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How to

® Solve problems involving tangents to a circle

® So!ve problems involving chords of a circle

8 Solve problems involving the measures of angies in a circle

Circle properties are used by

8 artists, when they create designs and logos

radius (radii) chord

right angle perpendicular bisector
tangent centra! ang!e
point of tangency inscribed angle
diameter arc
right triangle subtended
isosceies triangle semi circle

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 8.1 Skill Builder

Solving for Unknown Measures in Triangles

Here are 2 ways to find unknown measures in triangles.

Angle Sum Property Pythagorean Theorem
In any triangle: In any right APQR:

a° + b° + c° = 180° q2 - p2 + r

Here is how to find the unknown measures in right APQR.

In APQR, the angles add up to 180°. P

To find x°, start at 180° and subtract q^
the known measures. ^ ^go° 7cm
x° - 180°- 90° - 60°
8 cm
-30°

By the Pythagorean Theorem:

QR2 ^ pR2 + pQ2
82 - q2 + 72
So: q2 = 82 - 72
Answer to the same
q- V82-72
degree of accuracy
as the question uses.

So, x° is 30° and q is about 4 cm.

Check
1. Find each unknown measure.

a) b)
3.0cm
5.0cm

x +

So, x is

318 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Use the relationship between tangents and radii to solve problems.

A tangent touches a circle at exactiy one point.

Tangent

Point of tangency

A tangent to a circle is perpendicular

to the radius drawn to the point of
tangency.
1 means
So, OP 1 AB, Z.OPA - 90° and "perpendicular to
/-OPB - 90°

f Example 1 | Finding the Measure of an Angle in a Triangh

BP is tangent to the drde at P.

0 Is the centre of the circle.
Find the measure ofx°.

By the tangent-radius property: ^OPB- -= 90°

Since the sum of the angles in AOPB is 180°;
x° ^ 180° - 90°- 50°

=40°

So,x° is 40°.

1. Find the value ofx°.

L = 90<

x°= 180° -

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f Example 2 | Using the Pythagorean Theorem in a Circle

MB is a tangent to the circle at B. 0 is the centre.

Find the length of radius OB. 8 cm

Solution

By the tangent-radius property: ^OBM = 90°

By the Pythagorean Theorem in right AMOB:
OM2 = OB2 + BM2
1Q2 = ,-2 + 82

IOQ ^ r2 + 64
100 - 64- r2
^2

Radius OB has length 6 cm.

Check
1. ST is a tangent to the circle at S. 0 is the centre.
Find the iength of radius OS.
Answer to the nearest miliimetre.

^OST = By the tangent-radius property

OT2 + By the Pythagorean Theorem

.2
+
-2 +•
== ft

= ,-2

= r

OS is about cm long.

320 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc.

In each question, 0 is the centre of the circle.

1. From the diagram, identify:

a) 3 radii

b) 2 tangents

c) 2 points of tangency

d) 4 right angles ^ , zl , ^ , Z.

t. What Is the measure of each ang!e?

a) ^—^B

/LOBP= Z.PQO ^ PRO

3. Find each value of x°.

a) b)

^OTW=
x°- 180°-

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 4. Find each value of x.

Answer to the nearest tenth of a unit.

a)

10km

Z.OCT 1° By the tangent-radius property

,2
+ By the Pythagorean Theorem in AOCT
,2
+
X2

^ ^2

So,OC is about km.

c)
6cm

15 cm

Z-OPQ , and: x2 = +
X2= + X2 +
X2 + X2

^^ x

x= So , OP is about cm.

5o,OQ is about cm.

322 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Use chords and related radii to solve problems.

A chord of a circle joins 2 points on the circle.

In any circle with centre 0 and chord AB:

8 If OC bisects AB, then OC 1 AB.
®!fOC 1AB, then AC - CB.
8 The perpendicular bisector of AB goes
through the centre 0.

Example 1 \ Finding the Measure of Angles in a Triangle

Find x°. y°, and z°.

OC bisects chord AB, so OC ± AB

Therefore, x° - 90°

By the angle sum property in AOAC:

y° - 180°-90° - 30°

= 60°

Since radii are equal, OA == 08. and AOAB is isosceles.

^OBA = ^OAB In an isosceles triangle,
2 base angles are equal.
So, z° - 30°

Copyright® 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. 323

Check
1. Find the values of x° and y°.

1 So,x°- By the chord properties

y° By the angle sum property

2. Find the values ofx°, y°, and z°.

1 So,x° By the chord properties

y° By the angle sum property

Since OA

A Is isosce!es and ^ = ^

So,z°=

324 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc.

Example 2 \ Using the Pythagorean Theorem in a Circle

0 is the centre of the circle.

Find the length of chord AB.

102 - 62 4- BC2 By the Pythagorean Theorem in right AOCB

100- 36 + BC2
100 - 36 - BC2
64 - BC2
BC = ^64
=8
So, BC = 8 cm

Since OC 1 AB, OC bisects AB. By the chord properties

So/ AC - 8C - 8 cm
The length of chord AB is: 2 x 8 cm = 16 cm

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. 325

Check
1. Find the values of a and b.

+ a/ By the Pythagorean Theorem in right AOFG

So, a cm

By the chord properties

So,b= cm

In each diagram, 0 is the centre of the circle.

1. Name al! radii, chords, and diameters.

a) A^—^^D b) R

Radii: Radii:
Chords: Chords:
Diameters: Diameters:

326 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada inc.

On each diagram, mark line segments with equal lengths.
Then find each value of a.

a) .A

4 cm
0
Ti

AC - CB cm MN - 2 X
So, a ^ cm -2 X cm
cm
So, a ^

OL=ix cm

1
cm So, a
2
cm
So, a

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 3. Find each value of x° and y°.

a) b)

A'

^° = . AOPQ is
180°- z. z
So, x°=

y° = 180°

4. Find the length of chord BC.

+ DB2 By the Pythagorean Theorem

+ DB2

So, DB cm

cm By the chord properties

So, chord BC has iength: 2 x _ cm ^ cm

5, Find ON. AN =4 X
=lx cm By the chord properties
2
cm

+ ON2 By the Pythagorean Theorem

+ ON2

So, ON is cm.

328 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Solve problems using tangent properties?

Solve probiems using chord properties?

in each diagram, 0 is the centre of the circle.

Assume that lines that appear to be tangent are tangent.

1. Name the angles that measure 90°.

Find the unknown ang!e measures.

pc Tangent-radius property

q° = 180C Angie sum property

q(0 -^

=: 90C

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 3. Find the values of a and b to the nearest tenth.

a) 25cm P b)

B,
0

15cm '20 cm

c
^OPQ - By the tangent-radius prop /LOBC

OQis of AOPQ. OB is ofAOBC.

a2 = + By the Pythagorean = £,2 +

Theorem

So, a == cm

So, b- cm

4. Find the unknown measures.

a) x

MN - 2 X

AOXY is MN - X cm

So, b° - cm

So, d = cm

330 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada inc.

Find each vaiue of x°, y°, and z°.
B
x°- By the chord properties
By the angle sum property

_,so is isosce!es.

^ :^-

SO, 2°
A

Find the length of OP.

Qp ^ - x QR By the chord properties

^ x cm
2
cm

OQZ = _ + OP2 By the Pythagorean Theorem

+ OP2

So, the length of OP is _ cm.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. 331

I 8.3 Properties of Angles in a Circle
Use inscribed angles and central angles to solve problems.

Inscribed
c
In a circie: angle /ACB

• A central angle has its vertex at the centre.

Central
• An inscribed angle has its vertex on the circle. angle ZAOB

Both angles in the diagram are subtended by arc AB.

Central Angle and Inscribed Angle Property

The measure of a central angle is twice the measure of

an inscribed angle subtended by the same arc.

So, ^AOC - 2^ABC, or

^ABC -^AOC

Inscribed Angles Property

Inscribed angles subtended by the same

arc are equal
So, ^ACB = ^ADB = z-AEB

332 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc.

f Example 1 | Using Inscribed and Central Angles

Find the values of x° and y°.

Centra! Z.AOB and inscribed Z.ACB are both

subtended by arc AB.
So, /AOB - 2^ACB
x° - 2 X 22°

^ 44°

^ACB and ^ADB are inscribed angles subtended

by the same arc AB.
So, /LADB = ^ACB
y° = 22°

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada inc. 333

Check
1. Find each value of x°.

a) b) c)

^AOB - 2 X ^LACB Z.ACB = - X Z.ADB

x°=2 X
x^2
•° -=: -!-

2. Find the values of x° and y°.

a) T/ b)

/_QOP - 2 X Z.QSP

X° - 2 X
.0
X" ==

^QTP
y"
,0
==
^ADB =

yc

334 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Angle s In <a Semic 6 rde Propertyr
Inscribed angles subtended by a semidrde H
are right angles.
/LAG B - ^AHB 90°

Example 2 Finding Angles in an lns<:ribed Triangle

Find x° and y°.

,40°)

i^x°
°\

-yl
M

Solution1

Z.MIN Ss an inscribed angle subtended by a sem idrcle.

So, x° - 90°

y° - 180° - 90° - 40° By the angie sum property in AMIN

== 50°

Check
1. Find the values of x° and y°.

x° -

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada inc. 335

 1. Name the foliowing from the diagram.

a) the central angle subtended by arc CB: ^_

b) the central angle and inscribed angle
subtended by arc AD; Z_ and z._

c) the inscribed angle subtended by a semicirde; ^_

d) the right angle: Z_

2. in each circle, name a central angle and an inscribed angle

subtended by the same arc. Shade the arc.

a) b) Q R

Central angle: ^_ Central angle: /._

Inscribed angle: ^_ Inscribed angie: ^

3. Determine each indicated measure.

a) G^—^F b)

^GOF = 2 X ^GHF ^TSR = - X ^_

.0 = ^
X' == 1 x

x° =

c) d)

x° ^

336 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc.

4. Determine each value of x° and y°.
x°

XL

y°-

xu '= x
y°-

5. Find the value of x° and y°.

/^ACB -

.0
180° - By the ang!e sum property

,0
x

6. Find the value of x°, y°, and z°.

A Z.AOB - 2 X

x° - 2 X

In AOAB,

AOAB is

In AOAB:

yO^O

y° + y° - By the angle sum property

2y°-

y°=—
So, y° == _ and z° -

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. 337

Circle Geometry Word Search

R E s E M I c I R c L E E K p
A L c T s E s Y E c p L N 0 s
L A I N F Y E 0 H L G 0 ! M u
u u R E E R B 0 s N G N F M B
c Q c G T R R 1 A c T N p c T
I E L N A D E L s 0 E E A K E
D s E A c v A F F E D L L T N
N c E T c R E T M I c s E z D
E L c E T E A L A u T T I s E
p L A N R N z M D v c u J E D
R K E c G G E E G p u R B M M
E c R E z T E E L G N A I R T
p A N M E R A D I u s 0 I c G
H c Q R T N I 0 p F R B G R Q
Y E L G N A D E B I R c s N I

Find these words in the puzzle above.

You can move in any direction to find the entire word.
A ietter may be used in more than one word.

degrees radius perpendicular

centre inscribed angle bisect

diameter central angle circle

tangent chord triangle

drcumference point angle

arc ssosceles equal

point of tangency semicircle subtended

338 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc.

Skill Description Example
Recognize and
8 cm
apply tangent
properties

^APO - ^BPO - 90C x° - 90C

Recognize and
apply chord
properties in
circles

!fOB ± AC, then AB - CB. x° = 90° and y° = 60°

SfAB - CB, then OB ± AC. ML2 - 102 - 52

Recognize and Inscribed and central angles

apply angle
properties in ,B

a arcle

-° = an0

z_BOC - 2^BAC, or y° - 50°

z°= 100C
Z.BAC -^BOC

Inscribed angles
c

^ACB = /LADB - Z.AEE

• Angles on a sennJdrcle

z-ACB = Z.ADB - Z.AEB = 90C

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. 339

 1. Find each vaiue ofx° and y°. Segments RS and MN are tangents.

a) R^^ b)

X1 ^ONM -
y° = 180° x°= 180°

2. Find each value of x to the nearest tenth. Segments GH and ST are tangents.

a) ^ —^H b) ^—^
13cm 12cm

^OHG /LOST
,2 +
xz

cm

So, x^ cm

340 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada inc.

3. Find the values of x° and y°.

x°- By the chord properties

'° -^
By the angle sum property

B yc

4. Find the vaiues of x°, y°, and z°.

x° = By the
is isosceies.

i. Find the length of the radius of the circle to the nearest tenth.

XY-^ X

=lx cm

cm

Draw radius OX.

OX2 - + XY2

ox2 - +

The radius is about cm.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc. 341

 6. Find each value of x°.

a) c)

X1 xu ==

7. Find each vaiue of x° and y°.

a) fo)

x° -2 X

y^0

yo=

8, Find the value of w°, x°, y°. and z°.

A^^~\ x° = y°

By the angle sum property

AACD is , So, ^CDA = Z.CAD = w°

w° + w° = By the angle sum Jn AACD

2w°-

w
w-

342 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Canada Inc.