driving, carelessness, violation of rules and regulations, failure to
see or understand the traffic situation, sign or signal temporary effects due to fatigue, sleep or effect
of consuming alcohol.
B. Pedestrians: Violating regulations, carelessness while using the carriageway meant for vehicular
traffic.
C. Passengers: Alighting from or getting into moving vehicles.
D. Vehicle defects: Failure of brakes, steering system, or lighting system, tyre burst and any other
defect in the vehicles.
E. Road condition: Slippery or skidding road surface, pot holes, ruts and other damaged conditions of
the road surface, temporary obstruction to line of sight (caused by branch of tree or disabled vehicle)
resulting in reduction in normal sight distance.
F. Road design: Defective geometric design like inadequate sight distance a horizontal or vertical
curves, improper curve design, inadequate width of shoulders, improper lighting and improper
traffic control devices.
G. Traffic condition: Other vehicles of the traffic stream, such as a vehicle moving ahead getting
involved in accident, presence of disabled vehicle on the roadway.

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 H. Weather: Unfavourable weather condition like mist, fog, snow, dust, smoke or heavy rainfall which
restrict normal visibility and render driving unsafe.
I. Animals: Stray animals on the road.
J. Other Causes: Incorrect signs or signals, gate of level crossing not closed when required, ribbon
development, badly located advertisement boards or service stations.
2.B. The spot speed studies were carried out at a certain stretch of a highway with mixed traffic flow
and the consolidated data collected in table. Determine the upper, the lower speed limits for
installing speed regulation signs at this road stretch & The design speed for checking the
geometric design elements of the highway? 10

Solution:
Speed Range Mean Speed Frequency % Cumulative
% frequency
in KMPH in KMPH f frequency
0 – 10 5 12 1.41 1.41
10 – 20 15 18 2.12 3.53
20 – 30 25 68 8.00 11.53
30 – 40 35 89 10.47 22.00
40 – 50 45 204 24.00 46.00
50 – 60 55 255 30.00 76.00
60 – 70 65 119 14.00 90.00
70 – 80 75 43 5.06 95.06
80 – 90 85 33 3.88 98.94
90 – 100 95 9 1.06 100.00
TOTAL 850 100.00

8
 a) Upper Speed Limit for Regulation = 85th Percentile speed = 60 kmph.
b) Lower Speed Limit for Regulation = 15th Percentile speed = 30 kmph.
c) Speed to check geometric elements = 95th Percentile speed = 84 kmph.

SECTION – II
3.A. As a Civil engineer how do you differentiate between rigid pavement and flexible pavement? 10
SL FEXIBLE PAVEMENT RIGID PAVEMENT
NO
01 It transfers the wheel load to subgrade by It transfers the wheel load to subgrade by
grain to grain mechanism. slab action.
02 The initial construction cost is low. The initial construction cost is high.
03 It doesn’t require joints. It requires joints.
04 Durability is low. Durability is high.
05 It doesn’t distribute load uniformly. So, a It distributes wheel load uniformly. So,
good subgrade is required. there is no requirement for a good
subgrade.
06 There is no effect of temperature variation on Temperature variation affects the stress
stress variation. variation.
07 The lifespan of flexible pavement is The maximum lifespan of rigid pavement
approximately 10 to 15 years. is approximately 20 to 30 years.
08 Repair work is simple. Repair work is complex.
09 The maintenance cost is high. The maintenance cost is low.
10 It doesn’t require curing. It requires curing.
11 Poor night visibility due to the use of asphalt. Good night visibility due to the use of
concrete.
12 No glare due to sunlight. High glare due to sunlight.
(Glare: shine with a strong or dazzling light.)
13 Easy to locate and perform underground Hard to perform underground works.
works like repairing or finding pipes.
14 Its thickness is more. Its thickness is less.
15 The bearing capacity of the subgrade The bearing capacity of the subgrade
influences design. doesn’t influences its design.
16 Aggregate and bitumen are used as the key Concrete and steel are used as key
materials. materials.
17 Stability depends upon the interlocking of Stability depends upon joints between the
aggregates, particle friction, and cohesion. slabs of concrete.
18 It is capable of resisting settlements to some The settlement is permanent. It is not
extent. capable of resisting settlement.
19 It is susceptible to heat, oils, greases, and It is highly resistive to heat, oil, greases,
chemicals. and chemicals.
20 Rolling (Compacting) of the surface is needed Rolling (Compacting) of the surface is not
needed.
21 It has a low flexural strength. It has high flexural strength.
22 The force of friction is less. The force of friction is high.
23 It is more comfortable for travel. It is less comfortable for travel

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3.B. A soil sample was tested at laboratory to be used as a highway subgrade material and following
index properties are obtained. Passing 0.074mm sieve = 55%, Liquid Limit = 50%, Plastic limit =
41%. Classify the soil by HRB system.
ii. Write the suitability of the soil as a subgrade material? 10
Solution:
A). Soil Classification:
From Table 6.4, As percentage passing 0.074 mm sieve is more than 35, the soil is fine grained.
Liquid Limit = LL = 50%
Plasticity Index = PI = LL - PL = 50 – 41 = 9
Using chart, the classification group is A5
Group Index = GI = 0.2a + 0.005ac + 0.01bd
a = 55 – 35 = 20
b = 55 – 15 = 40
Soil Classification = 06 marks
c = 50 – 40 = 10
Suitability as subgrade material = 04 marks
d = 9 – 10 = 0(min)

Group Index = GI = 0.2a + 0.005ac + 0.01bd

= (0.2*20) + (0.005*20*10) + (0.01*40*0)
= 4.0 + 1.0 +0 = 5.0
Soil classification is A-5 (5)

B). Suitability of Subgrade material:

From Table 6.6
Drainage Poor
Volume Change Medium to High
Potential Frost action High to Very High
Stability Poor
Values as subgrade material Poor
4.A. As a Civil engineer describe the requirements of highway drainage and importance of highway
drainage? Any Five requirements = 5*1mark = 5marks
Requirements of Highway Drainage Any five importance = 5*1mark = 5marks

 The surface water from the carriageway and shoulder should effectively be drained off without
allowing it to percolate to subgrade and weaken the soil.
 The surface water from the adjoining land should be prevented from entering the roadway.
 The side drain should have sufficient capacity and longitudinal slope to carry away all the
surface water collected from the roadway.
 Flow of surface water across the road and shoulders and along slopes should not cause erosion or
form cross ruts.
 Seepage and other sources of under-ground water should be effectively intercepted and drained
off by the suitable subsurface drainage system.
 Highest level of ground water-table should be kept well below the level of subgrade, preferably
by at least 1.2 m. If the highest level of ground water level is closer than 1.2 m, it is desirable to
lower the same with a well-planned and laid subsurface drainage system.

10
  In water-logged areas special precautions should be taken, especially if detrimental salts are
present or if flooding is likely to occur.
Significance/Importance
 Excess moisture in soil subgrade causes considerable lowering of its stability.
 The thickness requirement of pavement structure is designed considering the lowest stability or
strength value of the subgrade soil corresponding to the highest possible moisture content in the
soil.
 If the stability of the subgrade falls below the design value, the pavement is likely to fail due to
'subgrade failure' Maintenance'.
 Excess water on shoulders and pavement edge causes considerable damage to the pavement
structure.
 Stagnation of water on the pavement surface or edge and increase in moisture content in the
pavement layers can cause reduction in strength characteristics of most of the flexible pavement
component materials.
 In some clayey soils variation in moisture content causes considerable variation in volume of
subgrade. Alternate swelling and shrinkage of the supporting layers may also contribute to
pavement failures in the form of cracking.
 One of the important types of flexible pavement failure due to poor drainage is by progressive
development of undulations on roadway surface in the form of rutting along the wheel paths of
heavy vehicles and formation of 'waves and corrugations.
 Sustained contact of water with bituminous pavements causes failures due to 'stripping' of
bitumen from aggregates and consequent loosening or detachment of some of the bituminous
pavement layer materials, 'ravelling' and formation of pot-holes.
 The prime cause of failures in rigid pavements by 'mud pumping' is due to the presence of
excess water in fine subgrade soil.
 Excess moisture causes increase in stress and simultaneous reduction in strength of the soil
mass of the earth slopes, resulting in land-slides on some stretches of the hill roads. This is also
one of the main reasons for failure of slopes of cutting and embankment and also in foundations
of high embankments.
 In places where freezing temperatures are prevalent in winter, the presence of water in the
subgrade and a continuous supply of water from the ground water due to capillary action can
cause considerable damage to the pavement due in 'frost action'.
 Ineffective and improper surface drainage causes erosion of soil from top of un-surfaced roads
and slopes of embankment, cut and hill side
4.B. Design a new flexible pavement for a two lane undivided carriageway using the following data?
Design CBR value of subgrade = 5.0%, Initial traffic on completion of construction = 300cv per
day, Average growth rate = 6.0% per year, Design life = 10 years & VDF value = 2.5.

11
 Formula & Calculation of Cumulative Standard Axels (CSA) = 05 Marks
Composition of Pavement Component = 05 Marks

SECTION – III
5. Prepare a detailed and Abstract estimate for a portion of a road from the following data.
Formation width of road 10meter, side slope 2:1 for Banking & 1.5:1 in cutting. Adopt suitable local
prevailing rates for abstract estimation? 20

12
Distance RL of RL of Depth of Mean Central Side Total Distance QUANTITY
Ground Formation Depth Area Area Area L
d Bd sd2 Bd+sd2
filling cutting Banking M3 Cutting M3

0.00 114.50 115.00 0.50 - - - - - - -

100.00 114.75 115.50 0.75 0.625 6.25 0.78 7.03 100.00 703
200.00 115.25 116.00 0.75 0.750 7.50 1.13 8.63 100.00 863
300.00 115.20 116.50 1.30 1.025 10.25 2.10 12.35 100.00 1235
400.00 116.10 117.00 0.90 1.100 11.00 2.42 13.42 100.00 1342
500.00 116.85 117.50 0.65 0.775 7.75 1.20 8.95 100.00 895
600.00 118.00 118.00 0.00 0.00 0.325 3.25 0.21 3.46 100.00 346
700.00 118.25 117.75 0.50 0.250 2.50 0.09 2.59 100.00 259
800.00 118.10 117.50 0.60 0.550 5.50 0.45 5.95 100.00 595
900.00 117.80 117.25 0.55 0.575 5.75 0.50 6.25 100.00 625
1000.00 117.75 117.00 0.75 0.650 6.50 0.63 7.13 100.00 713
1100.00 117.90 116.75 1.15 0.950 9.50 1.35 10.85 100.00 1085
1200.00 117.50 116.50 1.00 1.075 10.75 1.73 12.48 100.00 1248
5384 4526

ABSTARCT OF ESTIMATED COST

ITEM Particulars of Items Quality Unit Rate Amount
NO
1 Earthwork in Banking 5384 Cum 275.00 1480600.00
2 Earthwork in Cutting 4526 Cum 350.00 1584100.00
TOTAL AMOUNT 3064700.00

6. Prepare a detailed estimate for the construction of a new state highway for one kilometer length as
shown in figure for the following items of work. 20
1. Soling Coat 15cm boulders.
2. Intercoat 50mm gauge stone ballast 12cm loose layer compacted to 8cm.
3. Top coat 40mm gauge stone ballast 12cm loose layer compacted to 8cm.
4. 1st coat of painting with road tar.
5. 2nd coat of painting with asphalt.

13
SL
Particulars of Items of Work NO L B D Quantity Remarks
NO
Soling Coat (04 Marks)
Stone Boulders 15cm size 1 1000 4.0 0.15 600.00cum 30cm wider
1
Laying and consolidation of boulders
1 1000 4.0 0.15 600.00cum
including binding with local sandy soil
Inter Coat (04 Marks)
Stone Boulders 50mm size 1 1000 3.70 0.12 444.00cum 12cm thick
2
Laying and consolidation of boulders compacted
1 1000 3.70 0.12 444.00cum
including binding with local sandy soil to 8cm
Top Coat (04 Marks)
Stone Boulders 40mm size 1 1000 3.70 0.12 444.00cum 12cm thick
3
Laying and consolidation of boulders compacted
1 1000 3.70 0.12 444.00cum
including binding with local sandy soil to 8cm
Painting 1st coat with Road Tar (04 Marks)
Stone grit 20mm gauge @ 1.35cum %
1 1000 3.70 1.35/100 50.00 cum
4 Sqm
Paint or binding road tar @ 220kg % Sqm 1 1000 3.70 220/100 8140 kg
Laying 1 1000 3.70 - 3700 Sqm
Painting 2nd coat with Asphalt (04 Marks)
Stone grit 12mm gauge @ 0.75cum %
1 1000 3.70 0.75/100 27.75 cum
5 Sqm
Paint or binder Asphalt @ 120kg % Sqm 1 1000 3.70 120/100 4440 kg
Laying 1 1000 3.70 - 3700 Sqm

SECTION – IV

7.A. A new bridge is proposed across a river stream. What are the factors to be considered for
selection of site for the bridge construction? 10
Following the factors to be considered while selecting site for a bridge
 The nature and bed conditions of river or stream.
 The nature and volume of traffic to be carried.
 Whether navigation is done in the river or not.
 Hydraulic data collected at the site.
 The climatic condition of the area.
 The length and width of the bridge to be constructed.

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  The geological conditions of the site.
 Physical features of the site.
 The live load and other loads, for which the bridge is to be designed.
 Strategic and economic consideration.
 The river reach should be straight
 Steady river flow without currents.
 A narrow channel with firm banks & The bridge axis & river flow direction should be at right angle.
 Suitable high banks above high flood level on each side.
 There should be no excessive scouring and silting at the bridge site.
 There should be availability of construction material
 There should be minimum obstruction to natural waterways.
 The bridge axis should align with the center line of the approach road.

7.B. Draw the typical cross section of a bridge and name the component parts? 10

8.A. As a site engineer you are proposing a new railway track. What are the requirements of a good
track and list the various components of track? 10
Components of Good Railway Track
 Rails: Rails are steel girders over which the train moves and transmit the wheel loads of trains to the
sleepers below.
 Sleepers: The sleepers hold the rails in proper position and provide a correct gauge with the help of
fittings and fastenings and transfer the train load to the ballast below.

15
  Ballast: The ballast distributes the load over the formation and holds the sleepers in position and
provides a uniform level surface. They also provide drainage to the track and transfer the train load
to a larger area of formation below.
 Fittings and fastenings: They provide a grip between rails and sleepers. The rails are joined to each
other by fish plates and bolts and the rails are fastened to the sleepers with the help of various
fittings such as spikes and keys.
 Formation is the base of the track. It gives a level surface where the ballast rests. It takes the total
load of track and the trains move on it.

Requirements of a Good Railway Track

 The gauge should be correct and uniform.
 The rails should have perfect cross levels. In curves, the outer rail should have a proper super
elevation to take into account the centrifugal force.
 The alignment should be straight and free of kinks. In the case of curves, a proper transition should
be provided between the straight track and the curve.
 The gradient should be uniform and as gentle as possible. The change of gradient should be
followed by a proper vertical curve to provide a smooth ride.
 The track should be resilient and elastic in order to absorb the shocks and vibrations of running
trains.
 The track should have a good drainage system so that the stability of the track is not affected by
Water logging.
 The track should have good lateral strength so that it can maintain its stability despite variations in
temperature and other such factors.
 There should be provisions for easy replacement and renewal of the various track components.
 The track should have such a structure that not only is its initial cost low, but also its maintenance
cost is minimum.

8.B. As a site engineer you are proposing a new Airport. What are the factors to be considered for
selection of site for airport? 10
Following are the factors considered while selecting a site for airport
 Atmospheric & Meteorological Conditions.
 Regional Plan
 Obstructions
 Grading, drainage and Soil Characteristics
 Visibility.
 Topography.
 Wind.

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  Use of airport.
 Noise nuisance.
 Availability of land for Expansion.
 Availability of utilities.
 Development of the Surrounding Area.
 Economy of Construction.
 Ground Accessibility.
 Presence of other Airports

SECTION – V

9.A. As a project head, describe the process of Health Impact Assessment? 10

The HIA process comprises Five main stages:
1. Screening.
2. Scoping.
3. Appraisal.
4. Formulation of recommendations and preparation and Submission of the report.
5. Monitoring and evaluation

 Screening: Its main purpose is to filter out proposals that do not require HIA because the proposal
has a minimal impact on health or inequalities, or because there is little likelihood of being able to
influence decisions.

 Scoping:
 Which elements or aspects of the proposal are to be assessed.
 What aspects of the proposal are non-negotiable
 The aims and objectives of the HIA.
 Timescale.
 A common understanding of “health”, determinants of health, and inequalities.
 Potential health impacts of concern.
 The geographical area covered.
 The populations/communities affected by proposal implementation, and any vulnerable,
marginalized, or disadvantaged groups.

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  Appraisal or risk assessment:
 It is where the potential or actual impacts on health of a proposal are identified.
 It includes a community profile describing the demographics and health status of the affected
population and identification of existing inequalities and of excluded or vulnerable groups
who may be at increased risk either inherently or as a result of the proposal.
 This stage defines the length of the process.
 Preparation of the report and recommendations and then submission of the report and
recommendations to decision-makers.
 It is essential that this occurs within the decision-makers’ timeframe, meeting deadlines for
any consultation period or scheduled meetings.
 Involvement of decision-makers in the HIA process through membership of the steering
group and/or participation in appropriate methods used during appraisal.
 Monitoring and evaluation:
 Evaluation of the process of HIA (process evaluation).
 Monitoring the acceptance and implementation of recommendations (impact evaluation).
 Monitoring and evaluation of indicators and health outcomes after the proposal has been
implemented (outcome evaluation).

9.B. As a Engineer, Explain the steps involved in Environmental Impact Assessment process? 10
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a tool used to assess the significant effects of a
project or development proposal on the environment. ElAs make sure that project decision makers think
about the likely effects on the environment at the earliest possible time and aim to avoid, reduce or
offset those effects.
The main steps in the EIA process are:
1.Screening . 2. Scoping . 3. Prediction and mitigation. 4. Management and monitoring. 5. Audit
 Screening
 Often results in a categorization of the project and from this a decision is made on whether or not a
full EIA is to be carried out.
 Screening is the process of deciding on whether an EIA is required. This may be determined by size.
 Alternatively, it may be based on site-specific information. The main conclusion will be a
classification of the project according to its likely environmental sensitivity.
 Scoping
 It is the process of determining which are the most critical issues to study and will involve
community participation to some degree.
 Scoping is the process of identifying the key environmental issues and is perhaps the most important
step in an EIA.

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  If key issues are identified and a full scale EIA considered necessary, then the scoping should
include terms of reference for these further studies.
 Prediction and mitigation
 This studies follow scoping and are carried out in parallel with feasibility studies.
 Prediction methods.
 Interpretation of predictions, with and without mitigating measures.
 Assessment of comparisons.
 Managing and monitoring
 The main output report is called an Environmental Impact Statement, and contains a detailed plan
for managing and monitoring environmental impacts both during and after implementation.
 The part of the EIS covering monitoring and management is often referred to as the Environmental
Action Plan or Environmental Management Plan.
 The purpose of monitoring is to compare predicted and actual impacts, particularly if the impacts are
either very important or the scale of the impact cannot be very accurately predicted.
 The results of monitoring can be used to manage the environment, particularly to highlight problems
early so that action can be taken.
 Audit:
 Finally, an audit of the EIA process is carried out some time after implementation.
 The audit serves a useful feedback and learning function in order to capitalize on the experience and
knowledge gained, the last stage of an EIA is to carry out an Environmental Audit sometime after
completion of the project or implementation of a Programme. It will therefore usually be done by a
separate team of specialists to that working on the bulk of the ΕΙΑ.
 The audit will determine whether recommendations and requirements made by the earlier EIA steps
were incorporated successfully into project implementation.

10.A. Describe the necessity and objectives of road safety audit? 10

Necessities of road safety audit are:
 Minimizing the likelihood of crashes occurring through safety conscious planning and design.
 Ensuring that, if a crash occurs, then the likelihood of the injury is minimized (such as provision of
anti-skid surfacing and crash barriers.
 Ensuring that safety related design criteria (e.g. critical sight distances) have been met.
 Managing risks, such that the risk of major safety problems occurring is less than the risk of minor
problems occurring.
 Reducing the whole-life cycle costs of a design (unsatisfactory designs are expensive to correct after
they are built).
 Minimizing the risk of crashes on the adjacent road network (particularly at intersections) as well as
on the new road scheme.

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  Enhancing the importance and relevance of road safety engineering in highway design work and to
enhance consideration of the safety of all road users in all new and existing.
Objectives of road safety audit are:
 To minimize the risk of accidents occurring on the road improvement scheme.
 To minimize the severity of accident that do occur.
 To minimize the risk of accidents occurring on adjacent roads as a result of improving a certain set
of roads and thus avoid creating accidents elsewhere on the network.
 To recognize the importance of safety in highway design to meet the needs and perceptions of all
types of road users; and to achieve a balance between needs where they may be in conflict.
 To reduce the long term costs of a scheme, bearing in mind that unsafe designs may be expensive or
even impossible to correct at a later stage.
 To improve the awareness of safe design practices by all involved in the planning, design,
construction and maintenance of roads.

10.B. Explain the multi model public transportation system (BRT & LRT)? 10
Multi Modal Transportation System (MMTS) explores the co-ordinated use of two or more
modes of transport for speedy, safe, pleasant and comfortable movement of passengers in urban areas.
Generally, MMTS has been characterized by increased capacity, efficient access and better location of
both integration and nodes. Public transport is an important constituent of multi-modal transportation
system and hence local and regional public transportation system must be as integral part of the same
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT):
1. In BRT system, the inner most lanes are allotted to buses, to ensure that congestion do not delay
the buses.
2. Passengers pay the bus fare in the station instead of paying on board. This reduces the
passengers to cause delays in normal city buses.
3. At grade bus lanes are preferred for easy access, operational flexibility and reducing costs.
4. The station which is the entry point vary in design from simple stops with shelters to multi-
modal terminals.
5. Route maps, signage and real-time information are displayed in stations or in vehicles
6. Grade separated provides high sense of safety and saves travel time
7. BRT lanes do not interfere with mixed traffic
Light rail transit (LRT):
light rail transit (LRT) is a medium capacity mode of mass rapid transport which straddles
between the heavy capacity Metro rail and the low capacity bus services. It is a form of rail transit that
utilizes equipment and infrastructure that is typically less massive than that used for heavy rail modes
i.e. commuter/regional, and metro rail/subway.

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1. Steel wheel vehicles operating on steel rails and are almost universally operated by electricity
delivered through overhead lines. Electric power provides greater acceleration, making it suitable for
operation with closely-spaced stations.
2. Grooved steel rails laid flush with road surface or ballasted like normal railway track, making light
rail the only system which can operate on both city roads and jointly with conventional rail services.
3. Sharp road bends up to 25m radius, minimizing need for property acquisition and hence ideal for
urban environment.
4. Steeper inclines than heavy rail
5. Shares its operational space with other road vehicles and often runs on, across or down the center of
city roads.
6. Grade separation only in exceptional circumstances.

CERTIFICATE:
Certified that the model answers prepared by me for TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
(20CE53IT) are from text book prescribed by Board of technical examination and model answer and
scheme of valuation prepared by me are correct according to my knowledge.

(NAGESHA.M.R)
Lecturer
177 GPT Siddapura
9036157921

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