USE OF HIGH GRADE MATERIALS
REINFORCEMENT
WORKING STRESS METHOD
Let the moment of resistance =M, width of section=b , depth of section=d ,
permissible compressive stress of concrete=C , permissible tensile stress of steel=T ,
Area of reinforcement=Ast
Neutral axis factor, k=m . C / ( m . C + T ) ( m = 280 / (3C))
=280/(3 (280/3 +T))
=280/(280+3T)
Lever arm factor, j =1-k/3=(3(280+3T)-280) / (3(280+3T))
=(560+9T) / (3(280+3T))
Moment of resistance factor, R= kjC/2 =280 .(560+9T) . C /(6(280+3T)2)
Depth, d = √(M /(R . b)) = √(M . (280+3T)2 / (140bC(560+9T)))
= √(M / (R .B)) .(280+3T) / √(560+9T)
= K1. (280+3T) / √(560+9T)
Ast = M/ T .j . d =M .3 / (√(560+9T).K1
=K2 / (T√(560+9T))
The change of required depth of concrete and required reinforcement are shown in
the table7 .
Table 7
Grade of Depth of Increase of d Area of steel Decrease of Ast
reinforcement concrete , d with respect Ast required with respect
required to Fe 250 to Fe 250
Fe 250 16.4082K1 ------ 1.6743X10-4 K2 -----
Fe 415 18.9144K1 15.27% 0.8478X10-4 K2 49.36%
Fe500 20.0578K1 22.24% 0.6601X10-4 K2 60.06%
LIMIT STATE METHOD
Similarly we can show the result for Limit State Method.
Here for balanced section , M= 0.36 . fck . b . xm . (d-0.42 xm)
=0.36 . fck . b .∞ .d . (d-0.42∞.d)
=0.36 . fck . b. ∞(1-0.42. ∞).d2
Therefore d=√(M /(0.36 .fy . b. ∞.(1-0.42. ∞)))
= K3 /(∞.(1-0.42. ∞))
Here xm=∞.d , ∞ depends on the grade of reinforcement
Ast =M /(0.87 fy . (d-0.42 xm ))
= M /(0.87 fy . (d-0.42 . ∞ .d))
= M /(0.87 fy . d . (1-0.42 . ∞))
= M. √ ∞ /(0.87 fy . K3 . √ (1-0.42 ∞))
=K4 . √ ∞ /( fy (d-0.42))
The change in required depth of concrete and required reinforcement are shown in
the table 8 .
Table 8
Grade of ∞ Depth of Increase of Area of steel Decrease of
reinforcement concrete , d d Ast required Ast
required with respect with respect
to Fe 250 to Fe 250
Fe 250 0.53 1.5579K3 ------ 3.3027X10-3 -----
K4
Fe 415 0.48 1.6154K3 3.69% 1.8684X10-3 43.43%
K4
Fe500 0.46 1.6415 K3 5.37% 1.5102X10-3 54.27%
K4
So we see that if we increase the grade of reinforcement , by sacrificing little
amount concrete material , we can save lot amount of reinforcement . By this we can
reduce the cost .
CONCRETE
WORKING STRESS METHOD
Earlier we see that, k=m . C / ( m . C + T ) ( m = 280 / (3C))
=280/(3 (280/3 +T))
=280/(280+3T)
j =1-k/3=(3(280+3T)-280) / (3(280+3T))
=(560+9T) / (3(280+3T))
R= kjC/2 =280 .(560+9T) . C /(6(280+3T)2)
Depth, d = √(M /(R . b)) = √(M . (280+3T)2 / (140bC(560+9T)))
= K1 ./ √C (since all other values are constant)
Ast = M/T .j . d =M .3. (280+3T). √C / (√(560+9T).T)
= K2 . √C
The change of required depth of concrete and required reinforcement are shown in
the table9 .
Table 9
Grade of Depth of Decrease of d Area of steel Increase of Ast
concrete concrete , d with respect Ast required with respect
required to M15 to M15
M15 0.4472K1 ------ 2.2361K2 -----
M20 0.3780K1 15.47% 2.6458 K2 18.32%
M25 0.3430K1 23.30% 2.9155 K2 30.38%
LIMIT STATE METHOD
Similarly we can show the result for Limit State Method.
Here for balanced section , M= 0.36 .fck . b . xm . (d-0.42 xm)
=0.36 .fck . b .∞ .d . (d-0.42∞.d)
=0.36 .fck . b. ∞(1-0.42. ∞).d2
Therefore d=√(M /(0.36 .fck . b. ∞.(1-0.42. ∞)))
= K2 /√ fck
Ast =M /(0.87 fck . (d-0.42 xm ))
= M /(0.87 fck . (d-0.42 . ∞ .d))
= M /(0.87 fck . d . (1-0.42 . ∞))
= K4√ fck
The change of required depth of concrete and required reinforcement are shown in
the table10 .
Table 10
Grade of ∞ Depth of Decrease of Area of steel Increase of
concrete concrete , d d Ast required Ast
required with respect with respect
to M15 to M15
M15 0.53 0.2582K3 ------ 3.8730K4 -----
M20 0.48 0.2236K3 13.40% 4.4721 K4 15.47%
M25 0.46 0.2000K3 22.54% 5.0000 K4 29.10%
CONCRETE AND STEEL BOTH
WORKING STRESS METHOD
Earlier we see that
Depth, d = √(M /(R . b)) = √(M . (280+3T)2 / (140bC(560+9T)))
= K1 . √( (280+3T)2 / (C(560+9T)))
Ast = M/ T .j . d =√(M . 140 B C / (√(560+9T).T
=K2√C /(T. √(560+9T))
The change of required depth of concrete and required reinforcement are shown in
the table11 .
Table 11
Grade of Grade of Depth of Decrease of Area of Decrease of
concrete reinforcement concrete , d d with steel Ast with
required respect to Ast required respect to
M15 Fe250 (X10-4 ) M15 Fe250
M15 Fe250 7.338K3 ------ 3.7439K2 -----
M15 Fe415 8.4588K3 -15.27% 1.8957 K2 49.36%
M15 Fe500 8.9701K3 -22.24% 1.4760 K2 60.06%
M20 Fe250 6.2017 K3 15.48% 4.4298K2 -18.32%
M20 Fe415 7.1490 K3 2.58% 2.2431K2 40.09%
M20 Fe500 7.5811 K3 -3.31% 1.7464K2 53.35%
M25 Fe250 5.6280K3 23.3% 4.8814K2 -30.38%
M25 Fe415 6.4876K3 11.59% 2.4717K2 33.4%
M25 Fe500 6.8798K3 6.24% 1.9244K2 48.6%
LIMIT STATE METHOD
Similarly we can show the result for Limit State Method.
Here for balanced section , M= 0.36 fck. b . xm . (d-0.42 xm)
=0.36 . fck. b .∞ .d . (d-0.42∞.d)
=0.36 . fck . b. ∞(1-0.42. ∞).d2
Therefore d=√ (M /(0.36 . fck . b. ∞.(1-0.42. ∞)))
=K1 / √ (fck . ∞(1-0.42. ∞))
Ast =M /(0.87 fy . (d-0.42 xm ))
= M /(0.87 fy . (d-0.42 . ∞ .d))
= M /(0.87 fy . d . (1-0.42 . ∞))
= K2/ .fy √ (fck. ∞ / (1-0.42 . ∞))
The change of required depth of concrete and required reinforcement are
shown in the table12.
Table 12
Grade of Grade of Depth of Decrease Area of Decrease
concrete reinforcement concrete , of d with steel of Ast with
∞ d respect to Ast respect to
required M15 required M15
Fe250 (X10-3 ) Fe250
M15 Fe250 0.53 0.4022K3 ------ 12.791K4 -----
M15 Fe415 0.48 0.4171K3 -3.69% 7.2362 K4 43.43%
M15 Fe500 0.46 0.4238K3 -5.37% 5.8489 K4 54.27%
M20 Fe250 0.53 0.3484 K3 13.4% 14.77 K4 -15.47%
M20 Fe415 0.48 0.3612 K3 10.19% 8.3556 K4 34.68%
M20 Fe500 0.46 0.3670 K3 8.75% 6.7537 K4 47.2%
M25 Fe250 0.53 0.3115K3 22.55% 16.514 K4 -29.1%
M25 Fe415 0.48 0.3231K3 19.67% 9.3418 K4 26.96%
M25 Fe500 0.46 0.3283K3 18.37% 7.5508 K4 40.97%
So we see that using high grade material we can save a lots of materials
which would affect the cost of construction.
