What is Java?

Java is a programming language and a platform.

Platform Any hardware or software environment in which a program runs, known as a

platform. Since Java has its own Runtime Environment (JRE) and API, it is called platform.

Where it is used?
According to Sun, 3 billion devices run java. There are many devices where java is currently
used. Some of them are as follows:

1. Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus etc.

2. Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com etc.
3. Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.
4. Mobile
5. Embedded System
6. Smart Card
7. Robotics
8. Games etc.

Types of Java Applications

There are mainly 4 type of applications that can be created using java:

1) Standalone Application

It is also known as desktop application or window-based application. An application that we

need to install on every machine such as media player, antivirus etc. AWT and Swing are
used in java for creating standalone applications.

2) Web Application

An application that runs on the server side and creates dynamic page, is called web
application. Currently, servlet, jsp, struts, jsf etc. technologies are used for creating web
applications in java.

3) Enterprise Application

An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking applications etc. It has the
advantage of high level security, load balancing and clustering. In java, EJB is used for
creating enterprise applications.

4) Mobile Application
An application that is created for mobile devices. Currently Android and Java ME are used
for creating mobile applications.

Java history is interesting to know. Java team members (also known as Green Team),
initiated a revolutionary task to develop a language for digital devices such as set-top boxes,
televisions etc.

For the green team members, it was an advance concept at that time. But, it was suited for
internet programming. Later, Java technology as incorporated by Netscape.

James Gosling

Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices, games, e-business solutions
etc. There are given the major points that describes the history of java.

1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language
project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.

2) Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-top
boxes.

3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling and file extension was .gt.

4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.

Why Oak name for java language?

5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and choosen as a national tree of many countries like
U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania etc.

6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was already a trademark by Oak
Technologies.

Why Java name for java language?

7) Why they choosed java name for java language? The team gathered to choose a new
name. The suggested words were "dynamic", "revolutionary", "Silk", "jolt", "DNA" etc. They
wanted something that reflected the essence of the technology: revolutionary, dynamic,
lively, cool, unique, and easy to spell and fun to say.

According to James Gosling "Java was one of the top choices along with Silk". Since java
was so unique, most of the team members preferred java.

8) Java is an island of Indonesia where first coffee was produced (called java coffee).

9) Notice that Java is just a name not an acronym.

10) Originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which is now a subsidiary
of Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995.

11) In 1995, Time magazine called Java one of the Ten Best Products of 1995.

12) JDK 1.0 released in(January 23, 1996).

Java Version History

There are many java versions that has been released.

1. JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

2. JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996)
3. JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997)
4. J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998)
5. J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000)
6. J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002)
7. J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004)
8. Java SE 6 (11th Dec, 2006)
9. Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011)

There is given many features of java. They are also known as java buzzwords.

1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Platform independent
4. Secured
5. Robust
6. Architecture neutral
7. Portable
8. Dynamic
9. Interpreted
10. High Performance
 11. Multithreaded
12. Distributed

Simple
According to Sun, Java language is simple because:

syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn it after C++).

removed many confusing and/or rarely-used features e.g., explicit pointers, operator overloading
etc.

No need to remove unreferenced objects because there is Automatic Garbage Collection in java.

Object-oriented
Object-oriented means we organize our software as a combination of different types of objects that
incorporates both data and behaviour.

Object-oriented programming(OOPs) is a methodology that simplify software development and

maintenance by providing some rules.

Basic concepts of OOPs are:

1. Object
2. Class
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism
5. Abstraction
6. Encapsulation

Platform Independent
A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. There are two types
of platforms software-based and hardware-based. Java provides software-based platform. The Java
platform differs from most other platforms in the sense that it's a software-based platform that runs
on top of other hardware-based platforms.It has two components:

1. Runtime Environment
2. API(Application Programming Interface)
 Java code can be run
on multiple platforms e.g.Windows,Linux,Sun Solaris,Mac/OS etc. Java code is compiled by the
compiler and converted into bytecode.This bytecode is a platform independent code because it can
be run on multiple platforms i.e. Write Once and Run Anywhere(WORA).

Secured
Java is secured because:

 No explicit pointer
 Programs run inside virtual machine sandbox.
  Classloader- adds security by separating the package for the classes of the local file system
from those that are imported from network sources.
 Bytecode Verifier- checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate access right to
objects.
 Security Manager- determines what resources a class can access such as reading and writing
to the local disk.
These security are provided by java language. Some security can also be provided by application
developer through SSL,JAAS,cryptography etc.

Robust
Robust simply means strong. Java uses strong memory management. There are lack of pointers that
avoids security problem. There is automatic garbage collection in java. There is exception handling
and type checking mechanism in java. All these points makes java robust.

Architecture-neutral
There is no implementation dependent features e.g. size of primitive types is set.

Portable
We may carry the java bytecode to any platform.
High-performance
Java is faster than traditional interpretation since byte code is "close" to native code still somewhat
slower than a compiled language (e.g., C++)

Distributed
We can create distributed applications in java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed
applications. We may access files by calling the methods from any machine on the internet.

Multi-threaded

A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can write Java programs that
deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-
threading is that it shares the same memory. Threads are important for multi-media, Web
applications etc.

Simple Program of Java

To create a simple java program, you need to create a class that contains main method. Let's
understand the requirement first.

Requirement for Hello Java Example

For executing any java program, you need to

 install the JDK if you don't have installed it, download the JDK and install it.
 set path of the jdk/bin directory.
 create the java program
 compile and run the java program

Creating hello java example

Let's create the hello java program:

1. class Simple{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. System.out.println("Hello Java");
4. }
save this file as Simple.java

To compile: javac Simple.java

To execute: java Simple

Output:Hello Java

Understanding first java program

Let's see what is the meaning of class, public, static, void, main, String[],
System.out.println().

 class keyword is used to declare a class in java.

 public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility, it means it is visible to all.
 static is a keyword, if we declare any method as static, it is known as static method. The core
advantage of static method is that there is no need to create object to invoke the static
method. The main method is executed by the JVM, so it doesn't require to create object to
invoke the main method. So it saves memory.
 void is the return type of the method, it means it doesn't return any value.
 main represents startup of the program.
 String[] args is used for command line argument. We will learn it later.
 System.out.println() is used print statement. We will learn about the internal working of
System.out.println statement later.

Internal Details of Hello Java Program

In the previous page, we have learned about the first program, how to compile and how to run
the first java program. Here, we are going to learn, what happens while compiling and
running the java program. Moreover, we will see some question based on the first program.

What happens at compile time?

At compile time, java file is compiled by Java Compiler (It does not interact with OS) and converts the
java code into bytecode.
What happens at runtime?
At runtime, following steps are performed:

Classloader: is the subsystem of JVM that is used to load class files.

Bytecode Verifier: checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate access right to objects.

Interpreter: read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

Q)Can you save a java source file by other name than the class name?
Yes, like the figure given below illustrates:

To compile: javac Hard.java

To execute: java Simple

Q)Can you have multiple classes in a java source file?

Yes, like the figure given below illustrates:
Difference between JDK, JRE and JVM

Understanding the difference between JDK, JRE and JVM is important in Java. We are
having brief overview of JVM here.

If you want to get the detailed knowledge of Java Virtural Machine, move to the next page.
Firstly, let's see the basic differences between the JDK, JRE and JVM.

JVM
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides runtime
environment in which java bytecode can be executed.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms. JVM, JRE and JDK are platform
dependent because configuration of each OS differs. But, Java is platform independent.

The JVM performs following main tasks:

 Loads code
 Verifies code
 Executes code
 Provides runtime environment

JRE
JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment.It is used to provide runtime environment.It is the
implementation of JVM.It physically exists.It contains set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at
runtime.

Implementation of JVMs are also actively released by other companies besides Sun Micro Systems.
JDK
JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit.It physically exists.It contains JRE + development tools.
JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides runtime
environment in which java bytecode can be executed.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (i.e.JVM is plateform
dependent).

What is JVM?

It is:

1. A specification where working of Java Virtual Machine is specified. But implementation

provider is independent to choose the algorithm. Its implementation has been provided by
Sun and other companies.
2. An implementation Its implementation is known as JRE (Java Runtime Environment).
3. Runtime Instance Whenever you write java command on the command prompt to run the
java class, and instance of JVM is created.

What it does?
The JVM performs following operation:

 Loads code
 Verifies code
 Executes code
 Provides runtime environment

JVM provides definitions for the:

 Memory area
 Class file format
 Register set
 Garbage-collected heap
 Fatal error reporting etc.

Internal Architecture of JVM

Let's understand the internal architecture of JVM. It contains classloader, memory area, execution
engine etc.
1) Classloader:

Classloader is a subsystem of JVM that is used to load class files.

2) Class(Method) Area:

Class(Method) Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant pool, field and
method data, the code for methods.

3) Heap:

It is the runtime data area in which objects are allocated.

4) Stack:
Java Stack stores frames.It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part in method
invocation and return.

Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time as thread.

A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when its method
invocation completes.

5) Program Counter Register:

PC (program counter) register. It contains the address of the Java virtual machine instruction
currently being executed.

6) Native Method Stack:

It contains all the native methods used in the application.

7) Execution Engine:
It contains:

1) A virtual processor

2) Interpreter:Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

3) Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler:It is used to improve the performance.JIT compiles parts of the byte
code that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the amount of time needed
for compilation.Here the term ?compiler? refers to a translator from the instruction set of a Java
virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.

Variable and Datatype in Java

Variable
Variable is name of reserved area allocated in memory.

int data=50;//Here data is variable

Types of Variable
There are three types of variables in java

 local variable
 instance variable
 static variable
 final variables

Local Variable

A variable that is declared inside the method is called local variable.

 Instance Variable

A variable that is declared inside the class but outside the method is called instance variable . It is
not declared as static.

Static variable

A variable that is declared as static is called static variable. It cannot be local.

Java final keyword

In this tutorial, we will learn about Java final variables,
methods and classes with examples.

In Java, the final keyword is used to denote constants. It can

be used with variables, methods, and classes.
Once any entity (variable, method or class) is declared final,
it can be assigned only once. That is,
 the final variable cannot be reinitialized with another value

 the final method cannot be overridden

 the final class cannot be extended

1. Java final Variable

In Java, we cannot change the value of a final variable. For
example,

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

// create a final variable

final int AGE = 32;

// try to change the final variable

AGE = 45;
System.out.println("Age: " + AGE);
}
}

In the above program, we have created a final variable

named age. And we have tried to change the value of the final
variable.
When we run the program, we will get a compilation error with
the following message.

cannot assign a value to final variable AGE

AGE = 45;
^

Note: It is recommended to use uppercase to declare final

variables in Java.
2. Java final Method
Before you learn about final methods and final classes, make
sure you know about the Java Inheritance.
In Java, the final method cannot be overridden by the child
class. For example,
class FinalDemo {
// create a final method
public final void display() {
System.out.println("This is a final method.");
}
}

class Main extends FinalDemo {

// try to override final method
public final void display() {
System.out.println("The final method is overridden.");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Main obj = new Main();
obj.display();
}
}

In the above example, we have created a final method

named display() inside the FinalDemo class. Here,
the Main class inherits the FinalDemo class.
We have tried to override the final method in the Main class.
When we run the program, we will get a compilation error with
the following message.

display() in Main cannot override display() in FinalDemo

 public final void display() {
^
overridden method is final

3. Java final Class

In Java, the final class cannot be inherited by another class.
For example,

// create a final class

final class FinalClass {
public void display() {
System.out.println("This is a final method.");
}
}

// try to extend the final class

class Main extends FinalClass {
public void display() {
System.out.println("The final method is overridden.");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Main obj = new Main();
obj.display();
}
}
In the above example, we have created a final class
named FinalClass. Here, we have tried to inherit the final class
by the Main class.
When we run the program, we will get a compilation error with
the following message.

cannot inherit from final FinalClass

class Main extends FinalClass {
^

class A{

int data=50;//instance variable

static int m=100;//static variable

void method(){
int n=90;//local variable
}

}//end of class

Data Types in Java

In java, there are two types of data types

 primitive data types

 non-primitive data types
Data Type Default Value Default size

boolean false 1 bit

char '\u0000' 2 byte

byte 0 1 byte

short 0 2 byte

int 0 4 byte

long 0L 8 byte

float 0.0f 4 byte

double 0.0d 8 byte

Operators in java
Operator is a special symbol that is used to perform operations. There are many types of
operators in java such as unary operator, arithmetic operator, relational operator, shift
operator, bitwise operator, ternary operator and assignment operator.

Precedence of Operators

Operators Precedence

postfix expr++ expr--

unary ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !

multiplicative * / %

additive + -

shift << >> >>>

relational < > <= >= instanceof

equality == !=

bitwise AND &

bitwise exclusive OR ^

bitwise inclusive OR |

logical AND &&

logical OR ||

ternary ? :

assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=

Useful Programs:
There is given some useful programs such as factorial number, prime number, fibonacci series etc.

It is better for the freshers to skip this topic and come to it after OOPs concepts.

1) Program of factorial number.

class Operation{

static int fact(int number){

 int f=1;
for(int i=1;i<=number;i++){
f=f*i;
}
return f;
}

public static void main(String args[]){

int result=fact(5);
System.out.println("Factorial of 5="+result);
}
}

2) Program of fibonacci series.

class Fabnoci{

public static void main(String...args)

{
int n=10,i,f0=1,f1=1,f2=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
f2=f0+f1;
f0=f1;
f1=f2;
f2=f0;
System.out.println(f2);
}

}
}

3) Program of armstrong number.

class ArmStrong{
public static void main(String...args)
{
int n=153,c=0,a,d;
d=n;
while(n>0)
{
a=n%10;
n=n/10;
c=c+(a*a*a);
}
if(d==c)
System.out.println("armstrong number");
else
System.out.println("it is not an armstrong number");

}
}

4) Program of checking palindrome number.

class Palindrome
{
public static void main( String...args)
{
int a=242;
 int n=a,b=a,rev=0;
while(n>0)
{
a=n%10;
rev=rev*10+a;
n=n/10;
}
if(rev==b)
System.out.println("it is Palindrome");
else
System.out.println("it is not palinedrome");

}
}

5) Program of swapping two numbers without using third variable.

class SwapTwoNumbers{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a=40,b=5;
a=a*b;
b=a/b;
a=a/b;

System.out.println("a= "+a);
System.out.println("b= "+b);

}
}

6) Program of factorial number by recursion

class FactRecursion{

static int fact(int n){

if(n==1)
return 1;

return n*=fact(n-1);
}

public static void main(String args[]){

int f=fact(5);
System.out.println(f);
}
}

Java OOPs Concepts

OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real word entity such

as pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to
design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies the software development and
maintenance by providing some concepts:

 Object
 Class
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation

Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example: chair, pen, table,
keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical.

Class

Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

Inheritance

When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object i.e. known
as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.
Polymorphism

When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism. For example:
to convense the customer differently, to draw something e.g. shape or rectangle etc.

In java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.

Another example can be to speak something e.g. cat speaks meaw, dog barks woof etc.

Abstraction

Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example:
phone call, we don't know the internal processing.

In java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation

Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as
encapsulation. For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class
because all the data members are private here.

Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language

1)OOPs makes development and maintenance easier where as in Procedure-oriented programming
language it is not easy to manage if code grows as project size grows.
2)OOPs provides data hiding whereas in Procedure-oriented programming language a global data
can be accessed from anywhere.

3)OOPs provides ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively. We can provide the
solution of real word problem if we are using the Object-Oriented Programming language.

What is difference between object-oriented programming language and object-based

programming language?
Object based programming language follows all the features of OOPs except Inheritance. JavaScript
and VBScript are examples of object based programming languages.

Java Naming conventions

A naming convention is a rule to follow as you decide what to name your identifiers e.g.
class, package, variable, constant, method etc.

But, it is not forced to follow. So, it is known as convention not rule.

Advantage of naming conventions in java

By using standard Java naming conventions, you make your code easier to read for yourself
and for other programmers. Readability of Java program is very important. It indicates that
less time is spent to figure out what the code does.

Name Convention

should start with uppercase letter and be a noun e.g. String, Color, Button, System,
class name
Thread etc.

interface should start with uppercase letter and be an adjective e.g. Runnable, Remote,
name ActionListener etc.
 should start with lowercase letter and be a verb e.g. actionPerformed(), main(),
method name
print(), println() etc.

variable name should start with lowercase letter e.g. firstName, orderNumber etc.

package name should be in lowercase letter e.g. java, lang, sql, util etc.

constants
should be in uppercase letter. e.g. RED, YELLOW, MAX_PRIORITY etc.
name

Object and Class in Java

In this page, we will learn about java objects and classes. In object-oriented programming
technique, we design a program using objects and classes.

Object is the physical as well as logical entity whereas class is the logical entity only.

Object in Java

An entity that has state and behavior is known as an object e.g. chair, bike, marker, pen, table,
car etc. It can be physical or logical (tengible and intengible). The example of integible object
is banking system.

An object has three characteristics:

  state: represents data (value) of an object.
 behavior: represents the behavior (functionality) of an object such as deposit, withdraw etc.
 identity: Object identity is typically implemented via a unique ID. The value of the ID is not
visible to the external user. But,it is used internally by the JVM to identify each object
uniquely.

For Example: Pen is an object. Its name is Reynolds, color is white etc. known as its state. It is used to
write, so writing is its behavior.

Object is an instance of a class. Class is a template or blueprint from which objects are created. So
object is the instance(result) of a class.

Class in Java
A class is a group of objects that has common properties. It is a template or blueprint from which
objects are created.

A class in java can contain:

 data member
 method
 constructor
 block
 class and interface

Syntax to declare a class:

1. class <class_name>{
2. data member;
3. method;
4. }

Simple Example of Object and Class

In this example, we have created a Student class that have two data members id and name.
We are creating the object of the Student class by new keyword and printing the objects
value.

1. class Student{
2. int id;//data member (also instance variable)
3. String name;//data member(also instance variable)
4.
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. Student s1=new Student();//creating an object of Student
7. System.out.println(s1.id+" "+s1.name);
8.
9. }
 10. }

Output:0 null

Instance variable in Java

A variable that is created inside the class but outside the method, is known as instance
variable.Instance variable doesn't get memory at compile time.It gets memory at runtime when
object(instance) is created.That is why, it is known as instance variable.

Method in Java
In java, a method is like function i.e. used to expose behaviour of an object.

Advantage of Method

 Code Reusability
 Code Optimization

new keyword
The new keyword is used to allocate memory at runtime.

Example of Object and class that maintains the records of students

In this example, we are creating the two objects of Student class and initializing the value to these
objects by invoking the insertRecord method on it. Here, we are displaying the state (data) of the
objects by invoking the displayInformation method.

1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4.
5. void insertRecord(int r, String n){ //method
6. rollno=r;
7. name=n;
8. }
9.
10. void displayInformation(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name);}//method
11.
12. public static void main(String args[]){
13. Student s1=new Student();
14. Student s2=new Student();
15.
16. s1.insertRecord(111,"Karan");
17. s2.insertRecord(222,"Aryan");
18.
 19. s1.displayInformation();
20. s2.displayInformation();
21.
22. }
23. }

Output:111 Karan
222 Aryan

As you see in the above figure, object gets the memory in Heap area and reference variable refers to
the object allocated in the Heap memory area. Here, s1 and s2 both are reference variables that
refer to the objects allocated in memory.

Another Example of Object and Class

There is given another example that maintains the records of Rectangle class. Its exaplanation is
same as in the above Student class example.

1. class Rectangle{
2. int length;
3. int width;
4.
5. void insert(int l,int w){
6. length=l;
7. width=w;
8. }
 9.
10. void calculateArea(){System.out.println(length*width);}
11.
12. public static void main(String args[]){
13. Rectangle r1=new Rectangle();
14. Rectangle r2=new Rectangle();
15.
16. r1.insert(11,5);
17. r2.insert(3,15);
18.
19. r1.calculateArea();
20. r2.calculateArea();
21. }
22. }

Output:55
45

What are the different ways to create an object in Java?

There are many ways to create an object in java. They are:

 By new keyword
 By newInstance() method
 By clone() method
 By factory method etc.

Annonymous object
Annonymous simply means nameless.An object that have no reference is known as annonymous
object.

If you have to use an object only once, annonymous object is a good approach.

1. class Calculation{
2.
3. void fact(int n){
4. int fact=1;
5. for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){
6. fact=fact*i;
7. }
8. System.out.println("factorial is "+fact);
9. }
10.
11. public static void main(String args[]){
12. new Calculation().fact(5);//calling method with annonymous object
13. }
 14. }

Output:Factorial is 120

Creating multiple objects by one type only

We can create multiple objects by one type only as we do in case of primitives.

1. Rectangle r1=new Rectangle(),r2=new Rectangle();//creating two objects

Let's see the example:

1. class Rectangle{
2. int length;
3. int width;
4.
5. void insert(int l,int w){
6. length=l;
7. width=w;
8. }
9.
10. void calculateArea(){System.out.println(length*width);}
11.
12. public static void main(String args[]){
13. Rectangle r1=new Rectangle(),r2=new Rectangle();//creating two objects
14.
15. r1.insert(11,5);
16. r2.insert(3,15);
17.
18. r1.calculateArea();
19. r2.calculateArea();
20. }
21. }

Output:55
45

Java Tools – jdb, javap, javadoc

Jdb:
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/tools/windows/jdb.html

Javap :

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/tools/windows/jav
ap.html

javadoc :

https://download.java.net/java/early_access/panama/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/Math.html

Comments :
Java programs can have two kinds of comments: implementation comments and
documentation comments. Implementation comments are those found in C++,
which are delimited by /*...*/, and //. Documentation comments (known as "doc
comments") are Java-only, and are delimited by /**...*/. Doc comments can be
extracted to HTML files using the javadoc tool.

Implementation Comment Formats

Programs can have four styles of implementation comments: block, single-line,
trailing, and end-of-line.
5.1.1 Block Comments
Block comments are used to provide descriptions of files, methods, data
structures and algorithms. Block comments may be used at the beginning of each
file and before each method. They can also be used in other places, such as
within methods. Block comments inside a function or method should be indented
to the same level as the code they describe.
A block comment should be preceded by a blank line to set it apart from the rest
of the code.
/*

* Here is a block comment.

*/
/*- indent
/*-* Here is a block comment with some very special
* formatting that I want indent(1) to ignore.
*
* one
* two
* three
*/
Note: indent /*- indent

5.1.2 Single-Line Comments

Short comments can appear on a single line indented to the level of the code that
follows. If a comment can't be written in a single line, it should follow the block
comment format . A single-line comment should be preceded by a blank line.
Here's an example of a single-line comment in Java code

if (condition) {/* Handle the condition. */

...
}
5.1.3 Trailing Comments
Very short comments can appear on the same line as the code they describe, but
should be shifted far enough to separate them from the statements. If more than
one short comment appears in a chunk of code, they should all be indented to the
same tab setting.
Here's an example of a trailing comment in Java code:

if (a == 2) {return TRUE; /* special case */

} else {
return isPrime(a); /* works only for odd a */
}
5.1.4 End-Of-Line Comments
The // comment delimiter can comment out a complete line or only a partial line.
It shouldn't be used on consecutive multiple lines for text comments; however, it
can be used in consecutive multiple lines for commenting out sections of code.
Examples of all three styles follow:
if (foo > 1) {// Do a double-flip.
...
}
else {
return false; // Explain why here.
}
//if (bar > 1) {
//
// // Do a triple-flip.
// ...
//}
//else {
// return false;
//}
5.2 Documentation Comments
For further details, see "How to Write Doc Comments for Javadoc" which
includes information on the doc comment tags (@return, @param, @see):
Doc comments describe Java classes, interfaces, constructors, methods, and
fields. Each doc comment is set inside the comment delimiters /**...*/, with one
comment per class, interface, or member. This comment should appear just
before the declaration:
/**

* The Example class provides ...

*/
public class Example { ...

Declaring 1D, 2D Array :

• Declaring 1D, 2D Array :

• An array is a collection of elements of one specific type in a horizontal fashion.

• one dimension means it has only one value per location or index.

class OneDimensionalArray

public static void main(String args[])

int[] a=new int[3];//declaration

a[0]=10;//initialization

a[1]=20;

a[2]=30;

//printing array

System.out.println("One dimensional array elements are");

System.out.println(a[0]);

System.out.println(a[1]);

System.out.println(a[2]);

}
import java.util.*;

class OnedimensionalScanner

public static void main(String args[])

int len;

Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter Array length : ");

len=sc.nextInt();

int a[]=new int[len];//declaration

System.out.print("Enter " + len + " Element to Store in Array :\n");

for(int i=0; i<len; i++)

a[i] = sc.nextInt();

System.out.print("Elements in Array are :\n");

for(int i=0; i<len; i++)

System.out.print(a[i] + " ");

Accepting Input :
(Command Line Arguments, BufferedReader, Scanner)
 • BufferedReader

• It is a simple class that is used to read a sequence of characters. It has a simple function that
reads a character another read which reads, an array of characters, and a readLine() function
which reads a line.

• InputStreamReader() is a function that converts the input stream of bytes into a stream of
characters so that it can be read as BufferedReader expects a stream of characters.

• BufferedReader can throw checked Exceptions

class InputDemo

// Main Method

public static void main(String [] args) throws IOException

// Creating BufferedReader Object

// InputStreamReader converts bytes to

// stream of character

BufferedReader bfn = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

// Asking for input from user

System.out.println("Enter String : ");

System.out.println("Enter Integer : ");

// String reading internally

String str = bfn.readLine();

// Integer reading internally

int it = Integer.parseInt(bfn.readLine());
 // Printing String

System.out.println("Entered String : "+ str);

// Printing Integer

System.out.println("Entered Integer : "+ it);

• Scanner

• It is an advanced version of BufferedReader which was added in later versions of Java. The
scanner can read formatted input. It has different functions for different types of data
types.

• The scanner is much easier to read as we don’t have to write throws as there is no exception
thrown by it.

• It was added in later versions of Java

• It contains predefined functions to read an Integer, Character, and other data types as well.

import java.util.*;

class ScannerDemo{

public static void main(String[] args)

// Scanner definition
Scanner scn = new Scanner(System.in);

// input is a string ( one word )

// read by next() function

String str1 = scn.next();

// print String

System.out.println("Entered String str1 : " + str1);

// input is a String ( complete Sentence )

// read by nextLine()function

String str2 = scn.nextLine();

// print string

System.out.println("Entered String str2 : " + str2);

// input is an Integer

// read by nextInt() function

int x = scn.nextInt();

// print integer

System.out.println("Entered Integer : " + x);

// input is a floatingValue

// read by nextFloat() function

float f = scn.nextFloat();
 // print floating value

System.out.println("Entered FloatValue : " + f);

• Java command-line argument is an argument i.e. passed at the time of running the Java
program. In the command line, the arguments passed from the console can be received in
the java program and they can be used as input. The users can pass the arguments during
the execution bypassing the command-line arguments inside the main() method.

• We need to pass the arguments as space-separated values. We can pass both strings and
primitive data types(int, double, float, char, etc) as command-line arguments. These
arguments convert into a string array and are provided to the main() function as a string
array argument.

• When command-line arguments are supplied to JVM, JVM wraps these and supplies them to
args[]. It can be confirmed that they are wrapped up in an args array by checking the length
of args using args.length.

• Internally, JVM wraps up these command-line arguments into the args[ ] array that we pass
into the main() function. We can check these arguments using args.length method. JVM
stores the first command-line argument at args[0], the second at args[1], the third at args[2],
and so on.

• Illustration:

• class CmdDemo {

• // Main driver method

• public static void main(String[] args)

• {

• // Printing the first argument

• System.out.println(args[0]);

• }

• }